.chars ô=
.topic Index=1000
  Index
  
help texts taken from:
  Kopka and Daly:
   LaTeX: A Guide to Document Preparation
   for Beginners and Advanced Users
  published with permission of
   Addison-Wesley Publishers Limited,
   Wokingham, Uk

Parts of BibTeX and MakeIndex help
written by
  George Greenwade,

The complete index:
 \ comblank
 !
 \!
 !`Sonder
 "
 \"
 #
 \#
 ##
 $
 \$
 %
 \%
 &
 \&
 \'
 (
 \(
 )
 \)
 \+
 \,
 -
 \-
 \.
 /mBracket
 \/
 the 11pt\documentstyle documentstyle
 the 12pt\documentstyle documentstyle
 \:
 \;
 \<
 \=
 \>
 ?`Sonder
 @
 \@
 \`
 \a'
 \a=
 \a`
 \AA
 \aaSonder
 \abovedisplayshortskip
 \abovedisplayskip
 the abstract environment
 \abstractname
 accents
 \acute
 \addcontentsline
 \address
 ADDRESS
 \addtocontents
 \addtocounter
 \addtolength
 \addtoversion
 \addvspace
 \AE
 \ae
 \alephmSymb
 \Alph
 \alph
 \alphaGreek
 \alsoname
 \amalgBinOp
 \and
 \anglemSymb
 ANNOTE
 the appendix environment
 \appendixname
 \approxmComp
 \arabic
 \arccos
 \arcsin
 \arctan
 \arg
 the array environment
 \arraycolsep
 \arrayrulewidth
 \arraystretch
 arrow- and pointersymbolsmArrow
 ARTICLE
 \astBinOp
 \asympmComp
 \author
 AUTHOR
 \b
 \backslashmSymb
 \bar
 \baselineskip
 \baselinestretch
 \begin
 \belowdisplayshortskip
 \belowdisplayskip
 \betaGreek
 \bf
 \bfdefault
 \bibitem
 \bibliography
 \bibliographystyle
 \bibname
 BibTeX
 \Big
 \big
 \bigcapmSymb
 \bigcircBinOp
 \bigcupmSymb
 \Bigg
 \bigg
 \Biggl
 \biggl
 \Biggm
 \biggm
 \Biggr
 \biggr
 \Bigl
 \bigl
 \Bigm
 \bigm
 \bigodotmSymb
 \bigoplusmSymb
 \bigotimesmSymb
 \Bigr
 \bigr
 \bigskip
 \bigskipamount
 \bigsqcupmSymb
 \bigtriangledownBinOp
 \bigtriangleupBinOp
 \biguplusmSymb
 \bigveemSymb
 \bigwedgemSymb
 binary operatorsBinOp
 \blackandwhite
 \bmod
 \boldmath
 BOOK
 BOOKLET
 BOOKTITLE
 \botmSymb
 \bottomfraction
 bottomnumber
 \bowtiemComp
 \BoxBinOp
 bpunits
 bracket symbolsmBracket
 \breve
 \bulletBinOp
 \c
 \cal
 \capBinOp
 \caption
 \captions
 ccunits
 \cc
 \ccname
 \cdotBinOp
 the center environment
 \centering
 \centerline
 \chapter
 CHAPTER
 \chaptername
 \check
 \chiGreek
 \circBinOp
 \circle
 \cite
 \cleardoublepage
 \clearpage
 \cline
 \closing
 \clubsuitmSymb
 cmunits
 \colors
 \colorslides
 \columnsep
 \columnseprule
 comparison symbolsmComp
 CONFERENCE
 \congmComp
 \contentsline
 \contentsname
 \coprodmSymb
 \copyrightSonder
 \cos
 \cosh
 \cot
 \coth
 CROSSREF
 \csc
 \cupBinOp
 \d
 \dagSonder
 \daggerBinOp
 \dashbox
 \dashvmComp
 \date
 \dblfloatpagefraction
 \dblfloatsep
 \dbltextfloatsep
 \dbltopfraction
 dbltopnumber
 ddunits
 \ddagSonder
 \ddaggerBinOp
 \ddot
 \deg
 \DeltaGreek
 \deltaGreek
 the description environment
 \det
 \DiamondBinOp
 \diamondBinOp
 \diamondsuitmSymb
 \dim
 \discretionary
 the displaymath environment
 \displaystyle
 \divBinOp
 the document environment
 \documentstyle
 \dot
 \doteqmComp
 \dotfill
 \doublerulesep
 \DownarrowmArrow
 \downarrowmArrow
 EDITION
 EDITOR
 \ellmSymb
 emunits
 \em
 \emptysetmSymb
 \encl
 \enclname
 \end
 the enumerate environment
 \epsfbox
 \epsfxsize
 \epsfysize
 \epsilonGreek
 the eqnarray environment
 the equation environment
 \equivmComp
 \etaGreek
 \evensidemargin
 exunits
 \existsmSymb
 \exp
 \extracolsep
 \fbox
 \fboxrule
 \fboxsep
 the figure environment
 \figurename
 \fill
 \flatmSymb
 the fleqn\documentstyle documentstyle
 \floatpagefraction
 \floatsep
 \flushbottom
 the flushleft environment
 the flushright environment
 \fnsymbol
 \fontfamily
 \fontseries
 \fontshape
 \fontsize
 font sizesfontsizes
 \footheight
 \footnote
 \footnotemark
 \footnoterule
 \footnotesep
 \footnotesize
 \footnotetext
 \footskip
 \forallmSymb
 \frac
 \frame
 \framebox
 \frenchspacing
 \frownmComp
 function namesmFunc
 \fussy
 the fussypar environment
 \GammaGreek
 \gammaGreek
 \gcd
 \gemComp
 \geqmComp
 \getsmArrow
 \ggmComp
 \glossary
 \glossaryentry
 \grave
 greek symbolsGreek
 \H
 \hat
 \hbarmSymb
 \headheight
 \headsep
 \headtoname
 \heartsuitmSymb
 \hfill
 \hline
 \hoffset
 \hom
 \hookleftarrowmArrow
 \hookrightarrowmArrow
 HOWPUBLISHED
 \hrulefill
 \hspace
 \Huge
 \huge
 \hyphenation
 \iffmArrow
 \iflanguage
 \ImmSymb
 \imathmSymb
 inunits
 \inmComp
 INBOOK
 \include
 \includeonly
 INCOLLECTION
 \indent
 \index
 \indexentry
 \indexname
 \indexspace
 \inf
 \inftymSymb
 INPROCEEDINGS
 \input
 INSTITUTION
 \intmSymb
 \intextsep
 \invisible
 \iotaGreek
 \it
 \itdefault
 \item
 \itemindent
 the itemize environment
 \itemsep
 \jmathmSymb
 \JoinmSymb
 \jot
 JOURNAL
 \kappaGreek
 \ker
 KEY
 \kill
 \LSonder
 \lSonder
 \label
 \labelenum
 \labelitem
 \labelsep
 \labelwidth
 \LambdaGreek
 \lambdaGreek
 \langlemBracket
 \language
 \Large
 \LARGE
 \large
 \LaTeX
 \lceilmBracket
 \lemComp
 \leadstomArrow
 \left
 \LeftarrowmArrow
 \leftarrowmArrow
 \lefteqn
 \leftharpoondownmArrow
 \leftharpoonupmArrow
 \leftmargin
 \LeftrightarrowmArrow
 \leftrightarrowmArrow
 \leftrightharpoonsmArrow
 \leqmComp
 the leqno\documentstyle documentstyle
 the letter environment
 the letter\documentstyle documentstyle
 \lfloormBracket
 \lg
 \lhdBinOp
 \lim
 \liminf
 \limits
 \limsup
 \line
 \linebreak
 \linethickness
 the list environment
 \listfigurename
 \listoffigures
 \listoftables
 \listparindent
 \listtablename
 \llmComp
 \ln
 \load
 \location
 \log
 \LongleftarrowmArrow
 \longleftarrowmArrow
 \LongleftrightarrowmArrow
 \longleftrightarrowmArrow
 \longmapstomArrow
 \LongrightarrowmArrow
 \longrightarrowmArrow
 \lq
 \makebox
 \makeglossary
 MakeIndex
 \makeindex
 \makelabel
 \makelabels
 \maketitle
 MANUAL
 \mapstomArrow
 \marginpar
 \marginparpush
 \marginparsep
 \marginparwidth
 \markboth
 \markright
 MASTERSTHESIS
 the math environment
 mathematical accentsmaccents
 \mathindent
 \mathrm
 \mathversion
 \max
 \mbox
 \mediumseries
 \medskip
 \medskipamount
 \mhomSymb
 \midmComp
 \min
 the minipage environment
 MISC
 \mit
 mmunits
 \modelsmComp
 MONTH
 \mpBinOp
 \muGreek
 \multicolumn
 \multiput
 \nablamSymb
 \name
 \naturalmSymb
 \nearrowmArrow
 \negmSymb
 \neqmComp
 \newcommand
 \newcounter
 \newenvironment
 \newfont
 \newlength
 \newline
 \newmathalphabet
 \newpage
 \newsavebox
 \newtheorem
 NFSS
 \nimComp
 \nocite
 \nofiles
 \noindent
 \nolimits
 \nolinebreak
 \nonfrenchspacing
 \nonumber
 \nopagebreak
 \normalmarginpar
 \normalshape
 \normalsize
 \not
 the note environment
 NOTE
 \notesname
 \notinmComp
 \nuGreek
 NUMBER
 \numberline
 \nwarrowmArrow
 \OSonder
 \oSonder
 \oddsidemargin
 \odotBinOp
 \OESonder
 \oeSonder
 \ointmSymb
 \OmegaGreek
 \omegaGreek
 \ominusBinOp
 \onecolumn
 \onlynotes
 \onlyslides
 \opening
 \oplusBinOp
 ORGANIZATION
 \oslashBinOp
 other mathematical symbolsmSymb
 other symbolsSonder
 \otimesBinOp
 \oval
 \overbrace
 the overlay environment
 \overline
 \PSonder
 \pagebreak
 \pagename
 \pagenumbering
 \pageref
 PAGES
 \pagestyle
 \par
 \paragraph
 \parallelmComp
 \parbox
 \parindent
 \parsep
 \parskip
 \part
 \partialmSymb
 \partname
 \partopsep
 pcunits
 \perpmComp
 PHDTHESIS
 \PhiGreek
 \phiGreek
 \PiGreek
 \piGreek
 the picture environment
 \pmBinOp
 \pmod
 \poptabs
 \poundsSonder
 \Pr
 \precmComp
 \preceqmComp
 \prefacename
 \prime
 \primemSymb
 \printindex
 PROCEEDINGS
 \prodmSymb
 \proptomComp
 \protect
 \ps
 \PsiGreek
 \psiGreek
 ptunits
 PUBLISHER
 \pushtabs
 \put
 \qquad
 \quad
 the quotation environment
 the quote environment
 \raggedbottom
 \raggedleft
 \raggedright
 \raisebox
 \ranglemBracket
 \rceilmBracket
 \RemSymb
 \ref
 \refname
 \refstepcounter
 \renewcommand
 \renewenvironment
 \reversemarginpar
 \rfloormBracket
 \rhdBinOp
 \rhoGreek
 \right
 \RightarrowmArrow
 \rightarrowmArrow
 \rightharpoondownmArrow
 \rightharpoonupmArrow
 \rightmargin
 \rm
 \rmdefault
 \Roman
 \roman
 \rq
 \rule
 \SSonder
 the samepage environment
 \samepage
 \savebox
 \sbox
 \sc
 \scdefault
 SCHOOL
 \scriptscriptstyle
 \scriptsize
 \scriptstyle
 \searrowmArrow
 \sec
 \section
 \see
 \seename
 \selectfont
 \selectlanguage
 SERIES
 \setcounter
 \setlength
 \setminusBinOp
 \settowidth
 \sf
 \sfdefault
 \sharpmSymb
 \shortstack
 \showhyphens
 \SigmaGreek
 \sigmaGreek
 \signature
 \simmComp
 \simeqmComp
 \sin
 \sinh
 \sl
 \sldefault
 the slide environment
 SliTeX
 \sloppy
 the sloppypar environment
 \small
 \smallskip
 \smallskipamount
 \smilemComp
 spunits
 spacing
 \spadesuitmSymb
 \special
 \sqcapBinOp
 \sqcupBinOp
 \sqrt
 \sqsubsetmComp
 \sqsubseteqmComp
 \sqsupsetmComp
 \sqsupseteqmComp
 \stackrel
 \starBinOp
 \stepcounter
 \stretch
 \subitem
 \subject
 \subjectname
 \subparagraph
 \subsection
 \subsetmComp
 \subseteqmComp
 \subsubitem
 \subsubsection
 \succmComp
 \succeqmComp
 \summSymb
 \sup
 \supsetmComp
 \supseteqmComp
 \surdmSymb
 \swarrowmArrow
 \symbol
 \t
 the tabbing environment
 \tabbingsep
 \tabcolsep
 the table environment
 \tablename
 \tableofcontents
 the tabular environment
 \tan
 \tanh
 \tauGreek
 TECHREPORT
 \telephone
 \TeX
 \textfloatsep
 \textfraction
 \textheight
 \textstyle
 \textwidth
 \thanks
 \thecounter
 the thebibliography environment
 the theindex environment
 \ThetaGreek
 \thetaGreek
 \thicklines
 \thinlines
 \thispagestyle
 \tilde
 \timesBinOp
 \tiny
 \title
 TITLE
 the titlepage\documentstyle documentstyle
 the titlepage environment
 \today
 \topmSymb
 \topfraction
 \topmargin
 topnumber
 \topsep
 \topskip
 totalnumber
 \trianglemSymb
 \triangleleftBinOp
 \trianglerightBinOp
 the trivlist environment
 \tt
 \ttdefault
 the twocolumn\documentstyle documentstyle
 \twocolumn
 the twoside\documentstyle documentstyle
 TYPE
 typefaces
 \typein
 \typeout
 \u
 \unboldmath
 \underbrace
 \underline
 \unitlength
 units
 \unlhdBinOp
 UNPUBLISHED
 \unrhdBinOp
 \UparrowmArrow
 \uparrowmArrow
 \UpdownarrowmArrow
 \updownarrowmArrow
 \uplusBinOp
 \UpsilonGreek
 \upsilonGreek
 \usebox
 \usecounter
 \v
 \value
 \varepsilonGreek
 \varphiGreek
 \varpiGreek
 \varrhoGreek
 \varsigmaGreek
 \varthetaGreek
 \vdashmComp
 \vec
 \vector
 \veeBinOp
 \verb
 the verbatim environment
 the verse environment
 \vfill
 \vline
 \voffset
 VOLUME
 \vspace
 \wedgeBinOp
 \widehat
 \widetilde
 \wpmSymb
 \wrBinOp
 \XiGreek
 \xiGreek
 YEAR
 \zetaGreek
 [
 \[
 {
 \{
 \\
 |
 \|
 ]
 \]
 }
 \}
 ^
 \^
 ~
 \~
 _
 \_

.chars ô
.topic comblank
  \  (\backslash with space)
  
Normal space between words after a command without arguments or after a period
that is not the end of a sentence.

see: ~
     (Chap. 2.1)
     (Chap. 3.5.1.1)

.topic !
   !
  
Field separation character within the \index command. For example:
with \index{command!fragile} one produces an index sub-entry
`fragile' under the main entry `command'.

see: (Chap. 8.5)

.topic \!
  \!   [m]
  
In math mode, a negative space of -1/6 quad.

see: spacing
     (Chap. 5.5.1)

.topic "
   "
  
1. In normal text, this produces the double
   closing quote ".
see: (Chap. 2.5.2)

2. Literal sign for MakeIndex, in order to
   print one of the special characters
   !, @, |, or ". Example:
     \index{"!}
   to enter character ! without it being
   interpreted as separation character.
see: (Chap. 8.5)

3. Delimiter for a text field in BibTeX.
   Example:
     AUTHOR = "Donald Knuth".
see: (Chap. B.2)

see: \"
     
.topic \"
   \"
  
Produces an umlaut accent: \"{a} = .

see: "
     (Chap. 2.5.7)

.topic #
   #
  
Argument replacement character in a user-defined command or environment.

see: ##
     \#
     other symbolsSonder
     (Chap. 7.3.2)
     (Chap. 7.4.2)

.topic ##
   ##
  
Replacement character for an internal argument within a
nested user-defined command or environment.

see: #
     \#
     (Chap. 7.5.7)


.topic \#
   \#
  
Command to produce a hash symbol: \# = #.

see: #
     other symbolsSonder
     (Chap. 2.5.4)

.topic $
   $
  
Toggle character for switching between text and in-line math modes. On the
first appearance (text to math) it behaves the same as \( or
\begin{math}, while the second call (math to text) is as
\) or \end{math}.

see: \$
     other symbolsSonder
     (Chap. 5.1)

.topic \$
   \$
  
Command to produce a dollar sign: \$ = $.

see: $
     other symbolsSonder
     (Chap. 2.5.4)

.topic %
   %
  
Comment character. The rest of the line of text following % is ignored
by the TeX processing.

see: \%
     other symbolsSonder
     (Chap. 4.11)

.topic \%
   \%
  
Command to produce a per cent sign: \% = %.

see: %
     other symbolsSonder
     (Chap. 2.5.4)

.topic &
   &
  
Indicates a new column in array and tabular environments.

see: \&
     other symbolsSonder
     (Chap. 4.8.1)

.topic \&
   \&
  
Command to produce an ampersand symbol: \& = &.

see: &
     other symbolsSonder
     (Chap. 2.5.4)

.topic \'
   \'
  
1. Command to produce an acute accent: \'a = .
see: accents
     (Chap. 2.5.7)

2. Within the tabbing environment, a command
   to jump to the end of the current column:
   Ltext\'Rtext places Ltext flush right in the
   current column with \tabbingsep space to the
   next tab stop; Rtext is placed into the next
   column.
see: (Chap. 4.6.4)

.topic ( )
   ()
  
For a picture command in picture environment, specifies a coordinate
pair. In BibTeX, an alternative form the outermost grouping of the
entry type.

see: \(
     \)
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 6.2)
     (Chap. B.2)

.topic \(
  \(   [f]
  
Switches from text to in-line math mode to produce formulas within a line of
text. It functions the same as \begin{math} and as a $ sign in
text mode.  

see: (
     \)
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.1)

.topic \)
  \)   [f]
  
Switches back from in-line math mode to text mode. It functions the same as 
\end{math} and as a $ sign in math mode.

see: )
     \(
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.1)

.topic \+
   \+
  
Within the tabbing environment, increments the left margin by one tab
stop (moves it to the right).

see: \-
     (Chap. 4.6.3)

.topic \,
   \,
  
Small space, the size of 1/6 quad, for use in text and math mode.

see: spacing
     (Chap. 3.5.1.3)
     (Chap. 5.5.1)

.topic -
   -
  
As -, produces the hyphen - for compound words and word division, as
--, the ex-dash --, and as ---, the em-dash ---.

see: (Chap. 3.6.1)

.topic \-
   \-
  
1. Denotes possible word division. If a word
   contains at least one \- then the normal
   word division rules are suspended for that
   word and division may occur only at those
   locations.
see: \hyphenation
     \showhyphens
     (Chap. 3.6.1)

2. Within the tabbing environment, decrements
   the left margin by one tap stop (moves it to
   the left).
see: \+
     (Chap. 4.6.3)

.topic \.
   \.
  
Command to produce a dot accent.

see: accents
     (Chap. 2.5.7)


.topic \/
   \/
  
Italic correction, the extra space at the end of slanted fonts, or the
command to break up ligatures.

see: \em
     \it
     (Chap. 3.5.1.4)
     (Chap. 3.5.1.5)

.topic \:
  \:   [m]
  
In math mode, a medium space, the size of 2/9 quad.

see: spacing
     (Chap. 5.5.1)

.topic \;
  \;   [m]
  
In math mode, a large space, the size of 5/18 quad.

see: spacing
     (Chap. 5.5.1)

.topic \<
   \<
  
Within the tabbing environment, moves to the left by one tab stop.

see: \>
     \=
     (Chap. 4.6.3)

.topic \=
   \=
  
1. Command to produce a macron accent.
see: accents
     (Chap. 2.5.7)

2. Within the tabbing environment, sets a
   tab stop at the current position within
   the line.
see: \<
     \>
     \pushtabs
     \poptabs
     (Chap. 4.6.1)

.topic \>
   \>
  
Within the tabbing environment, moves right to the next tab stop.

see: \<
     \=
     (Chap. 4.6.1)

.topic @
   @
  
1. In MakeIndex, separates an entry in an
   \index command into a lexical (for
   alphabetization) and printing part.
   Example:
     \index{sum@$\sum$}
   means that the entry appears in the index
   at the location of the word `sum' but what
   is printed is the summation sign.
see: \@
     (Chap. 8.5)

2. In BibTeX, denotes the entry type.
   Example:  @BOOK
   indicates that the following literature
   entries correspond to those of a book.
see: \@
     (Chap. B.2)

.topic \@
   \@
  
Extra space at the end of a sentence ending with a capital letter.

see: ~
     @
     \ comblank
     (Chap. 3.5.1.1)

.topic [ ]
   []
  
After commands or environment calls, specifies an optional argument.

see: \[
     \]
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 2.1)

.topic \[
  \[   [f]
  
Switches from text mode to displayed math mode for putting a formula
on a line by itself. Has the same effect as \begin{displaymath}.

see: [
     \]
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.1)

.topic \\
  \\[len]   [f]
  
Ends the current line (without right-justifying it). The optional
argument [len] inserts additional vertical spacing of length len
before the next line.

  \\*[len]   [f]
  
The same as \\ but prevents a page break from occurring
between the current and next line.

see: (Chap. 3.5.2.1)

.topic \]
  \]   [m]
  
Switches back from displayed math mode to text mode.
Has the same effect as \end{displaymath}.

see: ]
     \[
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.1)

.topic ^
  ^   [m]
  
Exponents and superscripts in equations: x^2 = x

see: \^
     (Chap. 5.2.2)

.topic \^
   \^
  
Command to produce a circumflex accent: \^o = .

see: ^
     accents
     (Chap. 2.5.7)

.topic _
  _   [m]
  
Subscripts in equations.

see: \_
     (Chap. 5.2.2)

.topic \_
   \_
  
Command to produce the underbar sign: t\_v = t_v.

see: _
     other symbolsSonder
     (Chap. 2.5.4)

.topic \`
   \`
  
1. Command to produce a grave accent: \`o = .
see: accents
     (Chap. 2.5.7)

2. Within the tabbing environment, pushes
   the following text up against the right
   margin of the line.
see: (Chap. 4.6.4)

.topic { }
   {}
  
1. After a command or environment call,
   specifies a mandatory argument.
see: (Chap. 2.1)

2. Grouping a section of text to create
   a nameless environment.
see: (Chap. 2.2)

3. In BibTeX, delimiting the name of an
   entry type, as well as an alternative
   delimiter for the text field.
see: (Chap. B.2)

see: \{
     \}
     bracket symbolsmBracket

.topic \{
   \{
  
Command to produce a left curly brace: \{ = {.

see: {
     \}
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 2.5.4)

.topic |
   |
  
1. In math mode, produces .
see: (Chap. 5.3.4)
     (Chap. 5.4.1)

2. In MakeIndex, the command character within
   a \index command.
2a. After the command
      \newcommand{\ii}[1]{{\em#1}}
    has been defined, then
      \index{entry|ii}
    produces the page number for `entry' in the
    index in italic type.
2b. The cross-reference command \see from
    makeidxMakeIndex.sty can be invoked with
      \index{bison|see{buffalo}}
    to produce cross-references within the index.
see: (Chap. 8.5)

see: \|

.topic \|
  \|   [m]
  
produces .

see: bracket symbolsmBracket
     comparison symbolsmComp
     other mathematical symbolsmSymb
     (Chap. 5.3.6)

.topic \}
   \}
  
Command to produce a right curly brace: \} = }.

see: }
     \{
     (Chap. 2.5.4)

.topic ~
   ~
  
A normal space between words, but without the possibility that the line will
be broken there.
.endpara
Example:
  `Mr.~Jones' ensures that `Mr.' and `Jones'
  both remain on the same line.

see: \ comblank
     \~
     spacing
     (Chap. 3.5.1.1)

.topic \~
   \~
  
Command to produce a tilde accent: \~n = .

see: ~
     accents
     (Chap. 2.5.7)

.topic \a=
  \a=
  
Produces a macron accent\= within tabbing environment.

see: accents
     (Chap. 4.6.4)

.topic \a'
  \a'
  
Produces an acute accent\' within tabbing environment.

see: accents
     (Chap. 4.6.4)

.topic \a`
  \a`
  
Produces a grave accent\` within tabbing environment.

see: accents
     (Chap. 4.6.4)

.topic \AA
  \AA
  
produces .

see: other symbolsSonder
     (Chap. 2.5.6)

topic \aa
  \aa
  
produces .

see: other symbolsSonder
     (Chap. 2.5.6)

.topic \abovedisplayskip
  \abovedisplayskip   [m]
  
Vertical space between a long displayed equation and the preceding
line of text. A new value may be assigned with the \setlength
command:
  \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{10pt plus2pt minus5pt}

see: \abovedisplayshortskip
     \belowdisplayskip
     \belowdisplayshortskip
     (Chap. 5.5.4)

.topic \abovedisplayshortskip
  \abovedisplayshortskip   [m]
  
Vertical space between a short displayed equation and the preceding
line of text. A new value may be assigned with the \setlength
command:
  \setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{10pt plus2pt minus5pt}

see: \abovedisplayskip
     \belowdisplayskip
     \belowdisplayshortskip
     (Chap. 5.5.4)

.topic \abstractname
  \abstractname   [i]
  
Command for international LaTeX containing the heading for the abstract. In
English, this is `Abstract' but may be altered for adaptation to other
languages.

see: the abstract environment
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \acute
  \acute{x}   [m]
  
Acute accent over math variable x: \acute{a} = .

see: mathematical accentsmaccents
     (Chap. 5.3.9)

.topic \addcontentsline
  \addcontentsline{file}{format}{entry}   [f]
  
Manual addition of entry into the list file toc, lof, or
lot, according to the value of file, to be formatted as the
heading of a sectioning command, as given by format, for example
section.

see: \addtocontents
     \contentsline
     \tableofcontents
     (Chap. 3.4.3)
     (Chap. 3.4.4)

.topic \address
  \address{sender}
  
In the letter\documentstyle document style, enters the sender's address.
Multiple lines in sender are separated by \\.

see: \cc
     \closing
     \date
     \encl
     \location
     \name
     \opening
     \ps
     \subject
     \telephone
     the letter environment
     (Chap. A.1)

.topic \addtocontents
  \addtocontents{file}{entry}   [f]
  
Manual addition of entry into the list file toc, lof, or
lot, according to the value of file.

see: \addcontentsline
     \contentsline
     \tableofcontents
     (Chap. 3.4.3)
     (Chap. 3.4.4)

.topic \addtocounter
  \addtocounter{counter}{number}   [f]
  
Adds number to the current value of the number stored in counter.

see: \newcounter
     \refstepcounter
     \setcounter
     \stepcounter
     (Chap. 7.1.3)

.topic \addtolength
  \addtolength{\length_name}{length}
  
Adds the quantity to the current value of the
declaration length_name.

see: \newlength
     \setlength
     \settowidth
     (Chap. 7.2)

.topic \addtoversion
  \addtoversion{vers_name}{\mcs_name}{fam_a}{ser_a}{shp_a}   [a]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), the command defines the mathematical
alphabet with the name mcs_name in the math version
vers_name to be that font with attributes fam_a, ser_a, and shp_a.

  \addtoversion*{\mcs_name}{fam_a}{ser_a}{shp_a}   [a]
  
The same as \addtoversion except that the mathematical alphabet
mcs_name is defined in all existing math versions with the
specified attributes.

see: \mathrm
     \mathversion
     \newfont
     \newmathalphabet
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.3)

.topic \addvspace
  \addvspace{length}
  
Inserts vertical spacing of amount length between paragraphs at the
point where the command is given. If other vertical spacing exists,
then the total will not exceed length.

see: \vfill
     \vspace
     (Chap. 7.2)

.topic \AE
  \AE
  
produces .

see: other symbolsSonder
     (Chap. 2.5.6)

.topic \ae
  \ae
  
produces .

see: other symbolsSonder
     (Chap. 2.5.6)

.topic \Alph
  \Alph{counter}
  
Prints the current value of counter as a capital letter.

see: \alph
     \arabic
     \fnsymbol
     \pagenumbering
     \Roman
     \roman
     (Chap. 7.1.4)

.topic \alph
  \alph{counter}
  
Prints the current value of counter as a lower case letter.

see: \Alph
     \arabic
     \fnsymbol
     \pagenumbering
     \Roman
     \roman
     (Chap. 7.1.4)

.topic \alsoname
  \alsoname   [a][i]
  
Command for international LaTeX for use in modified makeidxMakeIndex style
options. It prints the text for a command \seealso. In English, this is
`see also' but may be altered for adaptation to other languages. (This
command is not standardized!)

see: the theindex environment
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \and
  \and
  
Used to separate author names within the \author command for generating
a title page with \maketitle.

see: \author
     \date
     \thanks
     \title
     the titlepage environment
     (Chap. 3.3.1)

.topic \appendixname
  \appendixname   [i]
  
Command for international LaTeX containing the heading for the appendix. In
English, this is `Appendix' but may be altered for adaptation to other
languages.

see: the appendix environment
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \arabic
  \arabic{counter}
  
Prints the current value of counter as an Arabic number.

see: \Alph
     \alph
     \fnsymbol
     \pagenumbering
     \Roman
     \roman
     (Chap. 7.1.4)

.topic \arccos
  \arccos   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `arccos' in equations.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \arcsin
  \arcsin   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `arcsin' in equations.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \arctan
  \arctan   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `arctan' in equations.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \arg
  \arg   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `arg' in equations.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \arraycolsep
  \arraycolsep
  
Half the width of the intercolumn spacing in the array environment.
Value is assigned with the LaTeX command \setlength:
  \setlength{\arraycolsep}{3mm}

see: \arrayrulewidth
     \arraystretch
     \doublerulesep
     \extracolsep
     (Chap. 4.8.2)

.topic \arrayrulewidth
  \arrayrulewidth
  
The thickness of vertical and horizontal lines in the array and
tabular environments. Its value is assigned to a length with
\setlength:
  \setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.5mm}

see: \arraycolsep
     \arraystretch
     \doublerulesep
     \extracolsep
     \tabcolsep
     (Chap. 4.8.2)

.topic \arraystretch
  \arraystretch
  
Factor to change the spacing between lines in a table, normal value being 1.
Spacing is multiplied by this factor, which is set to a new value with
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{factor}.

see: \arraycolsep
     \arrayrulewidth
     \doublerulesep
     \extracolsep
     \tabcolsep
     the array environment
     the tabular environment
     (Chap. 4.8.2)

.topic \author
  \author{name}
  
Enters the author name(s) for a title page produced by \maketitle
command.

see: \and
     \date
     \thanks
     \title
     the titlepage environment
     (Chap. 3.3.1)

.topic \b
  \b{x}
  
Command to produce an underbar accent.

see: accents
     (Chap. 2.5.7)

.topic \bar
  \bar{x}   [m]
  
Macron accent over the math variable x.

see: mathematical accentsmaccents
     (Chap. 5.3.9)
   
.topic \baselineskip
  \baselineskip
  
Interline spacing within a paragraph. Every font has its own internal line
spacing. A new value (a rubber length) may be assigned with \setlength
  \setlength{\baselineskip}{12pt}

see: \baselinestretch
     (Chap. 3.2.3)

.topic \baselinestretch
  \baselinestretch
  
A factor with the normal value of 1 by which the internal length
\baselineskip is multiplied to produce the actual interline spacing.
May be changed with:
  \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{factor}
The new value takes effect after the next change in font size!

see: \baselineskip
     (Chap. 3.2.3)
     (Chap. 4.1.3)

.topic \begin
  \begin{envrnmnt}   [m]
  
Start of an environment with the name envrnmnt. This command must
be coupled with \end{envrnmt} to terminate the environment. The
environment name in both these commands must be identical.

Most declaration commands, such as the font styles and sizes, can be used as
environment names. For example, \begin{small\small} switches to font size
\small until the countercommand \end{small} is given.

see: \newenvironment
     \renewenvironment
     \newtheorem
     (Chap. 2.2)
     (Chap. 2.2)

.topic abstract
  The abstract environment
  
With document style article\documentstyle, font size \small and the
quotation environment are selected. With report\documentstyle, the
abstract appears on a separate page with normal font size and line width.
In both cases, the heading `Abstract' is centered above the text.

see: \abstractname
     \begin
     \end
     (Chap. 3.3.2)

.topic appendix
  The appendix environment
  
The main section counter is reset to zero and its numbering appears
as capital letters.

see: \appendixname
     \begin
     \end
     (Chap. 3.3.4)

.topic array
  The array environment   [m]
  
The command \begin{array}[pos]{col} starts the array environment to
produce matrices and arrays in math mode. The column definition col
contains a formatting character for each column. Thus \begin{array}{lcr}
produces an array with three columns: one left justified, one centered,
and one right justified. The optional parameter pos determines how the
array is aligned vertically with text outside it on the same line: 
t with the top line, b with the bottom line, while the default is
with the center.

see: \arraycolsep
     \arrayrulewidth
     \arraystretch
     \doublerulesep
     \end
     the tabular environment
     (Chap. 4.8.1)
     (Chap. 5.4.3)

.topic center
  The center environment
   
In this environment each line of text, terminated by
\\ appears centered.

see: \centering
     (Chap. 4.2.1)

.topic description
  The description environment
  
This is an environment to produce an indented list with labels. The label
text is the argument label in the command
  \item[label]

see: (Chap. 4.3)
     (Chap. 4.3.3)

.topic displaymath
  The displaymath environment
  
switches from text to displayed math mode for producing a formula on a line
by itself. Functions the same as \[.

see: \]
     the equation environment
     \end
     (Chap. 5.1)

.topic document
  The document environment
  
is the outermost environment of a text document. The \begin{document}
command terminates the preamble. It is obligatory for every LaTeX document,
as is its counterpart \end{document} for ending the document.

see: (Chap. 1.3)

.topic enumerate
  The enumerate environment
  
This environment produces a numbered, indented listing. The style of
numbering depends on the depth of nesting; at the first level, it
consists of a running Arabic number that is incremented with each
call to \item.

see: \begin
     \end
     (Chap. 4.3)
     (Chap. 4.3.2)

.topic eqnarray
  The eqnarray environment
  
switches from text to displayed math mode to produce a set of equations or
a multi-line formula in the form of a three column table {rcl}tabular.
The individual lines of the formula are ended with the command \\; the
fields within a line by separated by & characters. Each line is given a
sequential equation number unless the command \nonumber appears within
it.

The eqnarray* environment is the same as the eqnarray environment except
that no equation numbers are printed.

see: \begin
     \end
     the equation environment
     (Chap. 5.4.7)

.topic equation
  The equation environment
  
switches from text to displayed math mode to produce a formula on a line by
itself including an automatic sequential equation number.

see: \begin
     \end
     the displaymath environment
     (Chap. 5.1)

.topic figure
  The environment figure
  
\begin{figure}[loc] starts a float environment for entering text for
a figure. The optional argument loc can be any combination of the
letters h, t, b, and p to determine the various positioning possibilities.
Default is tbp.

The figure* environment is the same as the figure environment except that the
figure is inserted over the width of two columns when the option
twocolumn\documentstyle or the command \twocolumn has been selected.
The standard form figure will only fill the width of one column.

see: \end
     \figurename
     (Chap. 6.6.1)

.topic flushleft
  The flushleft environment
  
is an environment in which each line of text is left-justified (flush
with the left margin). Lines of text are ended with the command \\.

see: \begin
     \end
     \raggedleft
     \raggedright
     the flushright environment
     (Chap. 4.2.2)

.topic flushright
  The flushright environment
  
is an environment in which each line of text is right-justified (flush
with the right margin). Lines of text are ended with the command \\.

see: \begin
     \end
     \raggedleft
     \raggedright
     the flushleft environment
     (Chap. 4.2.2)

.topic fussypar
  The fussypar environment
  
In this environment the paragraphs are broken up into lines such that the
spacing between words has limited stretchability. This is the standard.
The opposites are sloppypar and \sloppy.

see: \begin
     \end
     \fussy
     (Chap. 3.6.3)

.topic itemize
  The itemize environment
  
is an environment for producing labelled, indented
listings. The type of label depends on the depth of nesting; at the first
level it is a $\bulletSonder$ generated by each \item command.

see: \begin
     \end
     (Chap. 4.3)
     (Chap. 4.3.1)

.topic letter
  The letter environment
  
\begin{letter}{recipient} starts a letter with the document style
letter\documentstyle. Name and address of the recipient are given
within the second pair of brackets; lines of text within this argument
are ended with the command \\.

see: \address
     \cc
     \closing
     \encl
     \end
     \headtoname
     \location
     \makelabels
     \name
     \opening
     \pagename
     \ps
     \subject
     \telephone
     (Chap. A.1)

.topic list
  The list environment
  
\begin{list}{standard_label}{list_declaration} starts a generalized
list environment. The label is defined by standard_label, which is
generated by each \item command. The desired list declarations are
contained in list_declaration.

see: \end
     (Chap. 4.4)


.topic math
  The math environment
  
\begin{math} switches from text to in-line math mode to produce
formulas within a line of text. Has the same effect as \( or $
in text mode. \end{math}, \) or a second $ end this environment.

see: the displaymath environment
     (Chap. 5.1)

.topic minipage
  The minipage environment
  
\begin{minipage}[pos]{width} starts an environment to format text within
a `minipage' of width width. Its vertical positioning with respect to the
surrounding text is determined by the optional argument pos: t for alignment
with its top line, b with its bottom line, and centered with no argument.

see: \end
     (Chap. 4.7.3)

.topic note
  The note environment
  
In SliTeX, the environment for producing a note
for the current slide, in black and white only.
Notes are numbered with the current slide number followed
by a hyphen and running number, for example 8-1, 8-2, etc.

see: \begin
     \end
     the overlay environment
     the slide environment
     (Chap. C.3.4)

.topic overlay
  The overlay environment
  
In SliTeX, \begin{overlay}{colors} starts the environment for
producing an overlay for the current slide, where colors is a list of the
colours that it is to contain. Overlays are numbered with the current
slide number followed by a lower case letter, for example 3-a, 3-b, etc.

see: \end
     the note environment
     the slide environment
     (Chap. C.3.3)

.topic picture
  The picture environment
  
\begin{picture}(x_dimen,y_dimen) starts an environment to generate a
picture with the width x_dimen and height y_dimen, where the unit of
length has previously been specified by the declaration \unitlength.

\begin{picture}(x_dimen,y_dimen)(x_offset,y_offset) is the most
general form of the call to the picture environment. The picture is
displaced to the left by x_offset and downwards by y_offset.

see: \end
     (Chap. 6.2)
     (Chap. 6.5.4)

.topic quotation
  The quotation environment
  
is an environment in which text is indented on both sides relative to
the normal page margins. Paragraphs within the environment
are marked with an additional indentation of the first line.

see: \begin
     \end
     the quote environment
     (Chap. 4.2.3)

.topic quote
  The quote environment
  
The same as the quotation environment except that the first line of
a paragraph is not indented but instead additional line spacing comes between
paragraphs.

see: \begin
     \end
     (Chap. 4.2.3)

.topic samepage
  The samepage environment
  
Within this environment page breaks are forbidden within a paragraph or before
or after displayed formulas. A page break may be forced with a \newpage
or \pagebreak command.

see: \begin
     \end
     \samepage
     (Chap. 3.5.5.5)

.topic slide
  The slide environment
  
In SliTeX, \begin{slide}{colors} the main environment for producing a slide,
where colors is a list of the colours that
it is to contain, which have been previously specified by a \colors
command. Each colour may be used as a command, such as
\blue, or as an environment \begin{blue} ... \end{blue}.
The text of each colour is output
as a part of a separate colour layer.

see: \end
     the note environment
     the overlay environment
     (Chap. C.3.1)

.topic sloppypar
  The sloppypar environment
  
Inside this environment word spacings are allowed to stretch more generously
than usual so that paragraphs are broken up into lines with fewer word
divisions. Countercommands are fussypar and \fussy.

see: \begin
     \end
     \sloppy
     (Chap. 3.6.3)

.topic tabbing
  The tabbing environment
  
In this environment special tabbing commands become operational:
 \= sets a tab stop,
 \> jumps to the next stop,
 \< goes back a stop,
 \\ terminates and starts a new line,
 \+ sets the left margin one tab stop further,
 \- moves the left margin back one stop,
 \' jumps to the end of the current column,
      placing text in it flush right,
 \` pushes the following text up against the
      right margin of the line.
The accents \=, \' and \` have to written as
\a=, \a' and \a`, resp.

see: \poptabs
     \pushtabs
     \tabbingsep
     the tabular environment
     (Chap. 4.6.1)

.topic table
  The table environment
  
\begin{table}[loc] starts a float environment for entering text for a
table. The optional argument loc can be any combination of the letters h,
t, b, and p to determine the various positioning possibilities. Default is
tbp.

The table* environment is the same as the table environment except that
the table is inserted over the width of two columns when the option
twocolumn\documentstyle or the command \twocolumn has been selected.
The standard form table will only fill the width of one column.

see: \end
     \tablename
     (Chap. 4.8.4)
     (Chap. 6.6.1)

.topic tabular
  The tabular environment
  
\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} starts the tabular environment for producing
tables. The argument cols contains a formatting character for each column
in the table:
  c       for centered text,
  l       for left,
  r       for right justification, or
  p{wd}   for a column of width wd in which the
          text may extend over several lines.

When the entry @{text} appears between any two of the above column
formatting characters, then text is inserted in every row between
those two columns. Where the character | appears, a vertical line is
drawn in every row.

The optional argument pos specifies how the table is to be vertically
aligned with the surrounding text: with no argument, it is centered,
otherwise with t the top line, with b the bottom line is aligned with the
external baseline.

The text entries of the individual columns are separated by & and the
rows are terminated by \\.

\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} does the same as tabular except that
the total width of the table is given by the argument width. This may only
be achieved successfully if there is rubber spacing between the columns.
This may be added with @{\extracolsep\fill} somewhere within the cols
format definition.

see: \arrayrulewidth
     \arraystretch
     \doublerulesep
     \end
     \tabcolsep
     (Chap. 4.8.1)


.topic thebibliography
  The thebibliography environment
  
is an environment to generate a list of literature references, started
with \begin{thebibliography}{sample_label}. The sample_label is the
longest reference marker that will appear. Each entry in the bibliography
starts with the command \bibitem that prints the
marker for that entry; lines after the first are indented by an amount equal
to the width of sample_label.

see: \end
     \bibliography
     \bibliographystyle
     \bibname
     BibTeX
     \cite
     \nocite
     \refname
     (Chap. 4.3.6)
     (Chap. 8.4.2)

.topic theindex
  The theindex environment
  
Environment to produce an index register in two column format. Entries are
made with the \item, \subitem, \subsubitem, or \indexspace commands.

see: \begin
     \end
     \indexname
     \printindex
     MakeIndex
     (Chap. 8.4.3)

.topic titlepage
  The titlepage environment
  
is an environment to produce a title page without a page number.
The user has total control over the composition of this page.

see: \and
     \author
     \begin
     \date
     \end
     \thanks
     \title
     \maketitle
     (Chap. 3.3.1)

.topic trivlist
  The trivlist environment
  
is an environment to generate a trivial list without a sample label and
list declarations. The parameters \leftmargin, \labelwidth, and
\itemsep are all set to 0pt while \listparindent = \parindent and
\parsep = \parskip.

see: \begin
     \end
     the list environment
     (Chap. 4.4.5)

.topic verbatim
  The verbatim environment
  
is an environment to print out original text, that is, as from a
typewriter. Blank lines, line breaking, and commands are all output
literally without any interpretation or formatting.

The verbatim* environment is the same as the verbatim environment
except that blanks are printed as _ to make them visible.

see: \begin
     \end
     \tt
     \verb
     (Chap. 4.9)
       
.topic verse
  The verse environment
  
is an environment for setting rhymes, poems, verses, etc. Verses are
separated by blank lines, individual lines by the \\ command.

see: \begin
     \end
     (Chap. 4.2.4)

.topic \belowdisplayskip
  \belowdisplayskip   [m]
  
Vertical spacing between a long displayed formula and the following
text. A new value may be assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{\abovedisplayskip}
sets \belowdisplayskip to the same value as \abovedisplayskip.
See further examples under \abovedisplayskip.

see: \abovedisplayshortskip
     \belowdisplayshortskip
     (Chap. 5.5.4)

.topic \belowdisplayshortskip
  \belowdisplayshortskip   [m]
  
Vertical spacing between a short displayed formula and the following
text. Value is set with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{\abovedisplayshortskip}
sets \belowdisplayshortskip to the same value as \abovedisplayshortskip.

see: \abovedisplayskip
     \belowdisplayskip
     (Chap. 5.5.4)

.topic \bf
  \bf
  
Switches to bold face type.

see: \bfdefault
     type facestypefaces
     (Chap. 4.1.2)

.topic \bfdefault
  \bfdefault   [a][p]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command defines the series
attribute that is selected with the \bf command. It may be redefined
in the preamble with \renewcommand:
  \renewcommand{\bfdefault}{b}

see: \fontseries
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.2)

.topic \bibitem
  \bibitem[label]{ref} entry_text
  
Command to enter the text for a literature reference in the
thebibliography environment. The reference word ref is used in the
main body of the text with the \cite command to refer this entry. The
\cite command is replaced either by the optional label text or
by a standard label, such a sequential number in square brackets.

see: \bibliography
     \bibliographystyle
     BibTeX
     \nocite
     (Chap. 4.3.6)
     (Chap. B.2)

.topic \bibliography
  \bibliography{file}
  
For producing a bibliography with the aid of BibTeX program;
file is the root name of one or more files containing the literature
data bases to be searched.

see: \bibitem
     \bibliographystyle
     \cite
     \nocite
     the thebibliography environment
     (Chap. 8.4.2)
     (Chap. B.1)

.topic \bibliographystyle
  \bibliographystyle{style}
  
In conjunction with the BibTeX program, this command
selects the style in which the bibliography entries are to be written.
Choices for style are
  plain, unsrt, alpha, and abbrv,
whereby the first is the default.

see: \bibitem
     \bibliography
     BibTeX
     \cite
     \nocite
     the thebibliography environment
     (Chap. B.1)

.topic \bibname
  \bibname   [i]
  
Command for international LaTeX containing the heading for the bibliography
in book\documentstyle and report\documentstyle document styles. In
English, this is `Bibliography' but may be altered for adaptation to other
languages.

see: \bibliography
     BibTeX
     \refname
     the thebibliography environment
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \big
  \bigbr_symbol   [m]
  
A bracket symbol larger than normal, but smaller than \Big.
Example: \big{

see: \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \Big
  \Bigbr_symbol   [m]
  
A bracket symbol larger than \big, but smaller than \bigg.
Example: \Big[

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \bigg
  \biggbr_symbol   [m]
  
A bracket symbol larger than \Big, but smaller than \Bigg.
Example: \bigg\langle

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \Bigg
  \Biggbr_symbol   [m]
  
The largest bracket symbol.
Example: \Bigg{

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \biggl
  \bigglbr_symbol   [m]
  
The same as \bigg but is also a logical left (opening) bracket.

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \Biggl
  \Bigglbr_symbol   [m]
  
The same as \Bigg but is also a logical left (opening) bracket.

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \biggm
  \biggmbr_symbol   [m]
  
The same as \bigg but with larger horizontal spacings on either side
(relation operator).

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \Biggm
  \Biggmbr_symbol   [m]
  
The same as \Bigg but with larger horizontal spacings on either side
(relation operator).

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \biggr
  \biggrbr_symbol   [m]
  
The same as \bigg but is also a logical right (closing) bracket.

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \Biggr
  \Biggrbr_symbol   [m]
  
The same as \Bigg but is also a logical right (closing) bracket.

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \bigl
  \biglbr_symbol   [m]
  
The same as \big but is also a logical left (opening) bracket.

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \Bigl
  \Biglbr_symbol   [m]
  
The same as \Big but is also a logical left (opening) bracket.

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \bigm
  \bigmbr_symbol   [m]
  
The same as \big but with larger horizontal spacings on either side
(relation operator).

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \Bigm
  \Bigmbr_symbol   [m]
  
The same as \Big but with larger horizontal spacings on either side
(relation operator).

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \bigr
  \bigrbr_symbol   [m]
  
The same as \big but is also a logical right (closing) bracket.

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \Biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \Bigr
  \Bigrbr_symbol   [m]
  
The same as \Big but is also a logical right (closing) bracket.

see: \bigbr_symbol
     \Bigbr_symbol
     \biggbr_symbol
     \Biggbr_symbol
     \bigglbr_symbol
     \Bigglbr_symbol
     \biggmbr_symbol
     \biggrbr_symbol
     \Biggrbr_symbol
     \biglbr_symbol
     \Biglbr_symbol
     \bigmbr_symbol
     \Bigmbr_symbol
     \bigrbr_symbol
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.5.3)

.topic \bigskip
  \bigskip   [f]
  
Inserts large vertical spacing of the amount \bigskipamount.

see: \medskip
     \medskipamount
     \smallskip
     \smallskipamount
     (Chap. 3.5.3)

.topic \bigskipamount
  \bigskipamout
  
Standard value for the amount of vertical spacing that is inserted with the
command \bigskip. May be changed with the \setlength
command:
  \setlength{\bigskipamount}{5ex plus1.5ex minus2ex}

see: \medskip
     \medskipamount
     \smallskip
     \smallskipamount

.topic \blackandwhite
  \blackandwhite{file_name}
  
In SliTeX, the command in the root file that inputs the slide file
file_name for producing black-and-white slides. The command
\colors must have been issued previously.

see: \colorslides
     \invisible
     the note environment
     the overlay environment
     the slide environment
     (Chap. C.2)

.topic \bmod
  \bmod   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `mod'.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \boldmath
  \boldmath   [f]
  
Switches to bold face within math mode. This command must be given in text
mode, however, before going into math mode. To set only part of a formula in
bold face, use \mbox{\boldmath$...$} to return temporarily to text
mode.

see: \unboldmath
     (Chap. 5.4.9)

.topic \bottomfraction
  \bottomfraction
  
Maximum fraction of a page that may be taken up by floats at the bottom. May
be set to a new value with:
  \renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{decimal_frac}.

see: bottomnumber
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltextfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     dbltopnumber
     \floatpagefraction
     \floatsep
     \intextsep
     \textfraction
     \textfloatsep
     \topfraction
     topnumber
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic bottomnumber
  bottomnumber
  
Maximum number of floats that may appear at the bottom of a page. Set to a new
number with
  \setcounter{bottomnumber}{num}.

see: \bottomfraction
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltextfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     dbltopnumber
     \floatpagefraction
     \floatsep
     \intextsep
     \textfraction
     \textfloatsep
     \topfraction
     topnumber
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic \breve
  \breve{x}   [m]
  
Breve accent over the math variable x.

see: mathematical accentsmaccents
     (Chap. 5.3.9)

.topic \c
  \c{x}
  
Produces a cedilla under x.

see: accents
     (Chap. 2.5.7)

.topic \cal
  \cal   [m]
  
Font command to select calligraphic letters in math mode.

see: type facestypefaces
     (Chap. 5.3.2)

.topic \caption
  \caption[short_form]{caption_text}   [f]
  
Produces a numbered title or caption with the text caption_text
within the float environments figure or table. The
short_form is the abbreviated text appearing in the list of figures or
tables, which is the same as the caption_text if it is left off.

see: \figurename
     \tablename
     (Chap. 6.6.3)

.topic \captions
  \captionsLanguage   [a]
  
A command used in several language adaptations to redefine the headings of
special sections such as `Chapter' and `Contents'. It occurs in
esperanto.sty as well as in the babel system. It may also be used for
`dialects', such a \dateUSenglish and \dateenglish. This
command is normally part of the definition of the \selectlanguage
command.  

see: (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.4)

.topic \cc
  \cc{List}
  
Command within document style letter\documentstyle to generate `cc:',
copies, followed by a list of names List at the end of the letter.

see: \address
     \ccname
     \closing
     \date
     \encl
     \location
     \name
     \opening
     \ps
     \subject
     \telephone
     the letter environment
     (Chap. A.1)

.topic \ccname
  \ccname   [i]
  
Command in the letter\documentstyle document style for international
LaTeX containing the word to be printed by the \cc command. In English,
this is `cc' but may be altered for adaptation to other languages.

see: (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \centering
  \centering
  
Declaration to switch to centered lines of text, each input line being
terminated by \\.

see: \centerline
     the center environment
     (Chap. 4.2.1)

.topic \centerline
  \centerline{text}
  
An additional TeX command that sets text centered on a horizontal
line by itself.

see: \centering
     the center environment
     (Chap. 4.2.1)

.topic \chapter
  \chapter[short_title]{title}   [f]
  
Starts a new chapter on a new page, with an automatic sequential chapter
number and title as header. If the optional short_title is
given, it appears in place of title in the table of contents and in the
running head at the top of the pages.

  \chapter*{title}
  
starts a new chapter on a new page, with title as header,
but without a chapter number.
The entry does not appear in the table of contents.

see: \chaptername
     \paragraph
     \part
     \section
     \subparagraph
     \subsection
     \subsubsection
     (Chap. 3.3.3)

.topic \chaptername
  \chaptername   [i]
  
Command for international LaTeX containing the chapter heading.
In English, this is `Chapter' but may be altered for adaptation to other
languages.

see: \chapter
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \check
  \check{x}   [m]
  
Hcek accent over the math variable x.

see: mathematical accentsmaccents
     (Chap. 5.3.9)

.topic \circle
  \circle{diameter}   [f]
  
Picture element command to produce a circle with given diameter in
the picture environment. To be used as an argument in a \put or
\multiput command.

  \circle*{diameter}   [f]
  
Like \circle but produces a solid circle, filled in black.

see: \line
     \oval
     \vector
     (Chap. 6.4.5)

.topic \cite
  \cite[extra]{ref}   [f]
  
Literature reference using the key word ref to produce a reference
label in the text. The optional extra text is included with the label.

see: \bibitem
     \bibliography
     \bibliographystyle
     BibTeX
     \nocite
     (Chap. 4.3.6)
     (Chap. B.1)
     (Chap. B.1)

.topic \cleardoublepage
  \cleardoublepage   [f]
  
Ends the current page and outputs all unprocessed floats on to one or more
float pages. The next page will be a right-hand one, with an odd page
number.

see: \clearpage
     \newpage
     \nopagebreak
     \pagebreak
     (Chap. 3.5.5.4)

.topic \clearpage
  \clearpage
  
Ends the current page and outputs all unprocessed floats on to one or more
float pages. 

see: \cleardoublepage
     \newpage
     \nopagebreak
     \pagebreak
     (Chap. 3.5.5.2)

.topic \cline
  \cline{n-m}
  
In tabular environment, produces a horizontal rule from the beginning of
column n to the end of column m. Example: \cline{2-5}.

see: \hline
     \multicolumn
     \vline
     (Chap. 4.8.1)

.topic \closing
  \closing{regards}
  
End of the text in the letter environment; regards stands for
the desired terminating text.

see: \address
     \cc
     \date
     \encl
     \location
     \name
     \opening
     \ps
     \subject
     \telephone
     the letter environment
     (Chap. A.1)

.topic \colors
  \colors{color_list}
  
In SliTeX, a command issued in the root file to specify which
colour layers are to be generated. The colours listed in color_list are
separated by commas. The names may be totally arbitrary. A \colors command
is not necessary if only black and white slides are to be produced.

see: \blackandwhite
     \colorslides
     \invisible
     the note environment
     the overlay environment
     the slide environment
     (Chap. C.2)

.topic \colorslides
  \colorslides{file_name}
  
In SliTeX, the command in the root file that inputs the slide file
file_name for producing colour slides. The command
\colors must have been issued previously.

see: \blackandwhite
     \invisible
     the note environment
     the overlay environment
     the slide environment
     (Chap. C.2)

.topic \columnsep
  \columnsep
  
Declaration for the amount of intercolumn spacing in two column page
formatting. May be changed with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\columnsep}{1pt}

see: \columnseprule
     (Chap. 3.1)

.topic \columnseprule
  \columnseprule
  
Declaration for the thickness of the vertical rule separating the columns in
two column page formatting. Value is set with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\columnseprule}{1pt}

see: \columnsep
     (Chap. 3.1)

.topic \contentsline
  \contentsline{sec_type}{\numberline{sec_num}title_text}{page}
  
Command that appears in the .toc file for every entry in the table of
contents, which is read when the \tableofcontents command is given.
Such commands may be altered or added to the .toc file by means of the
text editor. The entry sec_type stands for the sectioning level,
such as section\section, while sec_num is its number (for example,
2.3) and page is the page number where the entry appears.

see: \addcontentsline

.topic \contentsname
  \contentsname   [i]
  
Command for international LaTeX containing the heading for the table of
contents. In English, this is `Contents' but may be altered for
adaptation to other languages.

see: \tableofcontents
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \cos
  \cos   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `cos' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \cosh
  \cosh   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `cosh' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \cot
  \cot   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `cot' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \coth
  \coth   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `coth' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \csc
  \csc   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `csc' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \d
  \d{x}
  
Produces a `dot under' accent.

see: accents
     (Chap. 2.5.7)

.topic \dashbox
  \dashbox{dash}{x_dimen,y_dimen}[pos]{text}   [f]
  
Picture element command to produce a dashed frame with width x_dimen
and height y_dimen, using a dash length of dash in the
picture environment. Without the optional pos, the contents
text are centered within the frame, otherwise they are positioned at the
left (l), right (r), top (t), or bottom (b), or a combination thereof,
such as lt. This command is used as an argument in
a \put or \multiput command.

see: \fbox
     \frame
     \framebox
     \makebox
     \mbox
     \parbox
     \raisebox
     (Chap. 6.4.2)

.topic \date
  \date{date_text}
  
1. The command \maketitle normally
   prints the current date on to the
   title page. The declaration \date
   will replace the date with whatever
   text is given in date_text.
see: (Chap. 3.3.1)

2. Prints the text date_text instead of
   the automatic current date in a letter.
see: \address
     \cc
     \closing
     \encl
     \location
     \name
     \opening
     \ps
     \subject
     \telephone
     the letter\documentstyle documentstyle
     the letter environment
     (Chap. A.1)

  \dateLanguage   [a]
  
A command used in several language adaptations to redefine the \today
command according to the requirements of Language. It occurs in
esperanto.sty as well as in the babel system. It may also be used
for `dialects', such a \dateUSenglish and \dateenglish. This
command is normally part of the definition of the \selectlanguage
command.

see: (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.4)

.topic \dblfloatpagefraction
  \dblfloatpagefraction
  
For two column page formatting, the fraction of a float page that must be
filled with floats before a new page is called. New value is assigned
with
  \renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{decimal_frac}

see: \bottomfraction
     bottomnumber
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltextfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     dbltopnumber
     \floatpagefraction
     \floatsep
     \intextsep
     \textfraction
     \textfloatsep
     \topfraction
     topnumber
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic \dblfloatsep
  \dblfloatsep
  
For two column page formatting, the vertical spacing between floats that
extend over both columns. A new value is set with the \setlength
command:
  \setlength{\dblfloatsep}{12pt plus 2pt minus 4pt}

see: \bottomfraction
     bottomnumber
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dbltextfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     dbltopnumber
     \floatpagefraction
     \floatsep
     \intextsep
     \textfraction
     \textfloatsep
     \topfraction
     topnumber
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic \dbltextfloatsep
  \dbltextfloatsep
  
For two column page formatting, the vertical spacing between floats at the top
of the page extending over both columns and the following text. A new value
is set with the \setlength command.

see: \bottomfraction
     bottomnumber
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     dbltopnumber
     \floatpagefraction
     \floatsep
     \intextsep
     \textfraction
     \textfloatsep
     \topfraction
     topnumber
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic \dbltopfraction
  \dbltopfraction
  
For two column page formatting, the maximum fraction of a page that may be
occupied at the top by floats extending over both columns. 
A new value is assigned with
  \renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{decimal_frac}

see: \bottomfraction
     bottomnumber
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltextfloatsep
     dbltopnumber
     \floatpagefraction
     \floatsep
     \intextsep
     \textfraction
     \textfloatsep
     \topfraction
     topnumber
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic dbltopnumber
  dbltopnumber
  
For two column page formatting, the maximum number of floats that may appear
at the top of a page extending over both columns. A new value is assigned
with
 \setcounter{dbltopnumber}{num}

see: \bottomfraction
     bottomnumber
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltextfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     \floatpagefraction
     \floatsep
     \intextsep
     \textfraction
     \textfloatsep
     \topfraction
     topnumber
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic \ddot
  \ddot   [m]
  
A double dot accent in mathematical formulas.

see: mathematical accentsmaccents
     (Chap. 5.3.9)

.topic \deg
  \deg   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `deg' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \det
  \det   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `det' in formulas.
Can be combined with a lower limit by means of the subscript command.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \dim
  \dim   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `dim' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \discretionary
  \discretionary{before}{after}{without}
  
Hyphenation suggestion within a word. The word may be divided such that
before is at the end of one line, and after at the start of the next
line. If no division occurs, then without is printed.

see: \hyphenation
     \showhyphens
     (Chap. 3.6.1)

.topic \displaystyle
  \displaystyle   [m]
  
Switches to font size \displaystyle as the active font within a
math formula.

see: \scriptstyle
     \scriptscriptstyle
     \textstyle
     (Chap. 5.5.2)

.topic \documentstyle
  \documentstyle[options]{style}   [p]
  
Normally the first LaTeX command in a document, determining the overall
characteristics. Available values for style are:
  article, book, letter, and report
of which only one may be selected. In addition, various options may be chosen,
their names separated by commas. Possibilities are:
  11pt, 12pt,
  twocolumn, twoside, titlepage,
  leqno, and fleqn.

Further options may be written as user-defined style option files.

see: (Chap. 3.1)

.topic \dot
  \dot   [m]
  
A dot accent in mathematical formulas.

see: mathematical accentsmaccents
     (Chap. 5.3.9)

.topic \dotfill
  \dotfill
  
Fills up the space in a line with a dotted leader.

see: \hrulefill
     (Chap. 3.5.1.7)

.topic \doublerulesep
  \doublerulesep
  
The distance between double rules inside the tabular and array
environments. New value assigned with \setlength outside of the
environment.

see: \arraycolsep
     \arrayrulewidth
     \arraystretch
     \extracolsep
     \tabcolsep
     (Chap. 4.8.2)

.topic \em
  \em
  
Toggles between the standard Roman font \rm and the italic font
\it; stands for `emphasize'.

see: type facestypefaces
     (Chap. 4.1.1)

.topic \encl
  \encl{enclosures}
  
Command in the document style letter\documentstyle to add the word
`encl:' with the list enclosures at the end of a letter. For international
LaTeX, the actual word printed is contained in the command \enclname.

see: \address
     \cc
     \closing
     \date
     \enclname
     \location
     \name
     \opening
     \ps
     \subject
     \telephone
     the letter environment
     (Chap. A.1)

.topic \enclname
  \enclname   [i]
  
Command in the letter\documentstyle document style for international
LaTeX containing the word to be printed by the \encl command. In English,
this is `encl' but may be altered for adaptation to other languages.

see: (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \end
  \end{environment}   [f]
  
Command to terminate an environment that has been started with a command
\begin{environment}.

see: (Chap. 2.2)

.topic \epsfbox
  \epsfbox{filename}   [a]
  
Command within the epsf.stydvips to be used with the dvips driver for
importing the graphics file filename.

see: \epsfxsize
     \epsfysize
     (Chap. 8.3.2)

.topic \epsfxsize
  \epsfxsize   [a]
  
A length used within the epsf.stydvips to be used with the dvips driver
for setting the width of an imported graphics file.

see: \epsfbox
     \epsfysize
     (Chap. 8.3.2)

.topic \epsfysize
  \epsfysize   [a]
  
A length used within the epsf.stydvips to be used with the dvips driver
for setting the height of an imported graphics file.

see: \epsfbox
     \epsfxsize
     (Chap. 8.3.2)

.topic \evensidemargin
  \evensideargin   [p]
  
Sets the left margin for the even numbered pages. It is only effective
in the document style book\documentstyle or, when the option
twoside\documentstyle has been selected, for the other main styles.
A new value is assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\evensidemargin}{2.5cm}

see: \oddsidemargin
     (Chap. 3.2.4)

.topic \exp
  \exp   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `exp' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \extracolsep
  \extracolsep
  
Tabular command for setting extra spacing between all the following
columns in a table. This command is inserted as an @-expression into
the column definition field of the tabular environment:
  \begin{tabular}{lr@{\extracolsep{2.5mm}}lcr}

see: \arraycolsep
     \arrayrulewidth
     \arraystretch
     \doublerulesep
     \tabcolsep
     (Chap. 4.8.1)

.topic \fbox
  \fbox{text}
  
produces a frame around text.

see: \dashbox
     \fboxrule
     \fboxsep
     \frame
     \framebox
     \mbox
     \makebox
     \parbox
     \raisebox
     (Chap. 4.7.1)
   
.topic \fboxrule
  \fboxrule
  
The line thickness for the frames drawn by \fbox and
\framebox commands. A new value is assigned with the \setlength
command:
  \setlength{\fboxrule}{1pt}

see: \fboxsep
     (Chap. 4.7.6)
   
.topic \fboxsep
  \fboxsep
  
The distance between the frame and text in the \fbox and
\framebox commands. A new value is assigned with the \setlength
command:
  \setlength{\fboxsep}{1mm}

see: \fboxrule
     (Chap. 4.7.6)
   
.topic \figurename
  \figurename   [i]
  
Command for international LaTeX containing the name for a figure caption.
In English, this is `Figure' but may be altered for adaptation to other
languages.

see: \caption
     \tablename
     the figure environment
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \fill
  \fill
  
A rubber length with a natural size of zero that can stretch to any size
necessary to fill up the horizontal or vertical space available.

see: spacing
     (Chap. 2.4.2)

.topic \floatpagefraction
  \floatpagefraction
  
The fraction of a float page that must be filled with floats before a
new page is called. New value is assigned with
 \renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{decimal_frac}

see: \bottomfraction
     bottomnumber
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltextfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     dbltopnumber
     \floatsep
     \intextsep
     \textfraction
     \textfloatsep
     \topfraction
     topnumber
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic \floatsep
  \floatsep
  
The vertical spacing between floats that appear at the top or bottom of a
page. A new value is set with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\floatsep}{12pt plus 2pt minus 4pt}

see: \bottomfraction
     bottomnumber
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltextfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     dbltopnumber
     \floatpagefraction
     \intextsep
     \textfraction
     \textfloatsep
     \topfraction
     topnumber
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic \flushbottom
  \flushbuttom
  
A declaration that puts vertical spacing between paragraphs so that
the last line on every page is at the same position. Standard for the
book\documentstyle document style and for the twoside\documentstyle
option.

see: \raggedbottom
     (Chap. 3.2.4)

.topic \fnsymbol
  \fnsymbol{counter}
  
Prints the current value of the given counter as a `footnote symbol':
  *   \dagSonder     \ddagSonder
  \SSonder  \PSonder       \parallelmComp
  **  \dag\dag \ddag\ddag

see: \Alph
     \alph
     \arabic
     \pagenumbering
     \Roman
     \roman
     (Chap. 7.1.4)

.topic \fontfamily
  \fontfamily{fam}   [a]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command selects the `family' of
fonts. Possible values of fam for standard LaTeX with the Computer
Modern fonts are
  cmr, cmss, cmtt, and cmfi.

see: \fontseries
     \fontshape
     \fontsize
     NFSS
     \rmdefault
     \sfdefault
     \ttdefault
     (Chap. D.2.1)

.topic \fontseries
  \fontseries{wt_wth}   [a]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command selects the `series' of
fonts within a `family'. The argument wt_wth specifies both the
weight (=`boldness') and width of the characters. The weight may be
  l       (light),
  m       (medium), or
  b       (bold)
and the width may be
  c       (condensed),
  m       (medium), or
  x       (expanded).
Both quantities may be prefixed with the modifiers
  u       (ultra),
  e       (extra), and
  s       (semi).
Example: \fontseries{sbec} for semibold, extracondensed.

see: \bfdefault
     \fontfamily
     \fontshape
     \fontsize
     \mediumseries
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.1)

.topic \fontshape
  \fontshape{form}   [a]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command selects the `shape' of
fonts. Possible values of form are
  n       (normal),
  it      (italic),
  sl      (slanted),
  sc      (small caps), and
  u       (`unslanted' italic).

see: \fontfamily
     \fontseries
     \fontsize
     \itdefault
     \normalshape
     NFSS
     \scdefault
     \sldefault
     (Chap. D.2.1)

.topic \fontsize
  \fontsize{sz}{line_sp}   [a]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command selects the font size.
The argument sz specifies the size of the characters in points
(without the dimension ptunits) and line_sp determines the value of
the interline spacing (\baselineskip), with an explicit dimensionunits.
Example: \fontsize{12}{14pt}.

see: \fontfamily
     \fontseries
     \fontshape
     font sizesfontsizes
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.1)

.topic \footheight
  \footheight   [p]
  
Height of the footline that normally contains the page number. A new value is
assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\footheight}{12pt}

see: \footnote
     \footnotemark
     \footnoterule
     \footnotesep
     \footnotetext
     \footskip
     (Chap. 3.2.4)

.topic \footnote
  \footnote[num]{footnote_text}   [f]
  
Produces a footnote containing the text footnote_tex. The optional
argument num will be used as the footnote number in place of the
next number in the automatic sequence.

see: \footheight
     \footnotemark
     \footnoterule
     \footnotesep
     \footnotetext
     \footskip
     (Chap. 4.10.1)
     (Chap. 4.10.2)

.topic \footnotemark
  \footnotemark[num]   [f]
  
Produces a footnote marker in the current text. The optional
argument num will be used as the footnote number in place of the
next number in the automatic sequence. May be used within structures where
\footnote is not normally permitted, such as LR boxes, tables, math
formulas.

see: \fnsymbol
     \footheight
     \footnotemark
     \footnoterule
     \footnotesep
     \footnotetext
     \footskip
     (Chap. 4.10.4)

.topic \footnoterule
  \footnoterule   [f]
  
This is an internal command to produce the horizontal rule between
the regular text on a page and the footnote text at the bottom. May
be changed with
  \renewcommand{\footnoterule}{\rule{wdth}{hght}\vspace{-hght}}

see: \footheight
     \footnote
     \footnotemark
     \footnotesep
     \footnotetext
     \footskip
     (Chap. 4.10.3)

.topic \footnotesep
  \footnotesep
  
The vertical spacing between two footnotes. A new value is assigned with the
\setlength command:
  \setlength{\footnotesep}{6.5pt}

see: \footheight
     \footnote
     \footnotemark
     \footnotesep
     \footnotetext
     \footskip
     (Chap. 4.10.3)

.topic \footnotesize
  \footnotesize   [f]
  
Switches to the font size \footnotesize, which is smaller than
\small but larger than \scriptsize.

see: font sizesfontsizes
     (Chap. 4.1.3)

.topic \footnotetext
  \footnotetext[num]{footnotetext}   [f]
  
Produces a footnote with the text footnote_text but without
generating a marker in the current text. The marker that is used for the
footnote itself at the bottom of the page derives from the current value of
the counter footnote, which remains unchanged, or from the value of the
optional argument num. This command may be used together with the
\footnotemark command to insert footnotes into structures where they
are otherwise not allowed, such as LR boxes, tables, and math formulas. The
\footnotetext command must be given outside of that structure.

see: \footheight
     \footnote
     \footnotesep
     \footnotetext
     \footskip
     (Chap. 4.10.4)

.topic \footskip
  \footskip   [p]
  
The distance from the bottom edge of the text body to the lower edge of the
footline. A value is assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\footskip}{25pt}

see: \footheight
     \footnote
     \footnotemark
     \footnotesep
     \footnotetext
     (Chap. 3.2.4)

.topic \frac
  \frac{numerator}{denominator}   [m]
  
Math command for generating fractions.

see: (Chap. 5.2.3)

.topic \frame
  \frame{text}   [f]
  
Produces a frame without any intervening spacing around text.
Mainly used as a picture element in a \put or \multiput command
within the picture environment.

see: \fbox
     \framebox
     (Chap. 6.4.8)

.topic \framebox
  \framebox[width][pos]{text}   [f]
  
Produces a frame of width width around text. By default, the
text is centered within the frame, but may be left or right justified by
giving the optional argument pos as l or r.

see: (Chap. 4.7.1)

  \framebox(x_dimen,y_dimen)[pos]{text}   [f]
  
Picture element command to produce a frame of width x_dimen and
height y_dimen within the picture environment. Without the
optional argument pos, the text is centered vertically and
horizontally. The text may be left or right justified, and/or aligned at the
top or bottom, by setting pos to a combination of the letters l,
r, t, and b, such as tr for top, right. The command is
to be used as the argument of a \put or \multiput command.

see: \dashbox
     \fbox
     \frame
     \makebox
     \mbox
     \parbox
     \raisebox
     (Chap. 6.4.2)

.topic \frenchspacing
  \frenchspacing   [f]
  
After this command has been given, no additional horizontal spacing is
inserted at the end of a sentence. The countercommand is
\nonfrenchspacing.

see: (Chap. 3.5.1.2)

.topic \fussy
  \fussy
  
Countercommand of \sloppy that allows larger interword spacings than
normal. After \fussy has been given, the normal spacings apply once
more.

see: the fussypar environment
     the sloppypar environment
     (Chap. 3.6.3)

.topic \gcd
  \gcd   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `gcd' in formulas.
A lower limit may be given as a subscript.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \glossary
  \glossary{glossary_entry}   [f]
  
Write a \glossaryentry command to the .glo file.

see: \makeglossary
     (Chap. 8.4.4)

.topic \glossaryentry
  \glossaryentry{glossary_entry}{page_number}
  
The form in which the entry is written to the .glo file by the
\glossary command.

see: \makeglossary
     (Chap. 8.4.4)

.topic \grave
  \grave{x}   [m]
  
A grave accent over the math variable x.

see: mathematical acccentsmaccents
     (Chap. 5.3.9)

.topic \H
  \H{x}
  
Hungarian double acute accent.

see: accents
     (Chap. 2.5.7)

.topic \hat
  \hat{x}   [m]
  
Circumflex over the math variable x.

see: mathematical accentsmaccents
     (Chap. 5.3.9)

.topic \headheight
  \headheight   [p]
  
The height of the head at the top of each page. A new value is assigned with
the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\headheight}{25pt}

see: \headsep
     \markboth
     \markright
     \pagestyle
     \thispagestyle
     \topmargin
     (Chap. 3.2.4)

.topic \headtoname
  \headtoname   [i]
  
Command in the letter\documentstyle document style for international
LaTeX containing the text that precedes the recipient's name in the headline
after the first page. In English, this is `To' but may be altered for 
adaptation to other languages.

see: (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \headsep
  \headsep   [p]
  
Vertical spacing between the lower edge of the page head and the top of the
main text. A new value is assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\headsep}{0.25in}

see: \headheight
     \markboth
     \markright
     \pagestyle
     \thispagestyle
     (Chap. 3.2.4)

.topic \hfill
  \hfill
  
A horizontal rubber spacing with a natural length of zero that can be
stretched to any value. Used to fill up a horizontal line with blank spacing.
This command is an abbreviation for \hspace{\fill}.

see: \vfill
     spacing
     (Chap. 3.5.1.6)

.topic \hline
  \hline
  
Produces a horizontal line in the array and tabular environments
over the width of the entire table.

see: \cline
     \multicolumn
     \vline
     (Chap. 4.8.1)

.topic \hom
  \hom   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `hom' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \hoffset
  \hoffset   [p]
  
Horizontal offset of the output page from the printer border set by the
printer driver. This printer border is normally 1 inch from the left edge of
the paper. The standard value of \hoffset is 0 pt so that the
left reference margin of the page is identical with the printer margin.
A new value is assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\hoffset}{-1in}

see: \voffset

.topic \hrulefill
  \hrulefill
  
Fills up the space in a line with a rule.

see: \dotfill
     (Chap. 3.5.1.7)

.topic \hspace
  \hspace{width}
  
Produces horizontal spacing of length width. It is ignored if it
occurs at the beginning or end of a line.

  \hspace*{width}
  
Produces horizontal spacing of length width even at the beginning
or end of a line.

see: spacing
     (Chap. 3.5.1.6)

.topic \huge
  \huge   [f]
  
Switches to the font size \huge, which is smaller than
\Huge but larger than \LARGE.

see: font sizesfontsizes
     (Chap. 4.1.3)

.topic \Huge
  \Huge   [f]
  
Switches to the largest font size available \Huge, which is larger than
\huge.

see: font sizesfontsizes
     (Chap. 4.1.3)

.topic \hyphenation
  \hyphenation{hyphenation_list}   [p]
  
Sets up a list of hyphenation exceptions. The hyphenation_list
consists of a collection of words containing hyphens at the places where
word division may occur: hy-phen-a-tion per-mit-ted.

see: \discretionary
     \showhyphens
     (Chap. 3.6.2)
       
.topic \iflanguage
  \iflanguage{language}{yes_text}{no_text}   [a]
  
In the multi-language babel system, tests if language is the
currently selected language and, if so, executes yes_text, otherwise
no_text.

see: (Chap. D.1.4)

.topic \include
  \include{file}   [f]
  
Inserts the contents of the file with the root name file and
extension .tex into the current text at the point where the command
appears. A new page is always started!

Together with \includeonly, this command
allows portions of the document to be processed as
though the rest of the text were present.

see: \input
     \nofiles
     (Chap. 8.1.2)

.topic \includeonly
  \includeonly{file_list}   [p]
  
Only those files whose names are in file_list, separated by commas,
will be read in by the \include commands. The \include commands
for other file names are ignored. Nevertheless, all the auxiliary files are
read in so that the page and section numbers will be correct, as are the
cross-references markers.

see: \input
     \nofiles
     (Chap. 8.1.2)

.topic \indent
  \indent
  
The first line of the next paragraph is to be indented.

see: \noindent
     \parindent
     (Chap. 3.5.4)

.topic \index
  \index{index_entry}   [f]
  
Writes a \indexentry command to the .idx file. The MakeIndex
program  can process this file if the entries are in the forms
  \index{main_entry}
  \index{main_entry!sub_entry}
  \index{main_entry!sub_entry!sub_sub_entry}
making up a theindex environment with the entries alphabetically
ordered and organized with \item, \subitem, and \subsubitem
commands.

see: \indexspace
     \makeindex
     \printindex
     (Chap. 8.5)
     (Chap. 8.4.3)
     (Chap. 8.5)

.topic \indexentry
  \indexentry{index_entry}{page_number}
  
The form in which the entry is written to the .idx file by the
\index command.

see: \indexspace
     \makeindex
     MakeIndex
     \printindex
     (Chap. 8.4.3)

.topic \indexname
  \indexname   [i]
  
Command for international LaTeX containing the heading for the index.
In English, this is `Index' but may be altered for adaptation to other
languages.  

see: the theindex environment
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \indexspace
  \indexspace
  
Command within theindex environment to produce a blank line.

see: \index
     \indexentry
     \makeindex
     MakeIndex
     \printindex
     (Chap. 8.4.3)

.topic \inf
  \inf   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `inf' in formulas.
A lower limit may be set as a subscript.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \input
  \input{file}   [f]
  
Inserts the contents of the file with the root name file and
extension .tex into the current text at the point where the command
appears. The file that is read in may also contain further \input
commands.

see: \include
     \includeonly
     \nofiles
     (Chap. 8.1.1)

.topic \intextsep
  \intextsep
  
The vertical spacing between floats in the middle of a page and the
surrounding text. A new value is assigned with the \setlength
command:
  \setlength{\intextsep}{10pt plus2pt minus3pt}

see: \bottomfraction
     bottomnumber
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltextfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     dbltopnumber
     \floatpagefraction
     \floatsep
     \textfraction
     \textfloatsep
     \topfraction
     topnumber
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic \invisible
  \invisible
  
In SliTeX, a `colour' that is not printed. The
text takes up as much space as though it were there. Is used for
making overlays in different colours.

see: \blackandwhite
     \colors
     \colorslides
     the note environment
     the overlay environment
     the slide environment
     (Chap. C.3.3)

.topic \it
  \it
  
Switches to italic type face.

see: \itdefault
     type facestypefaces
     (Chap. 4.1.2)

.topic \itdefault
  \itdefault   [a][p]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command defines the shape
attribute that is selected with the \it command. It may be redefined
in the preamble with \renewcommand:
  \renewcommand{\itdefault}{sl}

see: \fontshape
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.2)

.topic \item
  \item[label]   [f]
  
Produces a label and the start of an item text in a listing environment.
Without the optional argument, the label is generated according to the
type of environment, for example, numbers for the enumerate environment.
The optional argument inserts label in place of this standard item label.

see: \labelsep
     \labelwidth
     \leftmargin
     \listparindent
     \makelabel
     \rightmargin
     (Chap. 4.3)
     (Chap. 4.4.1)

  \item{entry}
  
Produces a main entry in theindex environment.

see: \itemindent
     \itemsep
     \subitem
     \subsubitem
     the description environment
     the enumerate environment
     the itemize environment
     the list environment
     the theindex environment
     the trivlist environment
     (Chap. 8.4.3)

.topic \itemindent
  \itemindent
  
The amount by which the label and the text of the first line after each
\item is indented in a list environment. The standard value is
0 pt, but a new value may be assigned with the \setlength
command:
  \setlength{\itemindent}{1em}

see: \itemsep
     \subitem
     \subsubitem
     the description environment
     the enumerate environment
     the itemize environment
     the theindex environment
     the trivlist environment
     (Chap. 4.4.2)

.topic \itemsep
  \itemsep
  
The amount of vertical spacing in addition to \parsep that is inserted
between the \item texts in a listing environment. A new value may be
assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}

see: \item
     \itemindent
     \subitem
     \subsubitem
     \topsep
     the description environment
     the enumerate environment
     the itemize environment
     the list environment
     the theindex environment
     the trivlist environment
     (Chap. 4.4.2)

.topic \jot
  \jot   [m]
  
The amount of vertical spacing between the formula lines of an eqnarray
or eqnarray*eqnarray environment. Standard value is 3 pt. A new value
may be assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\jot}{4.5pt}

see: (Chap. 5.5.4)

.topic \ker
  \ker   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `ker' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \kill
  \kill
  
Removes the preceding sample line in a tabbing environment that was
given only to set the tabs and not to be printed at this point.

see: \+
     \-
     \<
     \>
     \=
     (Chap. 4.6.2)

.topic \label
  \label{marker}   [f]
  
Sets a marker in the text at this position with the name marker. It
may be referred to either earlier or later in the document with the command
\ref{marker} to output the counter that was then current, such as the
section, equation, or figure number, or with the command
\pageref{marker} to print the page number where the marker was set.

see: (Chap. 8.4.1)

.topic \labelenum
  \labelenumN
  
A set of commands to produce the standard labels for the nesting levels of
the enumerate environments, where N is one of i, ii, iii, and iv.
For example,
  \renewcommand{\labelenumii}{\arabic{enumii}.)}
changes the standard labels of the second level enumerate environment to
be 1.), 2.), etc.  

see: \labelitem
     (Chap. 4.3.5)

.topic \labelitem
  \labelitemN
  
A set of commands to produce the standard labels for the nesting levels
of the itemize environments, where N is one of i, ii, iii, and iv.
For example,
  \renewcommand{\itemizei}{$\Rightarrow$}
changes the standard labels of the outermost itemize environment to
$\Rightarrow$.

see: \labelenum
     (Chap. 4.3.5)

.topic \labelsep
  \labelsep
  
In a list environment, the distance between the label box and the list
text. A new value is assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\labelsep}{5pt}

see: \item
     \labelwidth
     \leftmargin
     \listparindent
     \makelabel
     \rightmargin
     (Chap. 4.4.2)

.topic \labelwidth
  \labelwidth
  
In a list environment, the width of the box reserved for the label.
A new value is assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{labelwidth}{2.2cm}

see: \item
     \labelsep
     \leftmargin
     \listparindent
     \makelabel
     \rightmargin
     (Chap. 4.4.2)

.topic \language
  \language{num}
  
In TeX versions 3.0 and later, the set of hyphenation patterns
number num is made active. The patterns must be previously loaded into
the format file by an initex run in which \language{num} has been given
before those patterns were read in.

see: (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.4)

.topic \large
  \large   [f]
  
Switches to the font size \large, which is smaller than
\Large but larger than \normalsize.

see: font sizesfontsizes
     (Chap. 4.1.3)

.topic \Large
  \Large   [f]
  
Switches to the font size \Large, which is smaller than
\LARGE but larger than \large.

see: font sizesfontsizes
     (Chap. 4.1.3)

.topic \LARGE
  \LARGE   [f]
  
Switches to the font size \LARGE, which is smaller than
\huge but larger than \Large.

see: font sizesfontsizes
     (Chap. 4.1.3)

.topic \LaTeX
  \LaTeX
  
produces the LaTeX logo.

see: \TeX
     (Chap. 2.1)

.topic \left
  \leftLbrack   [m]
  
Adjusts the size of the bracket symbol Lbrack to fit the height of the
formula between the \left ... \right pair, for example: \left[

If there is to be no matching bracket, then the \left and \right
commands must still be given to specify the part of the formula to be sized,
but the missing bracket is given as a period (for example, \right.).

see: bracket symbolsmBracket
     (Chap. 5.4.1)

.topic \lefteqn
  \lefteqn   [m]
  
A command inside the eqnarray environment that outputs its argument as
though it had zero width, thus having no effect on the column widths. It is
used mainly for the first row of a multi-row formula.

see: (Chap. 5.4.7)

.topic \leftmargin
  \leftmargin
  
In a list environment, the amount by which the left edge of the text is
indented relative to the surrounding text.
A new value is assigned with the \setlength command.
For nested list environments, different values for the indentation can
be specified by adding i ... vi to the declaration name, such as
  \setlength{\leftmarginiii}{0.5cm}

see: \item
     \labelsep
     \labelwidth
     \listparindent
     \makelabel
     \rightmargin
     (Chap. 4.4.2)
     (Chap. 4.3.4)

.topic \lg
  \lg   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `lg' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \lim
  \lim   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `lim' in formulas.
A lower limit may be set as a subscript.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \liminf
  \liminf   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `lim inf' in formulas.
A lower limit may be set as a subscript.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \limits
  \limits   [m]
  
Places the upper and lower limits above and below the appropriate symbols
where these would normally go just after them.

see: \nolimits
     (Chap. 5.2.5)
     (Chap. 5.3.7)

.topic \limsup
  \limsup   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `lim sup' in formulas.
A lower limit may be set as a subscript.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \line
  \line(Delta_x,Delta_y){length}   [f]
  
A picture element command within a picture environment for drawing
horizontal and vertical lines of any length as well as slanted lines at a
limited number of angles. For horizontal and vertical lines, the
length argument is the actual length in units of
\unitlength. For slanted lines, length is the length of the
projection on to the x-axis (horizontal displacement).
The slope is determined by the (Delta_x,Delta_y) arguments, which take on
integral values such that -6  Delta_x  6 and -6  Delta_y  6.
This command is the argument of a \put or \multiput command.

see: \circle
     \oval
     \vector
     (Chap. 6.4.3)

.topic \linebreak
  \linebreak[n]   [f]
  
A recommendation to break the line of text at this point such that it fills
the horizontal space available (left and right justified). The urgency of the
recommendation is given by the integral number n between 0 and 4, with
the higher numbers meaning a stronger recommendation. A value of 4 is the
same as the command without the optional argument and means an obligatory
line break.

see: \\
     \newline
     \nolinebreak
     \par
     (Chap. 3.5.2.2)

.topic \linethickness
  \linethickness{thickness}
  
Sets the thickness of the horizontal and vertical lines in the picture
environment. The argument thickness is a length specification with
units, for example, 1.2mm.

see: \line
     \vector
     (Chap. 6.5.1)

.topic \listfigurename
  \listfigurename   [i]
  
Command for international LaTeX containing the heading for the list of
figures. In English, this is `List of Figures' but may be altered for
adaptation to other languages.

see: \listoffigures
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \listoffigures
  \listoffigures
  
Produces a list of figures with the entries from all the \caption
commands in figure environments.

see: \listfigurename
     \listoftables
     (Chap. 3.4.4)

.topic \listoftables
  \listoftables
  
Produces a list of tables with the entries from all the \caption
commands in table environments.

see: \listoffigures
     \listtablename
     (Chap. 3.4.4)

.topic \listparindent
  \listparindent
  
Depth of indentation for the first line of a paragraph inside a list
environment. A new value may be assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\listparindent}{1em}

see: \labelsep
     \labelwidth
     \leftmargin
     \makelabel
     \rightmargin
     (Chap. 4.4.2)

.topic \listtablename
  \listtablename   [i]
  
Command for international LaTeX containing the heading for the list of
tables. In English, this is `List of Tables' but may be altered for
adaptation to other languages.

see: \listoftables
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \ln
  \ln   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `ln' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \load
  \load{\size}{\style}
  
Enables those fonts that are loaded on demand to be used within math mode.
.endpara
Example: \load{\footnotesize}{\sf}.

see: (Chap. 8.7)

.topic \location
  \location{number}
  
In the letter\documentstyle document style, enters the sender's room
number. In the standard LaTeX letter.sty, number is only output if
\address has not been called. It is intended to be used in company
letter styles.

see: \address
     \cc
     \closing
     \date
     \encl
     \name
     \opening
     \ps
     \subject
     \telephone
     the letter environment
     (Chap. A.1)

.topic \log
  \log   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `log' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \lq
  \lq
  
produces `, the same as the ` key.

see: \prime
     \rq

.topic \makebox
  \makebox[width][pos]{text}   [f]
  
Produces a box of width width containing text centered
horizontally, unless pos is given to specify that it is to be left
(l) or right (r) justified.

see: (Chap. 4.7.1)

  \makebox(x_dimen,y_dimen)[pos]{text}   [f]
  
Picture element command to produce a box of width x_dimen and
height y_dimen within the picture environment. Without the
optional argument pos, the text is centered vertically and
horizontally. The text may be left or right justified, and/or aligned at the
top or bottom, by setting pos to a combination of the letters l,
r, t, and b, such as tr for top, right. The command is
to be used as the argument of a \put or \multiput command.

see: \dashbox
     \fbox
     \frame
     \framebox
     \mbox
     \parbox
     \raisebox
     (Chap. 6.4.2)

.topic \makeglossary
  \makeglossary   [p]
  
Command to activate the \glossary commands in the text.

see: \glossaryentry
     (Chap. 8.4.4)

.topic \makeindex
  \makeindex   [p]
  
Command to activate the \index commands in the text.

see: \indexentry
     \indexspace
     MakeIndex
     \printindex
     (Chap. 8.4.3)

.topic \makelabel
  \makelabel
  
An internal command that is called by the \item command to produce the
actual label within a listing environment.

see: \labelsep
     \labelwidth
     \leftmargin
     \listparindent
     \rightmargin
     (Chap. 4.4.1)
     (Chap. 7.5.9)

.topic \makelabels
  \makelabels
  
Produces address labels in the letter\documentstyle document style
using the entries from the \begin{letter} environment.

see: \address
     (Chap. A.1)

.topic \maketitle
  \maketitle
  
Produces a title page using then entries in the \author and
\title commands, and optionally those in the \date and
\thanks commands, if present.

see: \and
     the titlepage environment
     (Chap. 3.3.1)

.topic \marginpar
  \marginpar[left_text]{right_text}
  
Produces a marginal note at the right of the text containing
right_text. With two-sided formatting, the marginal note goes into the
left margin on the even pages, in which case the optional left_text
will be written instead. For two column text, the marginal notes always go
into the `outer' margin, and again left_text will be used for the
left margin, if present.

see: \marginparpush
     \marginparsep
     \marginparwidth
     \normalmarginpar
     \reversemarginpar
     (Chap. 4.10.6)

.topic \marginparpush
  \marginparpush
  
The minimum vertical separation between two marginal notes. A new value
may be assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\marginparpush}{7pt}

see: \marginpar
     \marginparsep
     \marginparwidth
     \normalmarginpar
     \reversemarginpar
     (Chap. 4.10.7)

.topic \marginparsep
  \marginparsep
  
The spacing between the edge of the text and a marginal note.
A new value may be assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\marginparsep}{7pt}

see: \marginpar
     \marginparpush
     \marginparwidth
     \normalmarginpar
     \reversemarginpar
     (Chap. 4.10.7)

.topic \marginparwidth
  \marginparwidth
  
The width of the box reserved for marginal notes. 
A new value may be assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\marginparwidth}{7pt}

see: \marginpar
     \marginparpush
     \marginparsep
     \normalmarginpar
     \reversemarginpar
     (Chap. 4.10.7)

.topic \markboth
  \markboth{left_head}{right_head}   [f]
  
Sets the text entries for the left and right page headlines in two-sided
formatting when the page style myheadings\pagestyle has been selected,
or when the automatic entries of page style headings\pagestyle are to
be manually changed.

see: \headheight
     \headsep
     \markright
     \pagestyle
     \thispagestyle
     (Chap. 3.2.1)

.topic \markright
  \markright{head}   [f]
  
Sets the text entry for the page headline when the page style
myheadings\pagestyle has been selected, or when the automatic entry of
page style headings\pagestyle is to be manually changed. In two-sided
formatting, only the right headline is set with this command.

see: \headheight
     \headsep
     \markboth
     \pagestyle
     \thispagestyle
     (Chap. 3.2.1)

.topic \mathindent
  \mathindent
  
The indentation of displayed formulas from the left margin when the document
style fleqn\documentstyle has been selected. A new value may be assigned
with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\mathindent}{25pt}

see: (Chap. 3.1)

.topic \mathrm
  \mathrm   [m]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme, this command switches to upright letters
in formulas.

see: \addtoversion
     \mathversion
     \newfont
     \newmathalphabet
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.3)

.topic \mathversion
  \mathversion{vers_name}   [a]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme, this command selects the set of fonts
to be used for math mode. In standard LaTeX, possible values for
vers_name are normal and bold. With the option concrete,
another allowed value is euler.

see: \addtoversion
     \mathrm
     \newfont
     \newmathalphabet
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.3)

.topic \max
  \max   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `max' in formulas.
A lower limit may be set as a subscript.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \mbox
  \mbox{text}
  
produces an LR box around text.

see: \dashbox
     \fbox
     \frame
     \framebox
     \makebox
     \parbox
     \raisebox
     (Chap. 4.7.1)
   
.topic \mediumseries
  \mediumseries   [a]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command activates a font with
the `medium' series attribute (neither bold nor light) and with the current
family, shape, and size attributes. It is equivalent to
\fontseries{m}\selectfont.

see: \fontfamily
     \fontshape
     \fontsize
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.2)

.topic \medskip
  \medskip   [f]
  
Inserts large vertical spacing of the amount \medskipamount.

see: \bigskip
     \bigskipamount
     \smallskip
     \smallskipamount
     (Chap. 3.5.3)

.topic \medskipamount
  \medskipamount
  
Standard value for the amount of vertical spacing that is inserted with the
command \medskip. May be changed with the \setlength
command:
  \setlength{\medskipamount}{3ex plus1ex minus1ex}

see: \bigskip
     \bigskipamount
     \smallskip
     \smallskipamount
 
.topic \min
  \min   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `min' in formulas.
A lower limit may be set as a subscript.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \mit
  \mit   [m]
  
Switches to the font style `math italic', the standard in math mode. When
given explicitly, capital Greek letters are also set in italics.

see: type facestypefaces
     (Chap. 5.3.1)
     (Chap. 8.7)

.topic \multicolumn
  \multicolumn{n}{col}{text}   [f]
  
Merges the next n columns in the array and tabular environments,
formatting the text entry text according to the single column
definition col, which may be l, c, r as well as |.

see: \cline
     \hline
     \vline
     (Chap. 4.8.1)

.topic \multiput
  \multiput(x,y)(Delta_x,Delta_y){n}{pic_elem}
  
Multiple positioning command in the picture environment. The object
pic_elem is placed n times, at (x,y), (x+Delta_x,y+Delta_y), ...
(x+(n-1)Delta_x,y+(n-1)Delta_y).

see: \put
     \unitlength
     (Chap. 6.3)

.topic \name
  \name{sender}
  
In the letter\documentstyle document style, enters the sender's name.

see: \address
     \cc
     \closing
     \date
     \encl
     \location
     \opening
     \ps
     \subject
     \telephone
     the letter environment
     (Chap. A.2)

.topic \newcommand
  \newcommand{\com_name}[narg]{definition}
  
Defines a user command with the name \com_name to be definition. The
optional argument narg  9 specifies how many variable arguments the
command is to have, which appear in the definition as the
replacement characters #1 to #narg.

The new command is fragile if its definition contains fragile commands,
otherwise it is robust.

see: \newcounter
     \newenvironment
     \newfont
     \newlength
     \newsavebox
     \newtheorem
     \renewcommand
     \renewenvironment
     (Chap. 7.3)

.topic \newcounter
  \newcounter{counter_name}[in_counter]   [f]
  
Establishes a new counter with the name counter_name. The optional
argument in_counter is the name of an existing counter which, when
incremented, resets the new counter to zero; that is, the new counter
is a sub-counter of in_counter.

see: \newcommand
     \newenvironment
     \newfont
     \newlength
     \newsavebox
     \newtheorem
     \renewcommand
     \renewenvironment
     (Chap. 7.1.2)

.topic \newenvironment
  \newenvironment{env_name}[narg]{beg_def}{end_def}
  
Defines a user environment with the name env_name which has the
\begin definition beg_def and the \end definition end_def.
The optional argument narg  9 specifies how many variable
arguments the environment is to have, which appear in the beg_def as
the replacement characters #1 to #narg.

see: \newcommand
     \newcounter
     \newfont
     \newlength
     \newsavebox
     \newtheorem
     \renewcommand
     \renewenvironment
     (Chap. 7.4)

.topic \newfont
  \newfont{\font_cmd}{font_name scaled size}   [f]
  
Establishes the relation between the font file name file_name
magnified by the scaling factor size and a
font selection command \font_cmd. After font_cmd has been called,
\baselineskip, the interline spacing, still has its previous value.
One way to correct this is to define a command
  \newcommand{\font}{\font_cmd\setlength{\baselineskip}{line_space}}
so that calling \font not only selects the font \font_cmd but also
changes the value of \baselineskip to an appropriate value line_space.

see: \newcounter
     \newenvironment
     \newfont
     \newlength
     \newsavebox
     \newtheorem
     \renewcommand
     \renewenvironment
     the New Font Selection SchemeNFSS
     (Chap. 4.1.4)
     (Chap. E.8.1)
     (Chap. E.8.2)

.topic \newlength
  \newlength{\length_cmd}   [f]
  
Creates a new length command with the name \length_cmd and
initializes it to 0 pt. New values may be assigned as for all
length commands with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\length_cmd}{length}

The quantity length must have units (cm, pt, etc.) and may
be a rubber length.

see: \addtolength
     \newcommand
     \newcounter
     \newenvironment
     \newfont
     \newsavebox
     \newtheorem
     \renewcommand
     \renewenvironment
     \setlength
     \settowidth
     (Chap. 7.2)

.topic \newline
  \newline   [f]
  
Terminates and starts a line of text without right justifying it.

see: \\
     \linebreak
     \nolinebreak
     \par
     (Chap. 3.5.2.1)

.topic \newmathalphabet
  \newmathalphabet{\mcs_name}   [a]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme, this command establishes a new math font
command name. The actual definition of the name must be made for each math
version with the \addtoversion or \addtoversion* command.

see: \mathrm
     \mathversion
     \newfont
     \newmathalphabet
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.3)

.topic \newpage
  \newpage
  
Terminates and starts a new page, leaving the rest of the page blank.

see: \cleardoublepage
     \clearpage
     \nopagebreak
     \pagebreak
     (Chap. 3.5.5.1)

.topic \newsavebox
  \newsavebox{\boxname}   [f]
  
Creates a storage box with the name \boxname in which LR boxes
may be saved with the \savebox command.

see: \newcommand
     \newcounter
     \newenvironment
     \newfont
     \newlength
     \newtheorem
     \renewcommand
     \renewenvironment
     (Chap. 4.7.1)

.topic \newtheorem
  \newtheorem{struc_type}[num_like]{struc_title}[in_counter]   [f]
  
Defines a new theorem-like environment named struc_type
which when called prints a theorem declaration with the name 
struc_title in bold face\bf, followed by an automatic
sequential number, and the actual text of the environment in italic\it.
The optional argument num_like is the name of another theorem
structure which is to share the same numbering counter. The other optional
argument in_counter is the name of a sectioning counter, such as
chapter, which is to reset the theorem counter every time it is incremented.
That is, the theorem counter is a sub-counter of in_counter.

see: \newcommand
     \newcounter
     \newenvironment
     \newfont
     \newlength
     \newsavebox
     \renewcommand
     \renewenvironment
     (Chap. 4.5)

.topic \nocite
  \nocite{key}   [f]
  
The entry in the literature data base with the key word key will be
included in the bibliography without any citation (reference) in the text.

see: \bibitem
     \bibliography
     \bibliographystyle
     BibTeX
     (Chap. 8.4.2)
     (Chap. B.1)

.topic \nofiles
  \nofiles   [p]
  
Issued in the preamble, this command suppresses the output of the
auxiliary files .aux, .glo, .idx, .lof, .lot, and .toc.

see: \include
     \includeonly
     \input
     (Chap. 8.6)

.topic \noindent
  \noindent
  
The first line of the next paragraph will not be indented.

see: \indent
     \parindent
     (Chap. 3.5.4)

.topic \nolimits
  \nolimits   [m]
  
Places the upper and lower limits after the appropriate symbols
where these would normally go just above or below them.

see: \limits
     (Chap. 5.3.7)

.topic \nolinebreak
  \nolinebreak[n]   [f]
  
A recommendation not to break the line of text at this point.
The urgency of the recommendation is given by the integral number n
between 0 and 4, with the higher numbers meaning a stronger recommendation.
A value of 4 is the same as the command without the optional argument and
means absolutely no line break here.

see: \\
     \linebreak
     \newline
     \par
     (Chap. 3.5.2.2)

.topic \nonfrenchspacing
  \nonfrenchspacing   [f]
  
Countermands \frenchspacing, switching back to the standard formatting
in which extra word spacing is inserted at the end of a sentence.

see: (Chap. 3.5.1.2)

.topic \nonumber
  \nonumber   [m]
  
The formula line in an eqnarray environment in which this command appears
will not contain an equation number.

see: (Chap. 5.4.7)

.topic \nopagebreak
  \nopagebreak[n]   [f]
  
A recommendation not to break the page at this point.
The urgency of the recommendation is given by the integral number n
between 0 and 4, with the higher numbers meaning a stronger recommendation.
A value of 4 is the same as the command without the optional argument and
means absolutely no page break here.

see: \cleardoublepage
     \clearpage
     \pagebreak
     (Chap. 3.5.5.1)

.topic \normalmarginpar
  \normalmarginpar
  
Countermands \reversemarginpar, switching back to the standard
placement of marginal notes in the `outer' margin.

see: \marginpar
     \marginparpush
     \marginparsep
     (Chap. 4.10.6)

.topic \normalsize
  \normalsize   [f]
  
Switches to the font size \normalsize, the size selected by the
\documentstyle option. It is smaller than \large but larger than
\small.

see: font sizesfontsizes
     (Chap. 4.1.3)

.topic \normalshape
  \normalshape   [a]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command activates a font with
the `normal' shape attribute (upright Roman characters) and with the current
family, series, and size attributes. It is the same as
\fontshape{n}\selectfont.

see: \fontseries
     \fontshape
     \fontsize
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.2)

.topic \not
  \not   [m]
  
Changes the following comparison symbol into its negative
counterpart.

see: (Chap. 5.3.4)

.topic \notesname
  \notesname   [a][i]
  
Command for some applications of international LaTeX
containing the text for a command \notes. In English, this
is `notes' but may be altered for adaptation to other languages.
(This command is not standardized!)

see: (Chap. 7.6.5.3)

.topic \numberline
  \numberline{sec_num}{text}   [f]
  
This command is only used as an entry to \addcontentsline. The
sec_num is the sectioning number and text the actual entry
into the table of contents for that number.

see: \addtocontents
     \tableofcontents
     \contentsline
     (Chap. 3.4.3)

.topic \oddsidemargin
  \oddsidemargin   [p]
  
Sets the left margin for the odd numbered pages in document style
book\documentstyle or when the option twoside\documentstyle has
been selected for other styles. In all other cases, it sets the left
margin for all pages. A new value is assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\evensidemargin}{1.5cm}

see: \evensidemargin
     (Chap. 3.2.4)

.topic \onecolumn
  \onecolumn   [f]
  
Starts a new page and switches from two column to one column page formatting.

see: \twocolumn
     (Chap. 3.2.5)

.topic \onlynotes
  \onlynotes{note_nums}
  
In SliTeX, a command to be issued in the root file to generate only
those notes whose numbers appear in note_nums. The command behaves the
same as \onlyslides for slides.

see: the note environment
     (Chap. C.5.2)

.topic \onlyslides
  \onlyslides{slide_nums}
  
In SliTeX, a command to be issued in the root file to generate only
those slides whose numbers appear in slide_nums. The numbers are
separated by commas, and  may include a range with a hyphen:
 \onlyslides{4,10-13,23}.

see: the overlay environment
     the slide environment
     (Chap. C.5.2)

.topic \opening
  \opening{dear}
  
In the letter environment, sets the form of the salutation at the start
of the letter text; for example, \opening{Dear George,}.

see: \address
     \cc
     \closing
     \date
     \encl
     \location
     \name
     \ps
     \subject
     \telephone
     (Chap. A.1)

.topic \oval
  \oval(x_dimen,y_dimen)[part]   [f]
  
Picture element command to produce an over with width x_dimen and
height y_dimen in the picture environment. The optional
part argument may take on values of t, b, l, and r to draw only the top,
bottom, left, or right halves of the oval. A combination
of these values may be given to draw only a quarter of the oval,
such as tl or lt for the top left part. To be used as an argument in a
\put or \multiput command.

see: \circle
     \line
     \vector
     (Chap. 6.4.6)

.topic \overbrace
  \overbrace{sub_form}   [m]
  
Produces a horizontal curly brace over the math formula sub_form. Any
following superscript will be placed centered above the horizontal
brace.

see: \overline
     \underbrace
     \underline
     (Chap. 5.4.4)

.topic \overline
  \overline{sub_form}   [m]
  
Produces a horizontal bar over the math formula sub_form.

see: \overbrace
     \underbrace
     \underline
     (Chap. 5.4.4)

.topic \pagebreak
  \pagebreak[n]   [f]
  
A recommendation to break the page at this point. The urgency of the
recommendation is given by the integral number n between 0 and 4, with the
higher numbers meaning a stronger recommendation. A value of 4 is the same as
the command without the optional argument and means an obligatory page break.

see: \cleardoublepage
     \clearpage
     \newpage
     \nopagebreak
     (Chap. 3.5.5.1)

.topic \pagename
  \pagename   [i]
  
Command in the letter\documentstyle document style for international LaTeX
containing the text for page numbers after the first page. In English, this
is `Page' but may be altered for adaptation to other languages.

see: (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \pagenumbering
  \pagenumbering{style}
  
Determines the style of the page numbering and resets the page counter to 1.
Possible values for style are:
 arabic\arabic roman\roman Roman\Roman alph\alph Alph\Alph

see: (Chap. 3.2.2)

.topic \pageref
  \pageref{marker}   [f]
  
Prints the number of the page where marker has been set by a
\label{marker} command.

see: \ref
     (Chap. 8.4.1)

.topic \pagestyle
  \pagestyle{style}   [p]
  
Determines the page style, that is the contents of the head and footlines on
every page. Possible values for style are:
  plain (standard)
  empty
  headings
  myheadings.

see: \markboth
     \markright
     (Chap. 3.2)

.topic \par
  \par
  
Ends the current paragraph and begins a new one. This command is
equivalent to a blank line.

see: \\
     \linebreak
     \newline
     \nolinebreak
     \parindent
     \parskip
     (Chap. 3.5.3)

.topic \paragraph
  \paragraph[short title]{title}   [f]
  
The second last command in the sectioning hierarchy, coming between
\subsubsection and \subparagraph.
It formats title with the current sub-sub-section number and an
automatic sequential paragraph number. If the optional short title is
given, it appears in place of title in the table of contents.

  \paragraph*{title}
  
The same as \paragraph but without a number or an entry in the table
of contents.

see: \chapter
     \part
     \section
     \subparagraph
     \subsection
     \subsubsection
     (Chap. 3.3.3)

.topic \parbox
  \parbox[pos]{width}{text}   [f]
  
Produces a vertical box of width width in which text is set in
lines that are left and right justified to this width. The vertical
positioning with respect to the surrounding text is determined by the
optional argument pos: t for alignment with its top line, b with
its bottom line, and centered with no argument.

see: \dashbox
     \fbox
     \frame
     \framebox
     \makebox
     \mbox
     \raisebox
     (Chap. 4.7.3)

.topic \parindent
  \parindent
  
The amount of indentation for the first line of a paragraph. A new value may
be assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\parindent}{1.5em}

see: \indent
     \noindent
     \par
     \parskip
     (Chap. 3.2.3)

.topic \parsep
  \parsep
  
The vertical spacing between paragraphs within a list environment. A
new value may be assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\parsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}

see: \listparindent
     \partopsep
     \topsep
     (Chap. 4.4.2)

.topic \parskip
  \parskip
  
The vertical spacing between paragraphs. A
new value may be assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\parskip}{3pt plus1pt minus2pt}

see: \par
     \parindent
     (Chap. 3.2.3)

.topic \part
  \part[short title]{title}   [f]
  
The highest command in the sectioning hierarchy.
It begins a new `Part' with an automatic sequential part number and the
heading title. The following sectioning numbers are not influenced by
the part number. If the optional short title is given, it appears in place
of title in the table of contents.

  \part*{title}
  
The same as \part but without a number or an entry in the table
of contents.

see: \chapter
     \paragraph
     \partname
     \section
     \subparagraph
     \subsection
     \subsubsection
     (Chap. 3.3.3)

.topic \partname
  \partname   [i]
  
Command for international LaTeX containing the part heading.
In English, this is `Part' but may be altered for adaptation to other
languages.

see: \part
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \partopsep
  \partopsep
  
The additional vertical spacing at the beginning and/or end of a listing when
a blank line precedes or follows the environment commands. A new value may be
assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\partopsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}

see: \itemindent
     \itemsep
     \labelwidth
     \leftmargin
     \listparindent
     \parsep
     \rightmargin
     \topsep
     (Chap. 4.4.2)

.topic \pmod
  \pmod   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `mod' in formulas in the form:
  $y\pmod{a+b}$ = y (mod a+b)

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \poptabs
  \poptabs
  
Restores the last set of tabular stops in the tabbing environment that
has been saved with \pushtabs.

see: (Chap. 4.6.4)

.topic \Pr
  \Pr   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `Pr' in formulas.
A lower limit may be set as a subscript.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \prefacename
  \prefacename   [a][i]
  
Command for some applications of international LaTeX
containing the text for a command \preface. In English, this
is `Preface' but may be altered for adaptation to other languages.
(This command is not standardized!)

see: (Chap. 7.6.5.3)

.topic \prime
  \prime   [m]
  
produces ' (identical to the ' symbol)

see: \lq
     \rq
     (Chap. 5.3.6)

.topic \printindex
  \printindex
  
A command defined in the makeidxMakeIndex.sty file that generates
theindex environment after the program MakeIndex has processed
the .idx file.

see: \index
     \indexentry
     \indexspace
     \makeindex
     MakeIndex
     (Chap. 8.5)

.topic \protect
  \protect
  
Fragile commands may be used in moving arguments when they are preceded
by the \protect command.
Example: \section{The \protect\poundsSonder{} Sign}.

see: (Chap. 2.6)

.topic \ps
  \ps{text}
  
Adds a postscript to a letter in the letter\documentstyle document style.

see: \address
     \cc
     \closing
     \date
     \encl
     \location
     \name
     \opening
     \subject
     \telephone
     the letter environment
     (Chap. A.1)

.topic \pushtabs
  \pushtabs
  
Saves the current set of tabulator stops in the tabbing environment. It
may be recalled with the \poptabs command.

see: (Chap. 4.6.4)

.topic \put
  \put(x,y){pic_elem}
  
The positioning command within a picture environment. The picture
element pic_elem is placed with its reference point at the location
(x,y).

see: \multiput
     \unitlength
     (Chap. 6.3)

.topic \quad
  \quad
  
Inserts horizontal spacing of size 1 em.

see: spacing
     (Chap. 3.5.1.6)

.topic \qquad
  \qquad
  
Inserts horizontal spacing of size 2 em.

see: spacing
     (Chap. 3.5.1.6)

.topic \raggedbottom
  \raggedbottom
  
The standard page formatting for article\documentstyle,
report\documentstyle, and letter\documentstyle document styles
when the twoside\documentstyle option has not been selected.
The spacing between paragraphs is fixed so that the last line will
vary from page to page. The opposite command is \flushbottom.

see: (Chap. 3.2.4)

.topic \raggedleft
  \raggedleft
  
After this declaration, the lines of text will only be right justified
and the left margin will be uneven. The individual lines are terminated
by \\.

see: \raggedright
     the flushleft environment
     the flushright environment
     (Chap. 4.2.2)

.topic \raggedright
  \raggedright
  
After this declaration, the lines of text will only be left justified and the
right margin will be uneven. The individual lines are terminated by \\.

see: \raggedleft
     the flushleft environment
     the flushright environment
     the flushleft environment
     (Chap. 4.2.2)

.topic \raisebox
  \raisebox{lift}[height][depth]{text}   [f]
  
An LR box containing text is raised an amount lift above the
current baseline. If lift is negative, the box is lowered. The
optional arguments state that it is to be treated as though it extended by
height above and by depth below the baseline regardless of its
true extents.

see: \dashbox
     \fbox
     \frame
     \framebox
     \makebox
     \mbox
     (Chap. 4.7.2)

.topic \ref
  \ref{marker}   [f]
  
Prints the number of the section, equation, figure, or table where
marker has been set by a \label{marker} command.

see: \pageref
     (Chap. 8.4.1)

.topic \refname
  \refname   [i]
  
Command for international LaTeX containing the heading for the bibliography
in article\documentstyle document style. In English, this is
`References' but may be altered for adaptation to other languages.

see: \bibname
     the thebibliography environment
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \refstepcounter
  \refstepcounter{counter}
  
Increases the value of the number stored in counter by one, the same as
\stepcounter, but also makes the specified counter the relevent one for
the \label--\ref cross-referencing commands.

see: \addtocounter
     \newcounter
     (Chap. 7.1.3)

.topic \renewcommand
  \renewcommand{\com_name}[narg]{definition}
  
Redefines an existing command with the name \com_name to be
definition. The optional argument narg  9 specifies how many
variable arguments the command is to have, which appear in the
definition as the replacement characters #1 to #narg.
The redefined command is fragile if its definition contains
fragile commands, otherwise it is robust.

see: \newcommand
     \newcounter
     \newenvironment
     \newfont
     \newlength
     \newsavebox
     \newtheorem
     \renewenvironment
     (Chap. 7.3)

.topic \renewenvironment
  \renewenvironment{env_name}[narg]{beg_def}{end_def}
  
Redefines an existing environment with the name env_name which has the
\begin definition beg_def and the \end definition end_def.
The optional argument narg  9 specifies how many variable
arguments the environment is to have, which appear in the beg_def as
the replacement characters #1 to #narg.

see: \newcommand
     \newcounter
     \newenvironment
     \newfont
     \newlength
     \newsavebox
     \newtheorem
     \renewcommand
     (Chap. 7.4)

.topic \reversemarginpar
  \reversemarginpar
  
Changes the placement of marginal notes from the standard (right or `outer'
margin) to the opposite side. Can be countermanded with
\normalmarginpar.

see: \marginpar
     \marginparpush
     \marginparsep
     (Chap. 4.10.6)

.topic \right
  \rightRbrack   [m]
  
Adjusts the size of the bracket symbol Rbrack to fit the height of the
formula between the \left ... \right pair, for example \right].

If there is to be no matching bracket, then the \left and \right
commands must still be given to specify the part of the formula
to be sized, but the missing bracket is given as a period
(for example, \left.).

see: (Chap. 5.4.1)

.topic \rightmargin
  \rightmargin
  
In a list environment, the amount by which the right edge of the
text is indented relative to the right side of the surrounding text.
Standard value is 0 pt.
A new value is assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.5cm}

see: \item
     \labelsep
     \labelwidth
     \leftmargin
     \listparindent
     \makelabel
     (Chap. 4.4.2)

.topic \rm
  \rm
  
Switches to Roman type face (standard).

see: \rmdefault
     type facestypefaces
     (Chap. 4.1.2)

.topic \rmdefault
  \rmdefault   [a][p]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command defines the family
attribute that is selected with the \rm command. It may be redefined
in the preamble with \renewcommand:
  \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{cmss}

see: \fontfamily
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.2)

.topic \Roman
  \Roman{counter}
  
Prints the current value of the counter as an upper case Roman
numeral.

see: \Alph
     \alph
     \arabic
     \pagenumbering
     \roman
     (Chap. 7.1.4)

.topic \roman
  \roman{counter}
  
Prints the current value of the counter as an lower case Roman
numeral.

see: \Alph
     \alph
     \arabic
     \pagenumbering
     \Roman
     (Chap. 7.1.4)

.topic \rq
  \rq
  
produces ', identical to the ' symbol.

see: \lq
     \prime

.topic \rule
  \rule[lift]{width}{height}   [f]
  
Produces a black rectangle of the given width and height,
raised above the baseline by an amount lift, if this optional argument
is given. A value of `0 pt' for either the width or height
creates an invisible horizontal or vertical strut that may be used to
make spacing.

see: \raisebox
     (Chap. 4.7.4)

.topic \samepage
  \samepage   [f]
  
With this command, a page break is possible only at a limited number of
places, such as between paragraphs or where a \newpage or
\pagebreak command has been given explicitly. The same effect may be
achieved for a selection of text in a \begin{samepage} ...
\end{samepage} environment.

see: \nopagebreak
     (Chap. 3.5.5.5)

.topic \savebox
  \savebox{\boxname}[width][pos]{text}   [f]
  
Functions the same as the \makebox command except that the box contents
are not output but saved under the name boxname, which has been
previously defined with \newsavebox. The box may be set any place in
the text as often as desired with the command \usebox{\boxname}.

see: \sbox
     (Chap. 4.7.1)

  \savebox{\sub_pic_name}(x_dim,y_dim)[pos]{sub_pic}   [f]
  
In the picture environment, a sub-picture sub_pic may be stored
as a box of width x_dim and height y_dim under the name
boxname, which has been previously defined with \newsavebox.
The pos argument functions as it does for \makebox (picture).
The box may be set any place in the picture environment with the command
\usebox{\boxname}.

see: \multiput
     \put
     \sbox
     (Chap. 6.5.3)

.topic \sbox
  \sbox{\boxname}{text}
  
Stores an LR box containing text under the name boxname, which has been
previously defined with \newsavebox. The box may be set any place in
the text as often as desired with the command
\usebox{\boxname}.

see: \mbox
     \savebox
     (Chap. 4.7.1)

.topic \sc
  \sc
  
Switches to Small Caps type face.

see: \scdefault
     type facestypefaces
     (Chap. 4.1.2)

.topic \scdefault
  \scdefault   [a][p]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command defines the shape
attribute that is selected with the \sc command. It may be redefined
in the preamble with \renewcommand:
  \renewcommand{\scdefault}{u}

see: \fontshape
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.2)

.topic \scriptscriptstyle
  \scriptscriptstyle   [m]
  
Switches to font size \scriptscriptstyle as the active font inside
a math formula.

see: \displaystyle
     \scriptstyle
     \textstyle
     (Chap. 5.5.2)

.topic \scriptsize
  \scriptsize   [f]
  
Switches to the font size \scriptsize, which is smaller than
\footnotesize but larger than \tiny.

see: font sizesfontsizes
     (Chap. 4.1.3)

.topic \scriptstyle
  \scriptstyle   [m]
  
Switches to font size \scriptstyle as the active font inside
a math formula.

see: \displaystyle
     \scriptscriptstyle
     \textstyle
     (Chap. 5.5.2)

.topic \sec
  \sec   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `sec' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \section
  \section[short title]{title}   [f]
  
Begins a new section, formatting title with the current chapter number
(book\documentstyle and report\documentstyle styles only) and an
automatic sequential section number. If the optional short title is given,
it appears in place of title in the table of contents and the running head
at the top of the pages.

  \section*{title}
  
The same as \section but without a number or an entry in the table
of contents.

see: \chapter
     \paragraph
     \part
     \subparagraph
     \subsection
     \subsubsection
     (Chap. 3.3.3)

.topic \see
  \see
  
A command defined in the file makeidxMakeIndex.sty for use with the
MakeIndex program. It is called within an \index command to refer
to another entry in the index register, in the form:
  \index{entry|see{reference}}

Note: the above text is correct with | in place of \ for |see.

see: \indexentry
     \indexspace
     \makeindex
     \printindex
     \seename
     (Chap. 8.5)

.topic \seename
  \seename   [i]
  
Command in the makeidxMakeIndex style option for international LaTeX
containing the text for the command \see. In English, this
is `see' but may be altered for adaptation to other languages.

see: (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \selectfont
  \selectfont   [a]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command 
activates the font that fulfills all the current attributes that have
been set by the commands \fontfamily, \fontseries, \fontshape, and
\fontsize. The order in which the attributes have been set is unimportant.

see: NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.1)

.topic \selectlanguage
  \selectlanguage{language}   [a]
  
Command in multi-language adaptions such as esperanto.sty and in the
babel system for changing the language. The names of titles, the form
of the date command \today, special language-specific commands, and the
hyphenation patterns (TeX version 3) are all changed. Usage is not yet
standardized: in babel, the language name alone is used as the argument,
while in other systems, the name must be preceded by a backslash:
       \selectlanguage{english}
  or   \selectlanguage{\english}

see: (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.4)

.topic \setcounter
  \setcounter{counter}{value}   [f]
  
Assigns the integral number value to the counter counter.

see: \addtocounter
     \newcounter
     \refstepcounter
     \stepcounter
     (Chap. 7.1.3)

.topic \setlength
  \setlength{\length_cmd}}{length_spec}
  
The length command with the name length_cmd is assigned the length
value length_spec, which may be a fixed or rubber length.

see: \addtolength
     \newlength
     \settowidth
     (Chap. 7.2)
     (Chap. 2.4.1)
     (Chap. 2.4.2)

.topic \settowidth
  \settowidth{\length_cmd}{text}
  
The length command with the name length_cmd is assigned a value equal
to the length of text as it would be set in an LR box.

see: \addtolength
     \newlength
     \setlength
     (Chap. 7.2)

.topic \sf
  \sf
  
Switches to Sans Serif type face.

see: \sfdefault
     type facestypefaces
     (Chap. 4.1.2)

.topic \sfdefault
  \sfdefault   [a][p]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command defines the family
attribute that is selected with the \sf command. It may be redefined
in the preamble with \renewcommand:
  \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{cmtt}

see: \fontfamily
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.2)

.topic \shortstack
  \shortstack[pos]{text}   [f]
  
Formats the text into a single column, where the individual rows are
terminated by \\. The optional positioning argument pos takes
on values of l or r to set the text left or right justified,
otherwise it is centered. Example:
  \shortstack{bbb\\x\\zzz}       =              bbb
                                                 x
                                                zzz
see: (Chap. 6.4.7)

.topic \showhyphens
  \showhyphens{word_list}
  
Displays on the terminal screen the possible divisions for the words in
word_list.

see: \discretionary
     \hyphenation
     (Chap. 3.6.5)

.topic \signature
  \signature{name}
  
In the letter\documentstyle document style, supplies the name of the
writer that should go below the signature if this is different from the
entry in \name.

see: (Chap. A.1)

.topic \sin
  \sin   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `sin' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \sinh
  \sinh   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `sinh' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \sl
  \sl
  
Switches to slanted type face.

see: (Chap. 4.1.2)

.topic \sldefault
  \sldefault   [a][p]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command defines the shape
attribute that is selected with the \sl command. It may be redefined
in the preamble with \renewcommand:
  \renewcommand{\sldefault}{it}

see: \fontshape
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.2)

.topic \sloppy
  \sloppy
  
After this command has been given, word spacings are allowed to stretch more
generously than usual so that paragraphs are broken up into lines with fewer
word divisions. It is countermanded by \fussy.

see: The sloppypar environment
     (Chap. 3.6.3)

.topic \small
  \small   [f]
  
Switches to the font size \small, which is smaller than
\normalsize but larger than \footnotesize.

see: (Chap. 4.1.3)

.topic \smallskip
  \smallskip   [f]
  
Inserts large vertical spacing of amount \smallskipamount.

see: \bigskip
     \medskip
     (Chap. 3.5.3)

.topic \smallskipamount
  \smallskipamount
  
Standard value for the amount of vertical spacing that is inserted with the
command \smallskip. May be changed with the \setlength
command:
  \setlength{\smallskipamount}{1ex plus0.5ex minus0.3ex}

.topic \special
  \special{text}
  
Inserts text into the .dvi file as a special command to the
printer driver.

see: (Chap. 8.3.1)

.topic \sqrt
  \sqrt[n]{arg}   [m][f]
  
Basic math command to produce a root sign. The height and length of the sign
are made to fit the contents arg. The optional argument n is the
degree of the root.

see: (Chap. 5.2.4)

.topic \stackrel
  \stackrel{upper}{lower}   [m]
  
Places one mathematical symbol upper on top of another lower,
whereby the upper one appears in a smaller type face.

see: (Chap. 5.4.5)

.topic \stepcounter
  \stepcounter{counter}
  
Increases the value of the number stored in counter by one.

see: (Chap. 7.1.3)
     (Chap. 7.1.3)

.topic \stretch
  \stretch{decimal_num}
  
A rubber length with a natural value of 0 pt but with a stretchability
that is decimal_num times that of \fill.

see: (Chap. 7.2)

.topic \subitem
  \subitem{sub_entry}
  
In theindex environment, a command to produce a second level entry
after an \item command.

see: (Chap. 8.4.3)

.topic \subject
  \subject{subj}   [a]
  
A command in a modified letter\documentstyle style for entering the
subject subj of the letter.
(This command is not standardized!)

see: \address
     \cc
     \closing
     \date
     \encl
     \location
     \name
     \opening
     \ps
     \subject
     \subjectname
     \telephone
     the letter environment
     (Chap. A.2)
     (Chap. A.3.1)

.topic \subjectname
  \subjectname   [a][i]
  
Command for international LaTeX for use in modified letter\documentstyle
document styles. It prints the text of the \subject command. In English,
this is `Subject' but may be altered for adaptation to other languages.
(This command is not standardized!)

see: \subject
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \subparagraph
  \subparagraph[short title]{title}   [f]
  
The last command in the sectioning hierarchy, coming \paragraph. It
formats title with the current paragraph number and an automatic
sequential subparagraph number. If the optional short title is given,
it appears in place of title in the table of contents.

  \subparagraph*{title}
  
The same as \subparagraph but without a number or an entry in the table
of contents.

see: \chapter
     \paragraph
     \part
     \section
     \subsection
     \subsubsection
     (Chap. 3.3.3)

.topic \subsection
  \subsection[short title]{title}   [f]
  
The command in the sectioning hierarchy that comes between the \section
and \subsubsection. It formats title with the current section
number and an automatic sequential subsection number. If the optional
short title is given, it appears in place of title in the table of
contents.

  \subsection*{title}
  
The same as \subsection but without a number or an entry in the table
of contents.

see: \chapter
     \paragraph
     \part
     \section
     \subparagraph
     \subsubsection
     (Chap. 3.3.3)

.topic \subsubitem
  \subsubitem{sub_sub_entry}
  
In theindex environment, a command to produce a third level entry under a
after a \subitem command.

see: \item
     \index
     \indexentry
     \indexspace
     \makeindex
     \printindex
     (Chap. 8.4.3)

.topic \subsubsection
  \subsubsection[short form]{title}   [f]
  
The command in the sectioning hierarchy coming between \subsection and
\paragraph. It formats title with the current sub-section
number and an automatic sequential subsubsection number. If the optional
short title is given, it appears in place of title in the table of
contents.

  \subsubsection*{title}
  
The same as \subsubsection but without a number or an entry in the table
of contents.

see: \chapter
     \paragraph
     \part
     \section
     \subparagraph
     \subsection
     (Chap. 3.3.3)

.topic \sup
  \sup   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `sup' in formulas.
A lower limit may be set as a subscript.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \symbol
  \symbol{n}
  
Produces that symbol in the current character font that is stored under the
internal number n.

see: (Chap. 4.1.5)
     (Chap. E.6)

.topic \t
  \t{xy}
  
Produces a `tie-after' accent over two letters.

see: accents
     (Chap. 2.5.7)

.topic \tabbingsep
  \tabbingsep
  
Determines the spacing between the text ltext and the current tabular
stop when ltext\' is given in a tabbing environment. A
new value may be assigned with the \setlength command.

see: (Chap. 4.6.4)

.topic \tabcolsep
  \tabcolsep
  
Determines the half column spacing in the tabular environment.
A new value may be assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\tabcolsep}{3mm}

see: \arrayrulewidth
     \arraystretch
     \doublerulesep
     \extracolsep
     (Chap. 4.8.2)

.topic \tableofcontents
  \tableofcontents
  
Prints the table of contents from information in the sectioning
commands and additional entries.

see: \addcontentsline
     \addtocontents
     \contentsline
     \contentsname
     (Chap. 3.4.2)

.topic \tablename
  \tablename   [i]
  
Command for international LaTeX containing the name for a table caption.
In English, this is `Table' but may be altered for adaptation to other
languages.

see: \caption
     \figurename
     the table environment
     (Chap. 7.6.5.3)
     (Chap. D.1.1)

.topic \tan
  \tan   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `tan' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \tanh
  \tanh   [m]
  
Command to produce the function name `tanh' in formulas.

see: function namesmFunc
     (Chap. 5.3.8)

.topic \telephone
  \telephone{number}
  
In the letter\documentstyle document style, enters the sender's
telephone number. In the standard LaTeX letter.sty, number is only
output if \address has not been called. It is intended to be used
in company letter styles.

see: \address
     \cc
     \closing
     \date
     \encl
     \location
     \name
     \opening
     \ps
     \subject
     the letter environment
     (Chap. A.1)
     (Chap. A.2)

.topic \TeX
  \TeX
  
produces the TeX logo.

see: (Chap. 2.1)

.topic \textfloatsep
  \textfloatsep
  
The vertical spacing between floats at the top of the page and the following
text or between text and floats at the bottom of the page. A new value is set
with the \setlength command.
  \setlength{\textfloatsep}{20pt plus 2pt minus 4pt}

see: \bottomfraction
     bottomnumber
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltextfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     dbltopnumber
     \floatpagefraction
     \floatsep
     \intextsep
     \textfraction
     \topfraction
     topnumber
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic \textfraction
  \textfraction
  
The minimum fraction of a page containing text and floats that must be filled
with text. A new value is set with \renewcommand:
  \renewcommand{\textfraction}{decimal_frac}

see: \bottomfraction
     bottomnumber
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltextfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     dbltopnumber
     \floatpagefraction
     \floatsep
     \intextsep
     \textfloatsep
     \topfraction
     topnumber
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic \textheight
  \textheight   [p]
  
The total height reserved for the text on each page, excluding head and
footlines. A new value may be assigned with the \setlength
command:
  \setlength{\textheight}{45\baselineskip}

see: \textwidth
     \topmargin
     (Chap. 3.2.4)

.topic \textstyle
  \textstyle   [m]
  
Switches to font size \textstyle as the active font inside
a math formula.

see: \displaystyle
     \scriptstyle
     \scriptscriptstyle
     (Chap. 5.5.2)

.topic \textwidth
  \textwidth   [p]
  
The total width reserved for the text on a page. For two column formatting,
this is the width of both columns plus the gap between them. A new value may
be assigned with the \setlength command.

see: \textheight
     (Chap. 3.2.4)

.topic \thanks
  \thanks{footnote_text}   [f]
  
Produces a footnote to an author's name on the title page when
\maketitle is called.

see: \and
     \author
     \date
     \title
     the titlepage environment
     (Chap. 3.3.1)

.topic \the
  \theCounter
  
Internal commands for formatting and printing the value of the counter,
making possible use of other counters. For example,
\thesubsection\subsection might be defined to be
\thesection\section.\roman{subsection\subsection}.
A new definition may be made with \renewcommand{\theCounter}{def}.

see: \value
     (Chap. 7.1.4)

.topic \thicklines
  \thicklines
  
In the picture environment, this command sets all the sloping lines and
arrows, circles, and ovals to be drawn with thicker than normal lines.

see: \circle
     \line
     \linethickness
     \oval
     \thinlines
     \vector
     (Chap. 6.5.1)

.topic \thinlines
  \thinlines
  
In the picture environment, resets the line thickness for sloping lines
and arrows, circles, and ovals back to the standard value after
\thicklines has been given.

see: \circle
     \line
     \linethickness
     \oval
     \vector
     (Chap. 6.5.1)

.topic \thispagestyle
  \thispagestyle{style}
  
Changes the page style for the current page only. Possible values for
style are:
  plain  (standard)
  empty
  headings
  myheadings.

see: \markboth
     \markright
     \pagestyle
     (Chap. 3.2)

.topic \tilde
  \tilde{x}   [m]
  
Produces a tilde (squiggle) over the math variable x: \tilde{n} = .

see: mathematical accentsmaccents
     (Chap. 5.3.9)

.topic \tiny
  \tiny   [f]
  
Switches to the smallest font size available \tiny, smaller than
\scriptsize.

see: font sizesfontsizes
     (Chap. 4.1.3)

.topic \title
  \title{text}
  
Enters the text for the title page that is produced by \maketitle.

see: \and
     \author
     \date
     \thanks
     the titlepage environment
     (Chap. 3.3.1)

.topic \today
  \today
  
Prints the current date in the American fashion. This form may be changed to
British or to that of other languages by redefining the command with the help
of the internal TeX commands \day, \month, and \year.

see: (Chap. 2.5.9)
     (Chap. 7.6.5.2)

.topic \topfraction
  \topfraction
  
The maximum fraction of a page that may be
occupied at the top by floats at the top of the page.
A new value is assigned with
  \renewcommand{\topfraction}{decimal_frac}

see: \bottomfraction
     bottomnumber
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltextfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     dbltopnumber
     \floatpagefraction
     \floatsep
     \intextsep
     \textfraction
     \textfloatsep
     topnumber
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic \topmargin
  \topmargin   [p]
  
The size of the margin from the top of the page to the page head.
A new value may be assigned by the \setlength command:
  \setlength{topmargin}{0.5in}

see: \headheight
     \headsep
     \textheight
     (Chap. 3.2.4)

.topic topnumber
  topnumber
  
The maximum number of floats that may appear at the top of a page. A new value
is assigned with:
  \setcounter{topnumber}{num}

see: \bottomfraction
     bottomnumber
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltextfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     dbltopnumber
     \floatpagefraction
     \floatsep
     \intextsep
     \textfraction
     \textfloatsep
     \topfraction
     totalnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic \topsep
  \topsep
  
The extra vertical spacing, in addition to \parskip, inserted at the
beginning and end of a listing environment. When document style option
fleqn\documentstyle has been chosen, it is also inserted at the
beginning and end of displayed math formulas. A new value may be assigned
with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\topsep}{4pt plus2pt minus2pt}

see: \listparindent
     \partopsep
     (Chap. 4.4.2)
     (Chap. 5.5.4)

.topic \topskip
  \topskip   [p]
  
The vertical distance from the top of the page body to the baseline of the
first line of text. A new value may be assigned with the \setlength
command:
  \setlength{\topskip}{12pt}

see: (Chap. 3.2.4)

.topic totalnumber
  totalnumber
  
The total number of floats that may appear on a page regardless of their
positions. A new value is assigned with:
  \setcounter{totalnumber}{num}

see: \bottomfraction
     bottomnumber
     \dblfloatpagefraction
     \dblfloatsep
     \dbltextfloatsep
     \dbltopfraction
     dbltopnumber
     \floatpagefraction
     \floatsep
     \intextsep
     \textfraction
     \textfloatsep
     \topfraction
     topnumber
     (Chap. 6.6.2)

.topic \tt
  \tt
  
Switches to typewriter type face.

see: \ttdefault
     type facestypefaces
     (Chap. 4.1.2)

.topic \ttdefault
  \ttdefault   [a][[p]
  
In the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), this command defines the family
attribute that is selected with the \tt command. It may be redefined
in the preamble with \renewcommand:
  \renewcommand{\ttdefault}{cmr}

see: \fontfamily
     NFSS
     (Chap. D.2.2)

.topic \twocolumn
  \twocolumn[text]   [f]
  
Begins a new page and switches to two column page format. The optional
text is set in one column extending over the two columns.

see: \onecolumn
     (Chap. 3.2.5)

.topic \typein
  \typein[\cmd]{message}   [f]
  
Prints the message to the terminal screen and stops the program,
waiting for reply from the user. The text of the response is assigned to the
LaTeX command named \@typein, or to \cmd if the optional argument has been
given. After the return key is pressed, the processing continues. The
typed-in text is inserted in place of \typein if the optional argument
was not given, otherwise it may be inserted as one pleases with the \cmd
command.

see: \typeout
     (Chap. 8.1.3)

.topic \typeout
  \typeout{message}   [f]
  
Prints the message to the terminal screen and continues the
processing. The message is also written to the .log file.

see: \typein
     (Chap. 8.1.3)

.topic \u
  \u{x}
  
Produces a breve accent.

see: accents
     (Chap. 2.5.7)

.topic \unboldmath
  \unboldmath   [f]
  
Countermands the \boldmath command. It must be given outside of the
math mode. Afterwards, formulas are set in standard `math italics'
once more.

see: (Chap. 5.4.9)

.topic \underbrace
  \underbrace{sub_form}   [m]
  
Produces a horizontal curly brace beneath the math formula sub_form. Any
following subscript will be placed centered below the horizontal
brace.

see: \overbrace
     \overline
     \underline
     (Chap. 5.4.4)

.topic \underline
  \underline{text}   [f]
  
Underlines the text in both math and normal text modes.

see: \overbrace
     \overline
     \underbrace
     (Chap. 5.4.4)

.topic \unitlength
  \unitlength
  
Defines the unit of length for the following picture environments. A
value is assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\unitlength}{1.2cm}

see: (Chap. 6.1)

.topic \usebox
  \usebox{\boxname}
  
Inserts into the text the contents of the box that was saved with the
\sbox or \savebox command under the name boxname, which
has been previously created with the \newsavebox command.

see: (Chap. 4.7.1)

.topic \usecounter
  \usecounter{counter}   [f]
  
Command in the list environment that specifies which counter is to be
employed in the standard labels with the \item commands. This counter
is incremented by one with each \item call.

see: (Chap. 4.4.1)

.topic \v
  \v{x}
  
Produces h\v{c}ek accent.

see: accents
     (Chap. 2.5.7)

.topic \value
  \value{counter}   [f]
  
The current value of the number stored in counter for use with
commands than require a number. It does not output this number.
For example, \setcounter{counter1}{\value{counter2}}
sets counter1 to the same value as that of counter2.

see: \thecounter
     (Chap. 7.1.3)

.topic \vec
  \vec{x}   [m]
  
A vector symbol over the variable x.

see: mathematical accentsmaccents
     (Chap. 5.3.9)

.topic \vector
  \vector(Delta_x,Delta_y){length}   [f]
  
A picture element command within a picture environment for drawing
horizontal and vertical arrows of any length as well as slanted arrows at a
limited number of angles. For horizontal and vertical arrows, the
length argument is the actual length in units of
\unitlength. For slanted arrows, length is the length of the
projection on to the x-axis (horizontal displacement).
The slope is determined by the (Delta_x,Delta_y) arguments, which take on
integral values such that -4  Delta_x  4 and -4  Delta_y  4.
This command is the argument of a \put or \multiput command.

see: \circle
     \line
     \linethickness
     \oval
     (Chap. 6.4.4)

.topic \verb
  \verb|source_text|
  
Everything that comes between the |...| symbols is output in the
typewriter font exactly as is with no interpretation of special symbols or
commands. Any symbol other than * may be used as the switch character,
illustrated here as |, as long as it does not appear in
source_text.

  \verb*|source_text|
  
The same as \verb except that blanks are made visible with the symbol _.

see: the verbatim environment
     (Chap. 4.9)

.topic \vfill
  \vfill
  
A vertical rubber spacing with a natural length of zero that can be
stretched to any value. Used to fill up parts of a page with blank spacing.
This command is an abbreviation for \vspace{\fill}.

see: \hfill
     (Chap. 3.5.3)

.topic \vline
  \vline
  
Prints a vertical rule within the column entry of a table in the tabular
environment.

see: \cline
     \hline
     (Chap. 4.8.1)

.topic \voffset
  \voffset
  
Vertical offset of the output page from the printer border set by the
printer driver. This printer border is normally 1 inch from the top edge of
the paper. The standard value of \voffset is 0 pt so that the
top reference margin of the page is identical with the printer margin.
A new value is assigned with the \setlength command:
  \setlength{\voffset}{-1in}

see: \hoffset

.topic \vspace
  \vspace{height}
  
Produces vertical spacing of length height. It is ignored if it
occurs at the beginning or end of a page.

  \vspace*{height}
  
Produces vertical spacing of length height even at the beginning or
end of a page.

see: spacing
     (Chap. 3.5.3)

.topic \widehat
  \widehat{xyz}   [m]
  
Produces a wide \hat symbol over several characters.

see: \widetilde
     (Chap. 5.3.9)

.topic \widetilde
  \widetilde{xyz}   [m]
  
Produces a wide \tilde symbol over several characters.

see: \widehat
     (Chap. 5.3.9)

.topic typefaces
  Type faces
  
The following commands change the type face or font:
  \rm   sets normal roman type face
  \tt   sets typewriter type face
  \sf   sets Sanf Serif type face
  \sl   sets slanted (upright italic) type face
  \cal  selects calligraphic font in math mode
  \bf   sets bold face
  \em   switches between emphasized (italic)
        and normal (roman) type face
  \it   sets italic type face
  \sc   sets Small Caps type face
  \mit  selects italics type face in math mode explicitly

see: font sizesfontsizes
     Index
     
.topic fontsizes
  font sizes
  
  \tiny            \large
  \scriptsize      \Large
  \footnotesize    \LARGE
  \small           \huge
  \normalsize      \Huge

see: type facestypefaces
     Index
     
.topic units
  TeX units
  
 mm  millimeter           pt point (1in = 72.27pt)
 cm  centimeter           pc pica point (1pc = 12pt)
 in  inch (1in = 2.54cm)  bp big point (1in = 72bp)
 dd  (1157dd = 1238pt)    cc cicero (1cc = 12dd)
 sp  (1pt = 63536sp)
 em  length of an em-dash in the active type face
 ex  height of an "x" in the active type face

see: type facestypefaces
     font sizesfontsizes
     Index
     
.topic accents
  accents
  
  \`    gravis accent \`a = 
        Within the tabbing environment, pushes
        the following text up against the right
        margin of the line.
  \'    acut accent \'a = 
        Within the tabbing environment, a command
        to jump to the end of the current column.
  \^    circumflex accent \^a = 
  \~    tilde as accent \~n = 
  \=    macron accent
        Within the tabbing environment, sets a
        tab stop at the current position within
        the line.
  \.    point accent
  \u    breve accent
  \v    hcek acczent
  \H    Hungarian double acute accent
  \t    `tie-after' accent over two letters
  \c    Cedille \c{C} = 
  \d    `dot under' accent
  \b    underbar accent

see: mathematical accentsmaccents
     Index

.topic Sonder
  other symbols
  
 {\oe}    {\OE}    {\ae}   {\AE} 
 {\aa}   {\AA}   {\o}     {\O}
 {\l}     {\L}       ?`      !`  

 \dag     \S      \copyright
 \ddag    \P      \pounds 

 \$ $     \% %     \{ {     \_ _
 \& &     \# #     \} }

see: greek symbolsGreek
     binary operatorsBinOp
     comparison symbolsmComp
     arrow- and pointersymbolsmArrow
     other mathematical symbolsmSymb
     function namesmFunc
     accentsaccents
     mathematical accentemaccents
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     Index

.topic Greek
  greek symbols
  
small letters:
 \alpha       \kappa        \phi    
 \beta        \lambda       \varphi
 \gamma        \mu          \chi
 \delta       \nu           \psi
 \epsilon      \xi           \omega
 \varepsilon   \pi          \tau    
 \zeta         \varpi        \upsilon
 \eta          \rho
 \theta        \varrho
 \vartheta     \sigma  
 \iota         \varsigma

capital letters:
 \Gamma       \Xi           \Phi    
 \Delta        \Pi           \Psi
 \Theta       \Sigma       \Omega  
 \Lambda       \Upsilon

see: other symbolsSonder
     binary operatorsBinOp
     comparison symbolsmComp
     arrow- and pointersymbolsmArrow
     other mathematical symbolsmSymb
     function namesmFunc
     accentsaccents
     mathetical accentsmaccents
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     Index

.topic BinOp
  binary operators
  
 \pm          \circ         \bigcirc
 \mp           \bullet       \Box
 \times        \diamond      \Diamond
 \div         \setminus     \vee
 \cdot        \wr           \wedge
 \ast   *      \cap          \lhd
 \star         \cup          \rhd
 \dagger       \sqcap        \unlhd
 \ddagger      \sqcup        \unrhd
 \amalg        \uplus        \bigtriangleup
 \oplus        \oslash       \bigtriangledown
 \ominus       \odot         \triangleleft
 \otimes                     \triangleright

see: other symbolsSonder
     greek symbolsGreek
     comparison symbolsmComp
     arrow- and pointersymbolsmArrow
     other mathematical symbolsmSymb
     function namesmFunc
     accentsaccents
     mathetical accentsmaccents
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     Index

.topic mComp
  mathetical comparison symbols
  
 \le \leq     \ge \geq     \neq
 \ll           \gg           \doteq
 \sim          \simeq        \asymp
 \subset       \supset       \approx
 \subseteq     \supseteq     \cong
 \sqsubset     \sqsupset     \equiv  
 \sqsubseteq   \sqsupseteq   \propto
 \in          \ni           \notin
 \vdash        \dashv        \prec
 \models       \perp         \preceq
 \smile        \mid |        \parallel \|
 \frown        \bowtie       \succ
                             \succeq

 To negate a symbol use \not

see: other symbolsSonder
     greek symbolsGreek
     binary operatorsBinOp
     arrow- and pointersymbolsmArrow
     other mathematical symbolsmSymb
     function namesmFunc
     accentsaccents
     mathetical accentsmaccents
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     Index

.topic mArrow
  arrow- and pointersymbols
  
 \leftarrow \gets            \longleftarrow
 \Leftarrow                  \Longleftarrow
 \rightarrow                 \longrightarrow
 \Rightarrow                 \Longrightarrow
 \leftrightarrow             \longleftrightarrow
 \Leftrightarrow             \Longleftrightarrow
 \uparrow                    \Uparrow
 \downarrow                  \Downarrow
 \updownarrow                \Updownarrow
 \nearrow                    \searrow
 \swarrow                    \nwarrow
 \mapsto                     \longmapsto
 \hookleftarrow              \hookrightarrow
 \leftharpoonup              \rightharpoonup
 \leftharpoondown            \rightharpoondown
 \leftrightharpoons          \leadsto

 \iff=\Longleftrightarrow with some space on both sides

see: other symbolsSonder
     greek symbolsGreek
     binary operatorsBinOp
     comparison symbolsmComp
     other mathematical symbolsmSymb
     function namesmFunc
     accentsaccents
     mathetical accentsmaccents
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     Index

.topic mSymb
  other mathematical symbols
  
 \aleph        \surd         \|
 \hbar         \partial      \angle
 \imath        \top          \backslash
 \jmath        \bot          \Box
 \ell          \vdash        \Diamond
 \wp           \dashv        \triangle
 \Re           \forall       \clubsuit
 \Im           \exists       \diamondsuit
 \mho          \neg          \heartsuit
 \prime        \flat         \spadesuit
 \emptyset     \natural      \Join
 \nabla        \sharp        \infty

  mathematical symbols in two sizes
  
 \sum          \bigcap       \bigodot
 \int          \bigcup       \bigotimes
 \oint         \bigsqcup     \bigoplus
 \prod         \bigvee       \biguplus
 \coprod       \bigwedge

see: other symbolsSonder
     greek symbolsGreek
     binary operatorsBinOp
     comparison symbolsmComp
     arrow- and pointersymbolsmArrow
     function namesmFunc
     accentsaccents
     mathetical accentsmaccents
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     Index

.topic mFunc
  mathetical function names
  
 \arccos   \csc      \ker      \min
 \arcsin   \deg      \lg       \Pr
 \arctan   \det      \lim      \sec
 \arg      \dim      \liminf   \sin
 \cos      \exp      \limsup   \sinh
 \cosh     \gcd      \ln       \sup
 \cot      \hom      \log      \tan
 \coth     \inf      \max      \tanh

see: other symbolsSonder
     greek symbolsGreek
     binary operatorsBinOp
     comparison symbolsmComp
     arrow- and pointersymbolsmArrow
     other mathematical symbolsmSymb
     accentsaccents
     mathetical accentsmaccents
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     Index

.topic maccents
  mathematical accents
  
 \acute    \check    \grave
 \bar      \ddot     \hat
 \breve    \dot      \tilde
                     \vec

see: other symbolsSonder
     greek symbolsGreek
     binary operatorsBinOp
     comparison symbolsmComp
     arrow- and pointersymbolsmArrow
     other mathematical symbolsmSymb
     function namesmFunc
     accentsaccents
     bracket symbolsmBracket
     Index

.topic mBracket
  bracket symbols
  
 (         )         \lfloor   \rfloor
 [         ]         \lceil    \rceil
 \{        \}        \langle   \rangle
 |         \|        /         \backslash

see: other symbolsSonder
     greek symbolsGreek
     binary operatorsBinOp
     comparison symbolsmComp
     arrow- and pointersymbolsmArrow
     other mathematical symbolsmSymb
     function namesmFunc
     accentsaccents
     mathetical accentsmaccents
     Index

.topic spacing
  horizontal spacing
  
fixed lengths:
 \quad   1em
 \qquad  2em
 ~       normal inter-word spacing;
         no linebreak allowed behind it
 \       (\backslash with space) normal space
         after a command with no parameters or a
         period that does not end a sentence.
 \!      negative space of -1/6 quad in formulas
 \,      small space of 1/6 quad in text and
         formulas
 \:      medium space of 2/9 quad in formulas
 \;      large space of 5/18 quad in formulas
 \@      additional spacing after an period which
         ends a sentence (if the sentence ends with
         a capital letter)

rubber lengths:
 \fill   a rubber length with a natural size of zero
         that can stretch to any size necessary to fill
         up the horizontal or vertical space available.
 \hfill  is defined as \hspace{\fill}
 \hspace{width}
         produces horizontal spacing of length width.
         It is ignored if it occurs at the beginning or
         end of a line.
 \hspace*{width}
         produces horizontal spacing of length width even
         at the beginning or end of a line.
 \stretch{decimal_num}
         a rubber length with a natural value of 0 pt but
         with a stretchability that is decimal_num times
         that of \fill.

see: units
     Index

.topic dvips
  dvips
  
is written by Tomas Rokicki <rokicki@cs.stanford.edu> and
extended to virtual fonts by Don Knuth.
The program dvips takes a DVI file file[.dvi] produced by TeX (or by
some other processor such as GFtoDVI) and converts it to PostScript,
normally sending the result directly to the laserprinter. The DVI file
may be specified without the .dvi extension. Fonts used may either be
resident in the printer or defined as bitmaps in PK files, or a
`virtual' combination of both.  If correctly installed,
dvips will automatically invoke METAFONT to generate fonts
that don't already exist (just like the emTeX drivers do).
For more information, see the manual dvips.tex in the
OptionsDirectoriesTeX inputOpDiIn directory.

It's help text reads as follows:
.endpara
This is dvips 5.514 Copyright 1986, 1993 Radical Eye Software
     Usage: dvips [options] filename[.dvi]
 a*  Conserve memory, not time      y # Multiply by dvi magnification
 b # Page copies, for posters e.g.  A   Print only odd (TeX) pages
 c # Uncollated copies              B   Print only even (TeX) pages
 d # Debugging                      C # Collated copies
 e # Maxdrift value                 D # Resolution
 f*  Run as filter                  E*  Try to create EPSF
 h f Add header file                F*  Send control-D at end
 i*  Separate file per section      K*  Pull comments from inclusions
 k*  Print crop marks               M*  Don't make fonts
 l # Last page                      N*  No structured comments
 m*  Manual feed                    O c Set/change paper offset
 n # Maximum number of pages        P s Load config.$s
 o f Output file                    R   Run securely
 p # First page                     S # Max section size in pages
 q*  Run quietly                    T c Specify desired page size
 r*  Reverse order of pages         U*  Disable string param trick
 s*  Enclose output in save/restore X # Horizontal resolution
 t s Paper format                   Y # Vertical resolution
 x # Override dvi magnification     Z*  Compress bitmap fonts
     # = number   f = file   s = string  * = suffix, `0' to turn off
     c = comma-separated dimension pair (e.g., 3.2in,-32.1cm)

.topic MakeIndex
  MakeIndex
  
The tiresome drudgery of making up the theindex environment for an index
register can be dispensed with if the program MakeIndex is available. This
program was written by Pehong Chen with the support of
Leslie Lamport. Here is only an abbreviated description of its use; more
details are in the documentation accompanying the program package.

The program MakeIndex processes the .idx
file, producing as output another file with the
root name of the document and the extension .ind,
containing the complete theindex environment. The program is called by
TeXMakeIndexTeIn, if OptionsFormatsIndexerOpFoIn is
set accordingly.

A subsequent LaTeX processing outputs the index at the location of the
\printindex command, which together with the \see command
are defined in the file makeidx.sty. Thus the production of an index
register in this way requires the document style option makeidx in the
\documentstyle command.

The MakeIndex program expects the entries from the \index commands to
be in one of the three forms:
  \index{main_entry}
  \index{main_entry!sub_entry}
  \index{main_entry!sub_entry!sub_sub_entry}
The individual main and sub-entries may contain any combination of
characters with the exceptions of !, @, and |. The exclamation
point is the divider between the various entry fields. If the \index
command contains only a main entry, then this will become the text for an
\item command. The main entries will be in alphabetical order.

If the \index command contains a main and a sub-entry, then the text
sub_entry will be assigned to a \subitem command underneath
the corresponding main_entry. The texts for the \subitem will also
be in alphabetical order. Similarly the text of a sub_sub_entry will
appear after a \verb!\subsubitem! command, alphabetically ordered,
below the appropriate sub_entry text.

The main and sub-entries may also contain special characters and even LaTeX
commands that are to be neglected during alphabetization. This is indicated
by an entry of the form lex_entry@print_entry, in which lex_entry is used
for the alphabetical ordering while print_entry is the actual text to be
output.

An entry may be terminated with the character sequences |( or |)
to designate the beginning and end of a range of page numbers.
For example,
  \index{picture!commands|(}  on page 44
  \index{picture!commands|)}  on page 56
produces the sub-entry `commands' to the main entry `picture' with page
numbers given as 44--56.

Instead of having the page number printed after the entry, a reference may be
made to another index entry. For example, with
  \index{space|see{blank}}
the entry `space, see blank' is made in the index.

The three characters !, @, and | therefore have special
functions for the MakeIndex program. In order to print these characters
literally as text without their functions, the quote character
" must precede them. For example, "! represents a literal
exclamation point and not the entry divider. The quote character
itself is thus a fourth special symbol and must be entered
literally as "". However, there is a special rule in MakeIndex syntax
that says a quote character preceded by a backslash will be interpreted as 
part of a command: thus \" may be used to put a German umlaut in an
entry (as in \index{Knappen, J\"org}).

It is possible to specify different fonts for the page number. For example,
page numbers can be underlined by using the form
  \index{blank|uu}  on page 47
which case puts the page number for this entry as the argument of a
command \uu. The line in the theindex environment becomes
  \item blank, \uu{47}
The procedure will only be effective once the command \uu has been
defined with \newcommand{\uu}[1]{\underline{#1}} in the preamble.
Note: the vertical bar in the \index entry is not a typing error, but
must replace the backslash as the LaTeX command symbol under these
circumstances. 

Other page number styles may be defined, say
\newcommand{\ii}[1]{{\it#1}} and \newcommand{\bb}[1]{{\bf#1}}
for italic and bold face. These will be specified by
terminating an \index entry with |ii or |bb.

The alphabetical ordering of MakeIndex normally follows the ASCII code,
first symbols, then digits, and finally letters, where upper
case comes before lower case. Blanks are included as symbols.
There are a number of options that allow these rules to be changed;
these options can be added in the OptionsFormatsIndexerOpFoInCmdLine
input line. The most important options are:
  -c Compress blanks: multiple and leading blanks are
     removed in the same way that they are in normal LaTeX;
  -g German ordering: following the rules of German ordering
     in which symbols precede letters (lower before upper case)
     which precede numbers; the sequences "a, "o, "u, and "s
     (the codes for , , , and  in the usual LaTeX adaptions)
     are treated as though they were ae, oe, ue, and ss, which
     is standard German practice;
  -l Letter ordering: blanks are ignored when sorting;
  -q Quiet mode: By default progress and error messages are sent
     to stderr as well as the transcript file. This option
     disables the stderr messages.
  -r disable implicit page Range formation. By default three or
     more successive pages will be automatically abbreviated as
     a range (e.g. 1--5). This option disables it, making the
     explicit range operators the only way to create page ranges.
  -s Style specification: allows the name of a index
     formatting file to be included to redefine the functioning
     of MakeIndex.
  -t LOG
     take LOG as the Transcript file. By default the file name
     base of the first input file concatenated with the extension
     .ILG is used as the transcript file name.
  -p NO
     set the starting Page number of the output index file to be
     NO. This is useful when the index file is to be formatted
     separately. Other than pure numbers, three special cases are
     allowed for no: any, odd, and even. In these special cases,
     the starting page number is determined by retrieving the last
     page number from the source log file. The source log file name
     is determined by concatenating the file name base of the first
     raw index file with the extension .LOG. The last source page
     is obtained by searching backward in the log file for the first
     instance of a number included in [...]. If a page number is
     missing or the log file is not found, no attempt will be made
     to set the starting page number. The meaning of each of these
     cases follows.

       any       The starting page is the last source
                 page number plus 1.
       odd       The starting page is the first odd page
                 following the last source page number.
       even      The starting page is the first even page
                 following the last source page number.


The -s option reads in an index style file containing commands to define
both the input and output of the MakeIndex program. For example, it is
possible to change the special symbols !, @, |, and " so that different
characters execute their functions and they themselves revert to being
pure text. There is no default for the style file name. The environment
variable INDEXSTYLE defines the path where the style file should be found;
TeXShell offers OptionsDirectoriesIndex stylesOpDiIx to be used
for this variable.

see: MakeIndex style filesMkIdxStyle
     BibTeX

.topic MkIdxStyle
  MakeIndex style files
  
The style file format is very simple. It is a list of <specifier,
attribute> pairs. There are two types of specifiers (input and
output). The pairs don't have to obey any particular order in the
file. A line lead by `%' is a comment. The following is a list of
all the specifiers and their respective arguments where <string> is
an arbitrary string delimited by double quotes ("..."), <char> is a
single letter embraced by single quotes ('...'), and  <number> is a
nonnegative integer. The maximum length of a <string> is 144.
Notice that a backslash must be escaped (by an extra backslash) in
the string quotation. Anything not specified in the style file will
be assigned a default value, which is shown at the rightmost column.
This file can reside anywhere in the path defined by the environment
variable INDEXSTYLE (see OptionsDirectoriesIndex stylesOpDiIx).

Input_Style_Specifiers
 keyword <string>            "\\indexentry"
   This is the command which tells MakeIndex
   that its argument is an index entry.

 arg_open <char>             '{'
   This is the opening delimiter for the index
   entry argument.

 arg_close <char>            '}'
   This is the closing delimiter for the index
   entry argument.
 range_open <char>           '('
   The opening delimiter indicating the beginning
   of an explicit page range.
 range_close <char>          ')'
   The closing delimiter indicating the end of an
   explicit page range.
 level <char>                '!'
   The delimiter which denotes a new level of subitem.
 actual <char>               '@'
   The symbol which indicates that the next entry
   is to appear in the actual index file.
 encap <char>                '|'
   The symbol which indicates that the rest of the
   argument  list is to be used as the encapsulating
   command for the page number.
 quote <char>                '"'
 escape <char>               '\\'
   The symbol which escapes the next letter, unless
   its preceding letter is escape. In other words,
   quote is used to escape the letter which immediately
   follows it. But if it is preceded by escape, it does
   not escape anything.
   Notice that the two symbols must be distinct.

Output_Style_Specifiers
 preamble <string>           "\\begin{theindex}\n"
   The preamble of actual index file.
 postamble <string>          "\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"
   The postamble of actual index file.
 setpage_prefix <string>     "\n  \\setcounter{page}{"
   The prefix of the command which sets the starting
   page number.
 setpage_suffix <string>     "}\n"
   The suffix of the command which sets the starting
   page number.
 group_skip <string>         "\n\n  \\indexsapce\n"
   The vertical space to be inserted before a new
   group begins.
 lethead_prefix <string>     ""
   The header prefix to be inserted before a new
   letter begins.
 lethead_suffix <string>     ""
   The header suffix to be inserted before a new
   letter begins.
 lethead_flag <string>       0
   The flag indicating the condition of inserting
   new letter header. Default is 0, which means no
   header. Positive means insert an uppercase letter
   between prefix and suffix. Negative means insert
   a lowercase letter.
 item_0 <string>             "\n  \\item "
   The command to be inserted between two primary
   (level 0) items.
 item_1 <string>             "\n     \\subitem "
   The command to be inserted between two secondary
   (level 1) items.
 item_2 <string>             "\n       \\subsubitem "
   The command to be inserted between two level 2
   items.
 item_01 <string>            "\n    \\subitem "
   The command to be inserted between a level 0 item
   and a level 1 item.
 item_x1 <string>            "\n    \\subitem "
   The command to be inserted between a level 0 item
   and a level 1 item.
   The difference between this and previous is that
   in this case the level 0 item doesn't have any
   page numbers.
 item_12 <string>            "\n    \\subsubitem "
   The command to be inserted between a level 1 item
   and a level 2 item.
 item_x2 <string>            "\n    \\subsubitem "
   The command to be inserted between a level 1 item
   and a level 2 item.
   The difference between this and previous is that
   in this case the level 1 item doesn't have any
   page numbers.
 delim_0 <string>            ", "
   The delimiter to be inserted between a level 0
   key and its first page number. Default is a comma
   followed by a blank.
 delim_1 <string>            ", "
   The delimiter to be inserted between a level 1
   key and its first page number. Default is a comma
   followed by a blank.
 delim_2 <string>            ", "
   The delimiter to be inserted between a level 2
   key and its first page number. Default is a comma
   followed by a blank.
 delim_n <string>            ", "
   The delimiter to be inserted between two page
   numbers for the same key in any level. Default is
   a comma followed by a blank.
 delim_r <string>            "--"
   The delimiter to be inserted between the starting
   and ending page numbers of a range.
 encap_prefix <string>       "\\"
   The prefix for the command which encapsulates the
   page number.
 encap_infix <string>        "{"
   The prefix for the command which encapsulates the
   page number.
 encap_suffix <string>       "}"
   The suffix for the command which encapsulates the
   page number.
 line_max <number>           72
   The maximum length of a line in the output beyond
   which a line wraps around.
 indent_space <string>       "\t\t"
   The space to be inserted in front of a wrapped line.
   Default is two tabs.
 indent_length <number>      16
   The length of indent_space. In the default case this
   is 16 (for 2 tabs).

.topic BibTeX
  BibTeX
  
BibTeX has been written by Oren Patashnik, Stanford University, in close
association with Leslie Lamport. The BibTeX installation package should
contain the two files btxdoc.tex and btxhak.tex for additional information
about BibTeX. In particular, btxhak.tex contains instructions for writing
bibliographic style files. Both these files are to be processed with LaTeX
and output in the usual way for document files.

BibTeX is an auxiliary program to LaTeX that automatically
constructs a bibliography (in form of a thebibliography environment)
for a LaTeX document by searching one or more data bases. To this end,
the LaTeX file must contain the command
  \bibliography{data_base1,data_base2,...}
at that point in the text where the bibliography is to appear. Here
data_base1, data_base2, ... is a list of root names, separated by commas,
of the bibliographic data base files that are to be searched. The 
extension .bib is not explicitly written.

Reference can be made to a publication in one of the data bases at any place
in the text with the command
  \cite{key}
The key is the data base identifier for that publication, which of course
the user must know beforehand. After the first LaTeX processing, the
BibTeX program must be run by selecting TeXBibTeXTeBi. This
produces a new file with the name of the primary fileFiPr and
the extension .bbl, containing the extracted information for those
publications for which there was a \cite  reference, packaged in a
thebibliography environment to be input into the document on the next
LaTeX run.

Occasionally the bibliography is to include publications that were not
referenced in the text. These may be added with the command
  \nocite{key}
given anywhere within the main document. It produces no text at all but simply
informs BibTeX that this reference is also to be put into the
bibliography. With \nocite{*}, every entry in all the data
bases will be included, something that is useful when producing a list of all
entries and their keys.

After running BibTeX to make up the .bbl file, it is necessary
to process LaTeX at least twice to establish both the bibliography
and the in-text reference labels. The bibliography will appear at the
location of the \bibliography command; it in fact inputs the .bbl file.

The style of the bibliography may be selected with the declaration
  \bibliographystyle{style}
which may be issued anywhere after the preamble. The style argument
can take on one of the following values:

  plain
  
The entries in the bibliography are ordered alphabetically; each is
assigned a running number in square brackets as the in-text reference
marker, printed where the \cite commands are issued.

  unsrt
  
The entries are ordered according to their first references by the \cite
and \nocite commands. The entry for the first \cite receives the
number 1, that of the next \cite with a different key the number 2,
and so on. The markings and listings are otherwise the same as for plain.

  alpha
  
The ordering in the bibliography is the same as for plain but the
markers are an abbreviation of the author's name plus year of publication.
A reference to Smith (1987) would appear as [Smi87] instead.

  abbrv
  
The ordering and marking are the same as for plain, but the
bibliographic listing is shorted by abbreviating first names, months, and
journal names.

There may be other styles available on your computer. In particular,
those for the natural sciences deviate a great deal from those of the
standard LaTeX package. Bibliography styles
are contained in files with the extension .bst.

see: Bibliographic database entriesbibentries
     MakeIndex

.topic SliTeX
  SliTeX
  
It would be no problem to make use of the normal LaTeX tools to produce
sheets for black and white slides or viewgraphs for overhead projectors.
However, coloured slides are created by printing the text for each
colour on separate sheets (in black and white) called colour layers
which are then individually copied, in the corresponding colour, to the
slide or transparency. As one can imagine, the complexity of positioning
the texts on the different layers and the realignment later would be
major problems for standard LaTeX.

To simplify these difficulties, Leslie Lamport has provided an addition
program package called SliTeX, which is also very convenient for
generating even black and white transparencies. SliTeX is part of the
standard LaTeX package. It consists of the files
splain.tex, slitex.tex, and sfonts.tex, as well as the style
file slides.sty. An initex run on splain.tex produces the format
file splain.fmtOpFoFo, reading in the other two .tex files as
well.

In order to improve the legibility of the text for projection purposes, a
different set of fonts is used in SliTeX. The lower case letters are
relatively larger than in the normal fonts, and the text is printed in a
bigger font size. This has the effect of limiting the amount of text that
fits on one page/slide, but this is in fact very good practice for
presentation material. The text really should be restricted to keywords
and abbreviated sentences. A full page of normal text projected on to a
screen will not be read by the audience. These special fonts are
automatically loaded by SliTeX so that the user need not be bothered
calling them with \newfont commands.

To apply SliTeX, the user must learn a few extra commands; otherwise
most of the normal LaTeX formatting commands are still in force. Only
those features are missing that are meaningless for slide applications,
such as sectioning commands as well as figure and table environments.
Tables of contents and index registers are unnecessary so all the associated
commands are also absent. Page breaking commands are also irrelevant
since the text for a slide must fit on a single page.

To run SliTeX just choose the appropriate format from the
OptionsFormatsFormatOpFoFo list and run TeXTeCo.
The normal conventions for naming TeX files are obeyed so that the file to
be processed has a root name and the extension .tex.

  The Basic Idea of Colours
  
A special colour printer is not necessary for generating multi-colour text
and diagrams. Rather, the sheets of the colour layers are each
printed in black and white with a normal printer and then copied to a
tranparency in the corresponding colour. The final colour viewgraph is
produced by overlaying the individual transparencies such that
the alignment markers + in the corners all match up. The page number appears
in the lower right corner. Both alignment markers and page numbers may be
suppressed by selecting an appropriate page style.

It is the special features of SliTeX that allow the different
coloured texts to be positioned correctly on the colour layers so that
they are properly aligned when superimposed.

Special photocopiers that take a black and white original and produce a
transparency in a desired color are commonplace today. The spectrum of
colours available is very broad and should meet every taste. Such
copiers are to be found in professional photocopying shops, especially in
those catering to business or advertising requirements.

In processing the entire text, SliTeX separates the parts according
to colour, with the required positioning and font commands. The output goes
into the .dvi file as usual. The sheets belonging to each colour layer
are printed together.

If only black and white slides are being made, then all the separate colour
parts are put together and output on one sheet. This will be the only
SliTeX output in this case. It is useful to have a black and white
printing even when colours are being employed in order to see how the total
result appears.

Two input files are needed for a SliTeX processing run: a root file
containing general information, and a slide file with the
actual text for the slides. Both must have the extension .tex. The
root file has to be given as primary fileFiPr.

  The root file
  
The root file for SliTeX processing is structured the same as a
normal LaTeX file. It usually begins with the command
  \documentstyle{slides}
SliTeX recognizes only the one document style slides and has no
standard options (unless some have been user defined).
The remaining preamble, that is everything up to the
\begin{document} command, may contain declarations of a global nature,
such as \textwidth and \textheight for changing the page size.
The preamble of a SliTeX root file corresponds exactly to that of a
regular LaTeX file.

The text part of the root file begins and ends as normal with
  \begin{document} text and control commands \end{document}
Often the text part possesses no actual text at all, but only
control commands for selecting colours and inputting the slide file(s).
Colours must be specified with the command
  \colors{colour_list}
where colour_list stands for the names of the colours that are to
be defined, separated by commas. For example, this could be
red,green,blue,black. The names are fully arbitrary, and could equally
well read george,paris,frog. The \colors command only defines the
number of colour layers and how they are to be designated.

There is no limit to the number of colour layers possible. How many to
choose depends more on how many colours the copier has available. In
practice, there should be no more than four, since so many superimposed
viewgraphs will become unmanageable and less transparent. 

The text and commands for the slides themselves are to be found not in the
root file, but in the accompanying slide file or files. Suppose the
root file is named frame.tex and the slide file data.tex. The
latter is then read in with one or both of the commands
  \colorslides{data} and/or \blackandwhite{data}

The command \colorslides generates the separate colour layers,
whereas the command \blackandwhite will print all the layers on top of
one another for a complete picture. If only black and white viewgraphs
are wanted, then the \colors command may be omitted.

If the root file contains no actual text, then the body of this file consists
of at most three of these control commands.  Any other text will go on a
separate leading page to be used as an identifying note for the following
slides.

  The slide file
  
The slide file contains the actual text and formatting commands for
slide sheets. SliTeX makes three environments available for
organizing different parts of a slide: the main slide itself, possible
overlays, and additional notes to the slide.

A slide or viewgraph is created by means of the environment
  \begin{slide}{colour_list}
   text and commands
  \end{slide}
The colour layers for this one slide will all bear the same page number,
starting with 1; the next slide environment will produce a slide with
the number 2, and so on. The colour_list determines which of the colour
layers will be output. This list must be made up of names that were
previously specified by the \colors command in the root file. It may be
a partial, or even an empty list. For example, if the root file contains
\colors{red,green,blue,black} then the colour_list for the slide
environment may be {red,green,blue,black}, or {blue,red,black}, or even
{red,green}. The empty list \begin{slide}{} ... \end{slide}
is also allowed if one is only producing black and white slides.

The colour layers for those colours missing from the list will not be
included in the output, even if they are present in the slide itself. They
will, however, be in the black and white overview slides.

The colour names that have been defined with the \colors command are
available as declarations and environments. If they have been specified
as in the above example, then the commands \red, \green, \blue, and \black
may now be issued, or given as an environment of the form
  \begin{red} ...
  \end{red}
These colour commands function much the same way as the font style and size
commands. However, instead of activating a certain font, they select
the colour layer to which the following text is to be assigned.
A local change of colour, such as {\blue blue}, applies only within the
pair of braces {...}, just as for regular local declarations in
LaTeX. The colour declarations do not affect the choice of font style or
size, and vice versa. Both style and size may be altered within the range
of a colour.

SliTeX makes use of its own set of character fonts. The standard font
in the normal size is roughly equivalent to the LaTeX sans serif font
\sf in the size \LARGE.

In addition to the colours defined in the root file with the \colors
command, SliTeX also possesses the `colour' \invisible
which appears in none of the colour layers nor in the black and white
overview. However, the space for the text is left blank, so it truly is
printed in `invisible ink'; this feature is useful for overlays.
Colour switching, including \invisible, is not allowed within a
mathematical formula, that is in math mode.

Summarizing, every slide environment generates a set of colour layers
each with the same page number which is automatically incremented from
set to set. The text on each layer is centered vertically. There are
no page breaks, and it is up to the user to make sure that the text
for one page is not too long. If the text overflows the page, SliTeX
issues the message `LaTeX Warning: Slide n too long on input line m' and
the text is continued on another sheet without alignment markers or page
number.

With the exception of \invisible, only those colour commands may be
given within a slide environment that have been defined by the
\colors command in the root file. The names of the colours are fully
arbitrary.

  Black and white slides
  
The \blackandwhite command in the root file generates the complete text
in all colours for each slide environment on one page. If
viewgraphs of only a single colour are to be made, then the commands
\colors and \colorslides may be omitted from the root file.
Colour selection commands are also unnecessary. The call to the slide
environment must contain an empty colour list: \begin{slide}{} ... \end{slide}.

Special emphasis of certain text passages can be achieved in the usual manner
by switching font style or size, indenting, and so on. The advantage of using
SliTeX rather than LaTeX for black and white viewgraphs is the
special fonts that it makes available. These are more appropriate for
projected presentation material than the regular book fonts.

.topic NFSS
  The New Font Selection Scheme
  
The standard LaTeX fonts styles may be selected with the commands \rm,
\bf, \sc, \sl, \it, \sf, and \tt, in combination with the font
size commands ranging from \tiny to \Huge. The font style commands
activate a new character set, or type face, and therefore are mutually
exclusive. The font size commands switch to a different set of character
fonts in that size and then activate the Roman font \rm. In order to
change font size within another type face, it is necessary first to select
the size and then to specify the font style, e.g. \Large\sf. If the
commands are given in the opposite order, \sf\Large, the font style command
\sf is cancelled since the size command automatically issues the \rm command.

Although one soon gets used to this one-sided manner of specifying font size
and style, it is another stumbling block not only for the beginner. It would
thus be desirable to have a means of selecting font size and style
independently of one another. It is also not obvious that the font styles
should be mutually exclusive, since bold face \bf and slanted
\sl could be considered separate attributes of a type face. Why not
give \bf\sf to select a bold, sans serif font, or \sl\tt for a
slanted typewriter face?

In 1989 Frank Mittelbach and Rainer Schpf proposed a New Font Selection
Scheme (NFSS) for LaTeX and a preliminary test package was ready in early
1990. According to this scheme, every character set can be classified by four
attributes called family, series, shape, and size, which may be selected with
the commands
  \fontfamily{fam}
  \fontseries{wt_wth}
  \fontshape{form}  and
  \fontsize{sz}{line_sp}
The argument fam in \fontfamily denotes a set of basic properties
of the font, or origin. For the Computer Modern fonts,
all the serif fonts belong to the family cmr. The family cmss includes
all the sans serif fonts while cmtt contains the typewriter fonts. Finally
the single font cmfib8 is the only member of the family that is selected with
\fontfamily{cmfi}.

The argument wt_wth in \fontseries designates the
weight (=boldness) and width of the characters.
These are specified by 1 to 4 letters as shown in the following table.
 Weight class          Width class
 Ultralight      ul    Ultracondensed   50%    uc
 Extralight      el    Extracondensed   62.5%  ec
 Light           l     Condensed        75%    c
 Semilight       sl    Semicondensed    87.5%  sc
 Medium (normal) m     Medium           100%   m
 Semibold        sb    Semiexpanded     112.5% sx
 Bold            b     Expanded         125%   x
 Extrabold       eb    Extraexpanded    150%   ex
 Ultrabold       ub    Ultraexpanded    200%   ux

The argument for \fontseries{wt_wth} consists of the
letter or letters for the weight, followed by those for the width. Thus
ebsc indicates weight extrabold and width semicondensed while
bx means weight bold and width expanded. The letter
m is left off when combined with any non-normal weight or width;
if both are to be normal, then it is sufficient to give m alone.

In \fontshape, the argument form is one of the letter
combinations n, it, sl, sc, or u for selecting
normal, italic, slanted, small caps, or `unslanted' italic.

The \fontsize attribute command takes two arguments, the first sz
being the point size of the font (without the dimension pt explicitly
given) and the second line_sp (with a dimension) being the vertical
spacing from one baseline to the next. The second argument becomes the new
value of \baselineskip. For example, \fontsize{12}{15pt} selects a font
size of 12 pt with inter-line spacing of 15 pt.

Once all four attributes have been set, the font itself is selected with the
command \selectfont. The new feature here is that the various attributes
are independent of one another.  Changing one of them does not alter the
others. For example, if the selection
  \fontfamily{cmr} \fontseries{bx} \fontshape{n} \fontsize{12}{15pt}
has been made for an upright, bold, expanded, Roman font of size 12 pt and
inter-line spacing 15 pt, then when \fontfamily{cmss} is later selected
for a sans serif font, the attributes weight and width bx, form n,
and size 12 (15 pt) remain in effect when the next \selectfont
is issued.

Formally it is possible to set any combination of attributes; however there
may not exist any font matching all the attributes selected. If that is the
case, then when \selectfont is called, LaTeX issues a warning
stating which font has been activated in its place. The font size attribute
of the \fontsize command may normally take on values of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 14, 17, 20, and 25, but other values may also be added. The second
argument, the inter-line spacing, may take on any value since it is not
something intrinsic to the font itself.

With the \begin{document} command, LaTeX sets the four attributes to
default values of \fontfamily{cmr}, \fontseries{m}, \fontshape{n}, and
\fontsize to the appropriate size option values. The user may change
these initial values within the preamble.

The attribute commands \fontfamily, \fontseries,
\fontshape, and \fontsize, together with the command
\selectfont are the basic tools in the New Font Selection Scheme. The
user need not employ these commands directly, but rather may make use of
higher-level declarations that are much the same as the normal font style and
size commands.

The font style declarations appear to be the same as they always were,
but their internal definitions are quite different. The commands \rm, \sf,
and \tt are now equivalent to \fontfamily{cmr},
\fontfamily{cmss}, and \fontfamily{cmtt}, followed by the command
\selectfont. On the other hand, the command \bf executes
\fontseries{bx}, while \sl, \it, and \sc call
\fontshape{sl}, \fontshape{it}, and \fontshape{sc},
each followed by \selectfont.

The previous font size commands \tiny ... \Huge are now
defined as a \fontsize command with arguments appropriate to the size
option in the \documentstyle line, followed by \selectfont.
When the standard values of the attributes are set with
\begin{document}, the initially selected font is cmr10 (or cmr10 scaled 1095
or cmr12, depending on the given size option). Now it should be clear how
the new style and size  commands function: the commands
\rm, \sf, and \tt switch between families cmr, cmss, and cmtt
without altering the other attributes, so that the
selected fonts become cmr10, cmss10, and cmtt10 (or their
enlarged equivalents if 11pt\documentstyle or 12pt\documentstyle
had been chosen as the size option). If \bf is called first, then
the series attribute bx is set, selecting font cmbx10. Similarly
the other attribute commands \it, \sl, and \sc will have the same
effect as before when they are the first of the attribute commands
to be issued.

However, the actual font selected depends on which attributes have already
been set.  For example, when \bf is called first, the font cmbx10
is selected. Then, if \sf is given, the series attribute bx
remains in effect so that the new active font is cmssbx10 and not
cmss10, as in standard LaTeX. If the size command \footnotesize is
now called, then the active font becomes cmssbx10 scaled 800, and not
cmr8 as previously. The selected font does not depend on the order in
which a combination of font declarations is given. Furthermore, a series of
font style commands yields more sensible results with this scheme than with
the older one in which a particular font was always rigidly selected.

Once the series attribute bx has been set with \bf, there appears
to be no high-level means to restore it to the normal value m since
such a command was never foreseen in standard LaTeX. It may be reset
explicitly with \fontseries{m}\selectfont.  The command
\mediumseries is defined to do just that in order that the user may be
able to switch off bold face in a manner analogous to the other high-level
font declarations.

The shape attributes may be reset to normal in a similar way with
\normalshape, which undoes the effects of \sl, \it, and
\sc by calling \fontshape{n}\selectfont.

The NFSS system provides 7 internal selection commands named
   \rmdefault  \sfdefault  \ttdefault
   \bfdefault
   \itdefault  \scdefault  \sldefault
These are the commands that define the action of the high-level font
attribute commands by stating which family is called by \rm, \sf, and
\tt, which series attribute belongs to \bf, and which shape
attributes are set by \it, \sc, and \sl. They may be
redefined in the preamble with \renewcommand. For example, to set a
document entirely in sans serif, put
  \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{cmss}
  \renewcommand{\itdefault}{sl}
in the preamble. The command \rm now selects family cmss instead
of cmr. Since this family does not contain an italic font, it is also
necessary to redefine \it to be slanted.

Since the CM ensemble of fonts contains a bold face of normal width
cmb10 in addition to the expanded bold cmbx10 that is normally used in
LaTeX, it is possible to redefine \bf to select it instead by putting
  \renewcommand{\bfdefault}{b}
in the preamble.

  Mathematical fonts
  
The font that has been activated for text processing does not
influence the characters and their fonts in math mode, since special
mathematical symbol fonts are used for this purpose. If a formula is
to appear in bold face, the command \boldmath must be
issued, which remains in effect until it is countermanded by \unboldmath.
Both of these declarations must be made outside of math mode.

These commands may still be employed in the same way under NFSS. However, 
the new NFSS math font selection command is
  \mathversion{vers_name}
in which the argument vers_name currently takes on values
normal and bold, having the same results as \unboldmath and
\boldmath, respectively. It is planned that special style files will
become available to allow additional sets of math symbols. For example,
F. Mittelbach and R. Schpf have a file concrete.sty permitting the
declaration \mathversion{euler} to activate the Euler
symbol set of the American Mathematical Society (AMS). Which symbol
set becomes active when switching into math mode depends on the last
call to \mathversion.

The mathematical font commands may be issued within math mode itself.
Previously these were \cal and \mit. NFSS provides the additional
math font command \mathrm to switch to upright letters within a formula.

The syntax of these math font commands is different under NFSS from standard
LaTeX: they are commands operating on arguments rather than declarations that
switch to another font. The syntax is \cal{arg}, \mit{arg}, and \mathrm{arg},
where arg is the text that is to be set in that font.
For compatibility with the older version, NFSS provides two options nomargid
and oldlfont, either one of which in the \documentstyle command will
reinstate the older syntax.

In standard LaTeX, the font style commands \rm, \bf,
\sf, etc., may be called within math mode although they are normally
meant for text mode.  Certain problems may arise, however, such as with
chemical formulas or with load-on-demand fonts. Under NFSS, text fonts
may also be employed in math mode without these problems appearing. First
the font name has to be identified as a math font
with
  \newmathalphabet{\mcs_name}
where \mcs_name is the new name chosen. Next, a font must be
added to each math version under this name. This is done with
  \addtoversion{vers_name}{\mcs_name}{fam_a}{ser_a}{shp_a}
which specifies the attributes (family, series, shape) of the font to be
selected when \mcs_name is issued within math version vers_name (bold
or normal). These attribute arguments are the same as those that for
\fontfamily, \fontseries, and \fontshape. There is also a *-form of the
\newmathalphabet command
  \newmathalphabet*{\mcs_name}{fam_a}{ser_a}{shp_a}
that adds the specified math alphabet name \mcs_name with the
given attributes to all the existing math versions not otherwise
defined by an \addtoversion command. This command is
useful if there is a large number of math versions and the selected font
contains only a few attributes. Additional \addtoversion commands can
still be used to define the alphabet in those math versions where the
attributes deviate from those of the majority. This command is also useful
when extra math versions might be defined in a style file, for it is then 
possible to add a math alphabet to all versions without knowing in advance
which versions have been loaded.

The commands \newmathalphabet and \addtoversion may only be
issued in the preamble, that is between the \documentstyle and
\begin{document} commands.

.topic bibentries
  Bibliography database entries
  
Bibliography databases for BibTeX can have sorts of entries: abbreviations
and references. The @STRING command is used to define abbreviations for use
by BibTeX within the bibliography database file. The command

  @string{jgg1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"}

defines 'jgg1' to be the abbreviation for the string "Journal of
Gnats and Gnus, Series~1". Parentheses can be used in place of the
outermost braces in the @string command, and braces can be used
instead of the quotation marks. The text must have matching braces.

The case of letters is ignored in an abbreviation as well as in the
command name @string, so the command above could have been written:

  @STRING{JgG1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"}

A @string command can appear anywhere before or between entries in  a
bibliography database file. However, it must come before any use of
the abbreviation, so a sensible place for @string commands is at the
beginning of the file. A @string command in the bibliography
database file takes precedence over a definition made by the
bibliography style, so it can be used to change the definition
of an abbreviation such as 'Feb'.

Reference entries in the bibliography database look like the following:

       @BOOK{kn:gnus,
           AUTHOR = "Donald E. Knudson",
           TITLE  = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",
           PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},
           ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk}             }

The @BOOK states that this is an entry of type book. Various entry
types are described below. The 'kn:gnus' is the citation key, as it
appears in the argument of a \cite command referring to the entry.

This entry has four fields, named AUTHOR, TITLE, PUBLISHER and
ADDRESS. A field consists of the nameentrytypes, an '=' character with
optional space around it, followed by its textfieldtext. The text of
a field is a string of characters, with no unmatched braces, surrounded
by either a pair of braces or a pair of '"' characters. Entry fields are
separated from one another, and from the citation key, by commas. A comma
may have optional space around it.

The outermost braces that surround the entire entry may be replaced
by parentheses. As in TeX input files, an end-of-line character
counts as a space and one space is equivalent to many spaces. Unlike
TeX, BibTeX ignores the case of letters in the entry type, citation
key and field names. The above entry could have been typed as
follows:

       @BOOK(kn:gnus,  author = {Donald E. Knudson},
                       TITLE  = "1966 World Gnus
                                       Almanac",
           PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},
           ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk}             )

However, the case of letters does matter to LaTeX, so the citation
key ("kn:gnus" in the example above) should appear exactly the same
in all \cite commands in the LaTeX input file.

The quotes or braces can be omitted around text consisting entirely
of numerals. The following two fields are equivalent:

               Volume = "27"           Volume = 27

see: BibTeX: Field textfieldtext
     BibTeX: Handling namesbibnames
     BibTeX: Handling titlesbibtitles
     BibTeX: Abbreviationsbibabbrev
     BibTeX database entry typesentrytypes
     BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic entrytypes
  BibTeX entry types
  
When entering a reference in the bibliography database, the first
thing to decide is what type of entry it is. No fixed classification
scheme can be complete, but BibTeX provides enough entry types to
handle almost any reference reasonably well.

References to different types of publications contain different
information;  a reference to a journal might include the volume and
number of the journal, which is usually not meaningful for a book.
Therefore, database entries of different types have different fields
for each entry type, the fields are divided into three classes:

 Required
 
Omitting the field will produce an error message
and may result in a badly formatted bibliography
entry. If the required information is not meaningful,
you are using the wrong entry type.

 Optional
 
The field's information will be used if present,
but can be omitted without causing any formatting
problems. A reference should contain any available
information that might help the reader, so you
should include the optional field if it is applicable.

 Ignored
 
The field is ignored. BibTeX ignores any field that is
not required or optional, so you can include any fields
you want in a bibliography entry. It's often a good idea
to put all relevant information about a reference in its
bibliography entry - even information that may never
appear in the bibliography. For example, if you want to
keep an abstract of a paper in a computer file, put it in
an 'abstract' field in the paper's bibliography entry.
The bibliography database file is likely to be as good a
place as any for the abstract, and it is possible to
design a bibliography style for printing selected
abstracts.

BibTeX ignores the case of letters in the entry type.
Standard entry types are:
 ARTICLE          MANUAL
 BOOK             MASTERSTHESIS
 BOOKLET          MISC
 CONFERENCE       PHDTHESIS
 INBOOK           PROCEEDINGS
 INCOLLECTION     TECHREPORT
 INPROCEEDINGS    UNPUBLISHED

see: Bibliographic database entriesbibentries
     BibTeX

.topic ARTICLE
  BibTeX entry type ARTICLE
  
An article from a journal or magazine.

Format: @ARTICLE{citation_key,
                 required_fields [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  AUTHOR, TITLE, JOURNAL, YEAR
 Optional:  VOLUME, NUMBER, PAGES, MONTH,
            NOTE, KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic BOOK
  BibTeX entry type BOOK
  
A book with an explicit publisher.

Format: @BOOK{citation_key,
              required_fields [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  AUTHOR or EDITOR, TITLE, PUBLISHER,
            YEAR
 Optional:  VOLUME, SERIES, ADDRESS, EDITION,
            MONTH, NOTE, KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic BOOKLET
  BibTeX entry type BOOKLET
  
A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher
or sponsoring institution.

Format: @BOOKLET{citation_key,
                 required_fields [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  TITLE
 Optional:  AUTHOR, HOWPUBLISHED, ADDRESS, MONTH,
            YEAR, NOTE, KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic CONFERENCE
  BibTeX entry type CONFERENCE
  
An article in the proceedings of a conference. This entry is
identical to the INPROCEEDINGS entry and is included for
compatibility with another text formatting system.

Format: @CONFERENCE{citation_key,
                    required_fields [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  AUTHOR, TITLE, BOOKTITLE, YEAR
 Optional:  EDITOR, PAGES, ORGANIZATION,
            PUBLISHER, ADDRESS, MONTH, NOTE,
            KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic INBOOK
  BibTeX entry type INBOOK
  
A part of a book, which may be a chapter and/or a range of
pages.

Format: @INBOOK{citation_key,
                required_fields [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  AUTHOR or EDITOR, TITLE, CHAPTER
            and/or PAGES, PUBLISHER, YEAR
 Optional:  VOLUME, SERIES, ADDRESS, EDITION,
            MONTH, NOTE, KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic INCOLLECTION
  BibTeX entry type INCOLLECTION
  
A part of a book with its own title.

Format: @INCOLLECTION{citation_key,
                      required_fields [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  AUTHOR, TITLE, BOOKTITLE, YEAR
 Optional:  EDITOR, PAGES, ORGANIZATION, PUBLISHER,
            ADDRESS, MONTH, NOTE, KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic INPROCEEDINGS
  BibTeX entry type INPROCEEDINGS
  
An article in the proceedings of a conference.

Format: @INPROCEEDINGS{citation_key,
                       [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  AUTHOR, TITLE, BOOKTITLE, YEAR
 Optional:  EDITOR, PAGES, ORGANIZATION, PUBLISHER,
            ADDRESS, MONTH, NOTE, KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic MANUAL
  BibTeX entry type MANUAL
  
Technical documentation.

Format: @MANUAL{citation_key,
                required_fields [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  TITLE
 Optional:  AUTHOR, ORGANIZATION, ADDRESS, EDITION,
            MONTH, YEAR, NOTE, KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic MASTERSTHESIS
  BibTeX entry type MASTERSTHESIS
  
A Master's thesis.

Format: @MASTERSTHESIS{citation_key,
                       [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  AUTHOR, TITLE, SCHOOL, YEAR
 Optional:  ADDRESS, MONTH, NOTE, KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic MISC
  BibTeX entry type MISC
  
Use this type when nothing else seems appropriate.

Format: @MISC{citation_key,
              required_fields [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  none
 Optional:  AUTHOR, TITLE, HOWPUBLISHED, MONTH,
            YEAR, NOTE, KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic PHDTHESIS
  BibTeX entry type PHDTHESIS
  
A PhD thesis.

Format: @PHDTHESIS{citation_key,
                   required_fields [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  AUTHOR, TITLE, SCHOOL, YEAR
 Optional:  ADDRESS, MONTH, NOTE, KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic PROCEEDINGS
  BibTeX entry type PROCEEDINGS
  
The proceedings of a conference.

Format: @PROCEEDINGS{citation_key,
                     required_fields [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  TITLE, YEAR
 Optional:  EDITOR, PUBLISHER, ORGANIZATION,
            ADDRESS, MONTH, NOTE, KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic TECHREPORT
  BibTeX entry type TECHREPORT
  
A report published by a school or other institution, usually
numbered within a series.

Format: @TECHREPORT{citation_key,
                    required_fields [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  AUTHOR, TITLE, INSTITUTION, YEAR
 Optional:  TYPE, NUMBER, ADDRESS, MONTH,
            NOTE, KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic UNPUBLISHED
  BibTeX entry type UNPUBLISHED
  
A document with an author and title, but not formally published.

Format: @UNPUBLISHED{citation_key,
                     required_fields [, optional_fields] }

 Required:  AUTHOR, TITLE, NOTE
 Optional:  MONTH, YEAR, KEY

see: BibTeX entry typesentrytypes

.topic fieldtext
  BibTeX: Field text
  
The text of the field is enclosed in braces or double quote
characters. A part of the text is said to be enclosed in braces if
it lies inside a matching pair of braces other than the ones
enclosing the entire entry or the entire field text.

BibTeX manipulates the case of letters in the field text as described
in the subtopics below.

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes
     BibTeX database entry typeyentrytypes

.topic bibnames
  BibTeX: Handling names
  
The text of an author or editor field represents a list of
names. The bibliography style determines the format in which the
name is printed: whether the first name or last name appears first,
if the full first name or just the first initial is used, etc. The
bibliography file entry simply tells BibTeX what the name is.

You should type an author's complete name and let the bibliography
style decide what to abbreviate. (But an author's complete name may
be "Donald~E. Knuth" or even "J.~P.~Morgan"; you should type it the
way the author would like it to appear, if that's known.)

Most names can be entered in the obvious way, either with or without
a comma, as in the following examples.

  "John Paul Jones"       "Jones, John Paul"
  "Ludwig van Beethoven"  "van Beethoven, Ludwig"

Some people have multiple last names  -  for example, Per Brinch
Hansen's last name is Brinch~Hansen. His name should be typed with a
comma:

  "Brinch Hansen, Per"

To understand why, you must understand how BibTeX handles names (for
what follows, a "name" corresponds to a person).

Each name consists of four parts:  First, von, Last, and Jr; each
part consists of a (possibly empty) list of name-tokens. For example
the First part of Per Brinch~Hansen's name has the single token
"Per"; the Last part has two, "Brinch" and "Hansen"; and the von and
Jr parts are empty. If you had typed

  "Per Brinch Hansen"

instead, BibTeX would erroneously think "Brinch" were a First-part
token, just as "Paul" is a First-part token in "John~Paul Jones".

Here's another example:

  "Charles Louis Xavier Joseph de la Vallee Poussin"

This name has four tokens in the First part, two in the von, and two
in the Last. Here BibTeX knows where one part ends and the other
begins because the tokens in the von part begin with lower-case
letters.

If you want BibTeX to consider something a single token, enclose it
in braces. You should do this, for example, if a comma is part of a
name:

      "{Barnes and Noble, Inc.}"
      "{Barnes and} {Noble, Inc.}"
      "{Barnes} {and} {Noble,} {Inc.}"

The braces surrounding the comma keep "Inc." from  being  interpreted
as a First token; this name has only a Last part, with either one,
two, or four tokens (there must be a space separating the tokens in
the second and third forms). Probably the second form is slightly
more meaningful, but don't lose sleep over this since only rarely
will an institution be an author or editor.

So the two names

  "von Beethoven, Ludwig"   "{von Beethoven}, Ludwig"

are considered by BibTeX to be different names. In the first,
"Beethoven" is the Last part and "von" is the von part; in the
second, which in this case happens to be incorrect, the Last part has
a single token and there's no von part. The bibliography style will
probably print both the same, but it may alphabetize and label them
differently.

"Juniors" pose a special problem. Most people having "Jr." in their
name precede it with a comma. Such a name should be entered as
follows:

  "Ford, Jr., Henry"

However, a few people do not use a comma. They are handled by
considering the "Jr." to be part of the last Last token:

      "{Steele Jr.}, Guy L."       "Guy L. {Steele Jr.}"

This name has no Jr part.

To summarize, you may type a name in one of three forms:

      "First von Last"
      "von Last, First"
      "von Last, Jr, First"

You may almost always use the first form; you shouldn't if either
there's a Jr part or the Last part has multiple tokens but there's no
von part.

If there are multiple authors or editors, their names must be
separated by the word "and", surrounded by spaces, not enclosed in
braces:

  AUTHOR = "Ralph Alpher and Bethe, Hans and George Gamow"

Since BibTeX interprets commas as separating parts of a name and
"and" as separating names themselves, this example has three
coauthors:  Ralph Alpher, Hans Bethe, and George Gamow. If the word
"and" appears as part of a name, it must be enclosed in braces, as in
the example of "Barnes and Noble,~Inc." given above. If you have too
many names to list in a field, you can end the list with "and
others"; the standard styles appropriately append an "et al."

BibTeX's rules are actually a bit more complicated than indicated
here, but this description will suffice for most names.

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic bibtitles
  BibTeX: Handling titles
  
The bibliography style determines whether or not a title is
capitalized; the titles of books usually are, the title of articles
usually are not. You type a title the way it should appear if it is
capitalized (you should capitalize everything but articles and
unstressed conjunctions and prepositions, and even these should be
capitalized as the first word or the first after a colon):

  TITLE  =  "The Agony and the Ecstasy"

BibTeX will change uppercase letters to lowercase if appropriate.
Uppercase letters that should not be changed are enclosed in braces.
The following two titles are equivalent; the "A" of "Africa" will not
be made lowercase.

      "The Gnats and Gnus of {Africa}"
      "The Gnats and Gnus of {A}frica"

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic bibabbrev
  BibTeX: Abbreviations
  
Instead of an ordinary text string, the text of a field can be
replaced by an abbreviation for it. An abbreviation is a string of
characters that starts with a letter and does not contain a space or
any of the following ten characters:

  "  #  %  '  (  )  , =  {  }

The abbreviation is typed in place of the text field, with no braces
or quotation marks. If 'jgg1' is an abbreviation for

       Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1

then the following are equivalent:

       JOURNAL = jgg1
       JOURNAL = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"

Some abbreviations are predefined by the bibliography style. These
always include the usual 3 letter abbreviations for the month: jan,
feb, mar etc. Bibliography styles usually contain abbreviations for
the names of commonly  referenced journals. Consult the Local Guide
for a list of the predefined abbreviations for the bibliography
styles available.

You can define your own abbreviations by using BibTeX's
@STRINGbibentries command.

.topic fieldtypes
  BibTeX database field types
  
Below is a list of all fields recognized by the standard
bibliography styles. An entry can also contain other fields, which
are ignored by those styles.

Note: BibTeX ignores the case of letters in the field names.
However, this help system is case-sensitive, so you have to
write the field names uppercase to get help on them directly.

  ADDRESS          MONTH
  ANNOTE           NOTE
  AUTHOR           NUMBER
  BOOKTITLE        ORGANIZATION
  CHAPTER          PAGES
  CROSSREF         PUBLISHER
  EDITION          SCHOOL
  EDITOR           SERIES
  HOWPUBLISHED     TITLE
  INSTITUTION      TYPE
  JOURNAL          VOLUME
  KEY              YEAR

see: BibTeX: Field textfieldtext
     BibTeX: Handling namesbibnames
     BibTeX: Handling titlesbibtitles
     BibTeX: Abbreviationsbibabbrev
     BibTeX database entry typesentrytypes

.topic ADDRESS
  BibTeX field type ADDRESS
  
Publisher's address. For major publishing houses, just the city
is given. For small publishers, you can help the reader by giving
the complete address.

Format: ADDRESS = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic ANNOTE
  BibTeX field type ANNOTE
  
An annotation, used only for annotated
bibliography styles (which are not among the standard ones).

Format: ANNOTE = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic AUTHOR
  BibTeX field type AUTHOR
  
The name(s) of the author(s).

Format: AUTHOR = field_text

see: BibTeX: Handling namesbibnames
     BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic BOOKTITLE
  BibTeX field type BOOKTITLE
  
Title of a book, part of which is being cited.

Format: BOOKTITLE = field_text

see: BibTeX: Handling titlesbibtitles
     BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic CHAPTER
  BibTeX field type CHAPTER
  
A chapter number.

Format: CHAPTER = field_text

see: BibTeX: Handling titlesbibtitles
     BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic CROSSREF
  BibTeX field type CROSSREF
  
If many entries in the bibliographic data base share a common set of
field information, such as for a number of works all appearing in the
same conference proceedings, then it is possible to refer to another
entry containing that common set with the {\tt crossref} field. For
example,

  @INPROCEEDINGS{xyz-1,
    CROSSREF = {xyz-proceedings},
    AUTHOR = {J. S. Jones},
    TITLE = {The First Results from the {Appleville Experiment}},
    PAGES = {34--38}  }
  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
  @PROCEEDINGS{xyz-proceedings,
    EDITOR = {C. H. Kelvin},
    TITLE = {Proceedings of the First Conference on the {Appleville
             Experiment}},
    BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the First Conference on the {Appleville
                 Experiment}}
    YEAR = 1991    }

The first entry, with key xyz-1, is to obtain all its missing fields
from the second entry, by means of the CROSSREF field referring to the
entry with key xyz-proceedings. The missing fields are EDITOR,
BOOKTITLE, and YEAR, those that are common to all articles in the
conference proceedings. Note that BOOKTITLE is an ignored field for
@PROCEEDINGS but needs to be included here since it is required for
@INPROCEEDINGS.

If an entry is referred to by two or more other entries, then it too
will be included in the bibliography, even though its key never
appeared as the argument of a \cite or \nocite command.

In order for this system to function properly, the entry that is referred
to must appear in the data base(s) after all those that refer to it.
It is therefore recommended to put all such referenced entries at the end of
the data base. Cross-references may not be nested.

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic EDITION
  BibTeX field type EDITION
  
The edition of a book - for example, "second".

Format: EDITION = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic EDITOR
  BibTeX field type EDITOR
  
Name(s) of editor(s). If there is also an AUTHOR field, then
the EDITOR field gives the editor of the book or collection in
which the reference appears.

Format: EDITOR = field_text

see: BibTeX: Handling namesbibnames
     BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic HOWPUBLISHED
  BibTeX field type HOWPUBLISHED
  
How something strange has been published.

Format: HOWPUBLISHED = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic INSTITUTION
  BibTeX field type INSTITUTION
  
The institution that published the work.

Format: INSTITUTION = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic JOURNAL
  BibTeX field type JOURNAL
  
A journal name. Abbreviations are provided for many journals;
see the Local Guide.

Format: JOURNAL = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic KEY
  BibTeX field type KEY
  
Used for alphabetizing and creating a label when the AUTHOR
and EDITOR fields are missing. This field should not be confused
with the citation key that appears in the \cite command and at the
beginning of the entry.

Format: KEY = field_text

see: BibTeX database entriesbibentries
     BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic MONTH
  BibTeX field type MONTH
  
The month in which the work was published or, for an unpublished
work, in which it was written.

Format: MONTH = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic NOTE
  BibTeX field type NOTE
  
Any additional information that can help the reader.

Format: NOTE = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic NUMBER
  BibTeX field type NUMBER
  
The number of a journal, magazine, or technical report. An
issue of a journal or magazine is usually identified by its volume
and number; the organization that issues a technical report usually
gives it a number.

Format: NUMBER = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic ORGANIZATION
  BibTeX field type ORGANIZATION
  
The organization sponsoring a conference.

Format: ORGANIZATION = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic PAGES
  BibTeX field type PAGES
  
A page number or range of numbers such as "42--111"; you may
also have several of these, separating them with commas:
"7,41,73--97". The standard styles convert a single dash to a
double.

Format: PAGES = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic PUBLISHER
  BibTeX field type PUBLISHER
  
The publisher's name.

Format: PUBLISHER = field_text

see: BibTeX: Handling namesbibnames
     BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic SCHOOL
  BibTeX field type SCHOOL
  
The name of the school where a thesis was written.

Format: SCHOOL = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic SERIES
  BibTeX field type SERIES
  
The name of a series or set of books. When citing an entire
book, the the TITLE field gives its title and an optional SERIES
field gives the name of a series in which the book is published.

Format: SERIES = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic TITLE
  BibTeX field type TITLE
  
The work's title.

Format: TITLE = field_text

see: BibTeX: Handling titlesbibtitles
     BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic TYPE
  BibTeX field type TYPE
  
The type of a technical report - for example, "Research Note".

Format: TYPE = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic VOLUME
  BibTeX field type VOLUME
  
The volume of a journal or multivolume book work.

Format: VOLUME = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes

.topic YEAR
  BibTeX field type YEAR
  
The year of publication or, for an unpublished work, the year it
was written.  This field's text should contain only numerals.

Format: YEAR = field_text

see: BibTeX database field typesfieldtypes
