# Keys

The function of the keyboard can be extensively customized in Eclipse using the General > Keys preference page. Within Eclipse, key strokes and key sequences are assigned to invoke particular commands.

## Key Strokes, Key Sequences, and Key Bindings

A 'key stroke' is the pressing of a key on the keyboard, while optionally holding down one or more of these modifier keys: `Ctrl`, `Alt` (`Option` on the Macintosh), `Shift`, or `Command` (only on the Macintosh.) For example, holding down `Ctrl` then pressing `A` produces the key stroke `Ctrl+A`. The pressing of the modifier keys themselves do not constitute key strokes.

A 'key sequence' is one or more key strokes. Traditionally, Emacs assigned two or three key stroke key sequences to particular commands. For example, the normal key sequence assigned to `Close All` in emacs is `Ctrl+X Ctrl+C`. To enter this key sequence, one presses the key stroke `Ctrl+X` followed by the key stroke `Ctrl+C`. While Eclipse supports key sequences of arbitrary lengths, it is recommended that keyboard shortcuts be four key strokes in length (or less).

A 'key binding' is the assignment of a key sequence to a command.

## Schemes

A 'scheme' is a set of bindings. Eclipse includes two schemes:

- Default
- Emacs (extends Default)

The Default scheme contains a general set of bindings, in many cases recognizable as traditional key sequences for well known commands. For instance, `Ctrl+A` is assigned to `Select All`, and `Ctrl+S` is assigned to `Save`.

The Emacs scheme contains a set of key bindings familiar to users of Emacs. For instance, `Ctrl+X H` is assigned to `Select All`, and `Ctrl+X S` is assigned to `Save`.

It is important to understand why the Emacs scheme says that it 'extends Default'. The Emacs scheme is not a complete set of bindings like the Default scheme. Rather, it borrows from the Default scheme where possible, only defining explicit Emacs-style bindings where they vary from the Default scheme. Generally, only well known commands like `Select All`, `Save`, etc. have specific Emacs key sequences associated with them.

Choose the scheme you are most comfortable with by changing the 'Scheme' setting on the keys preference page. If you choose the Default scheme, all Emacs bindings are ignored. If you choose the Emacs scheme, explicit Emacs-style key sequence assignments take precedence over any conflicting assignments in the Default scheme.

## Contexts

Key bindings can vary based on the current context of Eclipse.

Sometimes the active part might be a Java file editor, for instance, where a different set of key sequence assignments may be more appropriate than if the active part was an html file editor. As a specific example, typically `Ctrl+B` is assigned to `Build` in a context such as Java file editing, while `Ctrl+B` is assigned to `Make Text Bold` in a context such as HTML file editing. This context is usually determined by the active part, but it can be influenced by the active window or dialog as well. If the active part does not choose a particular context, the workbench will set the active context to In Windows.

Eclipse includes a number of different contexts. Some examples are:

- In Dialogs and Windows
- In Windows (extends In Dialogs and Windows)
- In Dialogs (extends In Dialogs and Windows)
- Editing Text (extends In Windows)
- Editing Java Source (extends Editing Text)
- Debugging (extends In Windows)
- Debugging Java (extends Debugging)
- In Console
- Editing Ant buildfiles

Much like configurations, contexts can extend other contexts. For example, the Editing Java Source context borrows key bindings from the Editing Text context, which in turn borrows key bindings from the In Windows context.

Note: It is not recommended to promote a key binding to a context which it extends. For example, it is not recommended to move an Editing Text key binding to the In Dialogs and Windows context. This may have unexpected results.

It is possible for some key bindings to work in dialogs. Those key bindings are assigned to the In Dialogs and Windows context. One example of such a key binding is the key binding for "cut". It is possible to change these key bindings. For example, it is possible to have Ctrl+X as cut in dialogs, but Ctrl+W as cut in windows.

## Platform and Locale

Key bindings also vary by platform and locale. On the Macintosh platform, `Command+S` is assigned to `Save`, instead of the usual `Ctrl+S`. On Chinese locales (zh), `Alt+/` is assigned to `Content Assist`, instead of the usual `Ctrl+Space`.

The current platform and locale is determined when Eclipse starts, and does not vary over the course of an Eclipse instance.

## Customizing Key bindings

With multi-stroke key sequences, schemes, and contexts, there are a lot of things to keep in mind when customizing key bindings. To make things easier, all key customization is done on the General > Keys preference page.

In this example we want to bind CTRL+5 to the About command. By default the keys preference page will show you all possible keybindings. You can see the About command listed in the Help category. You can bind the command by putting focus in the Binding text box and pressing CTRL and 5 like you would if you were executing the command.

When you type CTRL+5 you have created a binding for About. The right-most column will indicate that this is a user binding by displaying a U. If there was a conflict with another key, this column would also display a C. The binding will be in the default context, "In Windows". You can now use the When combo box to change the key binding context (for example, to move this binding to "Editing Text").

If you wanted to add a second key binding to About, you can use the Copy Command button to create a second command entry for you to bind another key to. If you want to delete a binding, you can either use the Remove Binding button or simply give focus to the Binding text box and hit Backspace.

## The Dynamic Nature of Key bindings

Key bindings are provided by plug-ins, and in Eclipse, plug-ins can be added or removed. This can cause key bindings declared by these plug-ins to be added or removed. Eclipse stores custom key bindings in a way to compensate for this. Consider the example above where `CTRL+6` was assigned to `About` in the Default scheme. Say you install a new plug-in that assigns `CTRL+6` to a particular command. Eclipse will preserve your assignment to `About`.

## Conflict Resolution

There are only a finite number of simple, common key strokes available to assign to a multitude of commands. We have seen that scheme, context, platform, and locale all partition key sequence assignments into domains where they don't conflict with one another. Consider the case for `Ctrl+B` above if contexts did not exist. One plug-in would assign `Ctrl+B` to `Build`, the other plug-in would assign `Ctrl+B` to `Make Bold Text`. How would Eclipse properly resolve this conflict?

Though conflicts are drastically reduced by employing the above mechanisms, they can still occur. Two plug-ins, independent of one another, could assign the same key sequence to different commands with the same context, scheme, platform, and locale. Consider if a plug-in assigned `Ctrl+F4` in the In Windows context and Default scheme to one of its commands. This directly conflicts with Eclipse assigning `Ctrl+F4` to the close command in the same context and scheme.

This is a conflict. It wouldn't be proper to invoke both commands, nor would it be proper to simply choose one of the two commands to receive the key stroke. We pop up the Key Assist Dialog with the conflicting commands and allow the user to select one. The Key Assist Dialog is the same dialog that displays command choices for multiple key stroke key bindings. For example, if 2 commands were bound to F12 you might see:

If the user sets a keybinding and creates a conflict, the conflicting bindings will be displayed in the conflicts list. This can be used to navigate between conflicting keybindings so that they can be changed.

These types of conflicts can be resolved by explicitly assigning the key sequence to one of the commands, or remove it from the other.

Another type of conflict can be caused by multiple-key stroke key sequences. For example, in the Emacs scheme, there are many multiple-key stroke key sequences beginning with the key stroke `Ctrl+X`. `Ctrl+X K` is assigned to `Close`. `Ctrl+X H` is assigned to `Select All`.

As previously mentioned, the Emacs scheme borrows key bindings from the Default scheme. In the default scheme, `Ctrl+X` is assigned to `Cut`. Though the Emacs scheme doesn't explicitly redefine `Ctrl+X`, pressing `Ctrl+X` is required as part of many of its key bindings. In the Emacs scheme, when one presses `Ctrl+X`, one is half way to entering one of many possible assigned key sequences. One would not expect the `Cut` action to be invoked at this time.

For this type of conflict, the rule is that the `Ctrl+X` key sequence assigned to `Cut` would be ignored. Otherwise, it would not be possible to complete many of the key bindings in the Emacs configuration.

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