# qooxdoo

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# Generator Configuration Articles

This page contains various articles related to the generator JSON configuration.

## Path Names

A lot of entries in a config file take path names as their values (top-level "include", "manifest" keys of a library entry, output path of compile keys, asf.). Quite a few of them, like the top-level include paths, are interpreted relative to the config file in which they appear, and this relation is retained no matter from where you reference the config file.

This might not hold true in each and every case, though. For some keys you might have to take care of relative paths yourself. The authoritative reference is always the corresponding documentation of the individual config keys. If a key takes a path value it will state if and how these values are interpreted. Please check there.

A good help when dealing with paths is also to use macros, if you need to abstract away from a value appearing multiple times. E.g.

    "let" : {"MyRoot": ".", "BUILD_PATH" : "build"}
    "myjob" : { ... "build_dir" : "${MyRoot}/${BUILD_PATH}" ... }

This should make it more intuitive to maintain a config file.

### Paths with Spaces

Most file systems allow spaces in directory and file names these days, a notorious example of this being the `C:\\Documents and Settings` path on Windows. To enter such paths safely in your configuration Json structure, you need to escape the spaces with back-slash (\). As the back-slash is also a meta-character in Json, it needs to be escaped as well. So a path with spaces would look like this in your config: `".../foo/dir\\ with\\ spaces/bar/file\\ with\\ spaces.html"`.

Nota bene: As the configuration files are processed by Python, and Python is allowing forward-slash on Windows, the initial example can more easily be given as `"c:/Documents\\ and \\Settings"` (rather than the canonical `"C:\\\\Documents\\ and\\ Settings"`).

Note

To Implementors:

The configuration handler (`generator/config/Config.py`) handles relative paths in the obvious cases, like for the `manifest` entries in the `library` key, or in the top-level `include` key. But it cannot handle all possible cases, because it doesn't know beforehand which particular key represents a path, and which doesn't. In a config entry like `"foo" : "bar"` it is hard to tell whether `bar` represents a relative file or directory. Therefore, part of the responsibility for relative paths is offloaded to the action implementations that make use of the particular keys.

Since each config key, particularly action keys, interpret their corresponding config entries, they know which entries represent paths. To handle those paths correctly, the `Config` module provides a utility method `Config.absPath(self, path)` which will calculate the absolute path from the given path relative to the config file's location.

## File Globs

Some config keys take file paths as their attributes. Where specified, file globs are allowed, as supported by the underlying Python module. File globs are file paths containing simple metacharacters, which are similar to but not quite identical with metacharacters from regular expressions. Here are the legal metacharacters and their meanings:

Metacharacter | Meaning
--- | ---
* | matches any string of zero or more characters (regexp: .*)
? | matches any single character (regexp: .)
[] | matches any of the enclosed characters; character ranges are possible using a hyphen, e.g. [a-z] (regexp: <same>)

### Examples

Given a set of files like `file9.js, file10.js, file11.js`, here are some file globs and their resolution:

File Glob | Resolution
--- | ---
file* | file9.js, file10.js and file11.js
file?.js | file9.js
file1[01].js | file10.js and file11.js

## Class Data

Besides code a qooxdoo application maintains a certain amount of data that represents some sort of resources. This might be negligible for small to medium size applications, but becomes significant for large apps. The resources fall roughly into two categories,

- Internationalization (I18N) Data This comprises two kinds of data:
  - translated strings
  - locale information (also CLDR data, such as currency, date and time formats, asf.)
- File Resources
  - static files like PNG and GIF graphics, but also HTML and CSS files, sound and multimedia files, asf.

Many of these resources need an internal representation in the qooxdoo app. E.g. translated strings are stored as key:value pairs of maps, and images are stored with their size and location. All this data requires space that shows up in sizes of application files, as they are transfered from server to browser.

The build system allows you to tailor where those resources are stored, so you can optimize on your network consumption and memory footprint. Here is an overview:

> - source version: - without dedicated I18N parts:all class data is allocated in the loader - with dedicated I18N parts:class data is in dedicated I18N packages
> - build version: - without dedicated I18N parts: class data is allocated in each individual package, corresponding to the contained class code that needs it - with dedicated I18N parts: class data is in dedicated I18N packages

The term "dedicated I18N parts" refers to the possibility to split translated strings and CLDR data out in separate parts, one for each language (see packages/i18n-with-boot). Like with other parts, those parts have to be actively loaded by the application (using qx.io.PartLoader.require).

In the build version without dedicated I18N parts (case 2.1), those class data is stored as is needed by the code of the package. This may mean that the same data is stored in multiple packages, as e.g. two packages might use the same image or translated string. This is to ensure optimal independence of packages among each other so they can be loaded independently, and is resolved at the browser (ie. resource data is stored uniquely in memory).

## "cache" Key

### Compile cache

The main payload of the cache key is to point to the directory for the compile cache. It is very recommendable to have a system-wide compile cache directory so cache contents can be shared among different projects and libraries. Otherwise, the cache has to be rebuilt in each enviornment anew, costing extra time and space.

The default for the cache directory is beneath the system TMP directory. To find out where this actually is either run `generate.py info`, or run a build job with the `-v` command line flag and look for the cache key in the expanded job definition, or use this snippet.

The compile cache directory can become very large in terms of contained files, and a count of a couple of thousand files is not unusual. You should take care that your file system is equipped to comply with these demands. Additionally, disk I/O is regularly high on this directory so a fast, local disk is recommendable. Don't use a network drive :-) .

## "let" Key

Config files let you define simple macros with the `let` key. The value of a macro can be a string or another JSON-permissible value (map, array, ...). You refer to a macro value in a job definition by using `${<macro_name>}`.

    "let": {"MyApp" : "demobrowser"}
      ...
      "myjob" : { "environment" : {"qx.application" : "${MyApp}.Application"}}

If the value of the macro is a string you can use a reference to it in other strings, and the macro reference will be replaced by its value. You can have multiple macro references in one string. Usually, these macro references will show up in map values or array elements, but can also be used in map keys.

    "myjob" : {"${MyApp}.resourceUri" : "resource"}

If the value of the macro is something other than a string, things are a bit more restrictive. References to those macros can not be used in map keys (for obvious reasons). The reference has still to be in a string, but the macro reference has to be the only contents of that string. The entire string will then be replaced by the value of the macro. That means, you can do something like this:

    "let" : {"MYLIST" : [1,2,3], ...},
      "myjob" : { "joblist" : "${MYLIST}", ...}

and the "joblist" key will get the value [1,2,3].

A special situation arises if you are using a top-level let, i.e. a let section on the highest level in the config file, and not in any job definition. This let map will be automatically applied to every job run, without any explicit reference (so be aware of undesired side effects of bindings herein).

When assembling a job to run, the precedence of all the various let maps is

    local job let < config-level let < 'extend' job lets

With imported jobs top-level definitions will take precedence over any definitions from the external config file (as if they were the 'first' let section in the chain).

### OS Environment Variables as Configuration Macros

(experimental)

On startup, the generator will read the operating system environment settings, and provide them as configuration macros, as if you had defined them with let. This can be handy as an alterative to hard-coding macros in a configuration file, or providing them on the generator command line (with the -m command-line option).

Here is an example. Suppose in your config.json you have section like this:

    "jobs" : {
      "myjob" : {
        "environment" : {
          "myapp.foosetting" : ${FOOVALUE}
        }
      }
    }

then you can provide a value for FOOVALUE by just providing an environment setting for it. E.g. if you are using bash to invoke the generator, you could something like this:

    bash> env FOOVALUE=17 ./generate.py myjob

which will result in myapp.foosetting getting the value 17.

A few things are important to note in this respect:

- The generator includes all the environment settings that the operating system provides. There is no filtering of any kind. This can lead to surprises when you are not aware which settings are available and which not. If in doubt use your operating system's facilities to list the environment settings in effect when you launch the generator.
- In the parsing of config files and the expansion of generator jobs, the environment settings have high priority. They will take precedence over all settings giving in the configuration files given with let keys. Only macro settings passed through the generator command-line option -m will take higher precedence, and will override environment keys.

## "log" Key

Logging is an important part of any reasonably complex application. The Generator does a fair bit of logging to the console by default, listing the jobs it performs, adding details of important processing steps and reporting on errors and potential inconsistencies. The log key lets you specify further options and tailor the Generator console output to your needs. You can e.g. add logging of unused classes in a particular library/name space.

## "extend" Key

### Job resolution

`extend` and `run` keywords are currently the only keywords that reference other jobs. These references have to be resolved, by looking them up (or "evaluating" the names) in some context. One thing to note here is that job names are evaluated in the context of the current configuration. As you will see (see section on top-level "include"s), a single configuration might eventually contain jobs from multiple config files, the local job definitions, and zero to many imported job maps (from other config files), which again might contain imported configs. From within any map, only those jobs are referenceable that are contained somewhere in this map. Unqualified names (like "myjob") are taken to refer to jobs on the same level as the current job, path-like names (containing "/") are taken to signify a job in some nested name space down from the current level. Particularly, this means you can never reference a job in a map which is "parallel" to the current job map. It's only jobs on the same level or deeper.

This is particularly important for imported configs (imported with a top-level "include" keyword, see further down). Those configs get attached to the local "jobs" map under a dedicated key (their "name space" if you will). If in this imported map there is a "run" job (see the next section) using unqualified job names, these job names will be resolved using the imported map, not the top-level map. If the nested "run" job uses path-like job names, these jobs will be searched for relative to the nested map. You get it?!

### Extending jobs

Now, how exactly is a job (let's call this the primary job) treated that says to "extend" another job (let's call this the secondary job). Here is what happens:

- The primary job provides sort of the master definition for the resulting job. All its definitions take precedence.
- The secondary job is searched in the context of the current "jobs" map (see above).
- Keys of the secondary job that are not available in the primary job are just added to the job definition.
- Keys of the secondary job that are already present in the primary job and have a scalar value (string, number, boolean) are discarded.
- Keys of the secondary job that are already present in the primary job and have a list or map value are merged. The extending rules are applied on the element level recursively, i.e. scalar elements are blocked, new elements are added, composed element are merged. That means, those keys accumulate all their inner keys over all jobs in the transitive hull of all extend jobs of the primary job.
- There is a way of preventing this kind of merge behaviour: If you prefix a job key with an equal sign (`=`) no subsequent merging will be done on this key. That means all following jobs that are merged into the current will not be able to alter the value of this key any more.
- Obviously, each secondary job is extended itself before being processed in this way, so it brings in its own full definition. As stated before it is important to note that this extending is done in the secondary job's own context, which is not necessarily the context of the primary job.
- If there are more than one job in the "extend" list, the process is re-applied iteratively with all the remaining jobs in the list. This also means that the list of secondary jobs defines a precedence list: Settings in jobs earlier in the list take precedence over those coming later, so order matters.

Important to note here: Macro evaluation takes place only after all extending has been done. That is, macros are applied to the fully extended job, making all macro definitions available that have accumulated along the way, with a 'left-to-right' precedence (macro definitions in the primary job take precedence over definitions in secondary jobs, and within the list of secondary jobs, earlier jobs win over subsequent). But in contrast to job names that also means that macros are explicitly not evaluated in the original context of the job. This makes it possible to tweak a job definition for a new environment, but can also lead to surprises if you wanted to have some substitution taking place in the original config file, and realize it doesn't.

### Job Shadowing and Partial Overriding

Additionally to the above described features, with the configuration system you can

- create jobs in your local configuration with same names as those imported from another configuration file. The local job will take precedence and "shadow" the imported job; the imported job gets automatically added to the local job's `extend` list.

- extend one job by another by only partially specifying job features. The extending job can specify only the specific parts it wants to re-define. The jobs will then be merged as described above, giving precedence to local definitions of simple data types and combining complex values (list and maps); in the case of maps this is a deep merging process. Here is a sample of overriding an imported job (`build-script`), only specifying a single setting, and relying on the rest to be provided by the imported job of same name:

      "build-script" : {
        "compile-options" : {
          "code" : {
            "format" : true
          }
        }
      }

You can again use `=` to control the merging:

- selectively block merging of features by using `=` in front of the key name, like:

      ...
        {
          "=open-curly" : ...,
          ...
        }
      ...

- override an imported job entirely by guarding the local job with `=` like:

      "jobs" : {
        "=build-script" : {...},
        ...
      }

## "run" Key

"run" jobs are jobs that bear the `run` keyword. Since these are kind of meta jobs and ment to invoke a sequence of other jobs, they have special semantics. When a `run` keyword is encountered in a job, for each sub-job in the "run" list a new job is generated (so called synthetic jobs, since they are not from the textual config files). For each of those new jobs, a job name is auto-generated using the initial job's name as a prefix. As for the contents, the initial job's definition is used as a template for the new job. The `extend` key is set to the name of the current sub-job (it is assumed that the initial job has been expanded before), so the settings of the sub-job will eventually be included, and the "run" key is removed. All other settings from the initial job remain unaffected. This means that all sub-jobs "inherit" the settings of the initial job (This is significant when sub-jobs evaluate the same key, and maybe do so in a different manner).

In the overall queue of jobs to be performed, the initial job is replaced by the list of new jobs just generated. This process is repeated until there are no more "run" jobs in the job queue, and none with unresolved "extend"s.

## "asset-let" Key

The `asset-let` key is basically a macro definition for `#asset` compiler hints, but with a special semantics. Keys defined in the "asset-let" map will be looked for in #asset hints in source files. Like with macros, references have to be in curly braces and prefixed with `$`. So a "asset-let" entry in the config might look like this:

    "asset-let" :
      {
        "qx.icontheme" : ["Tango", "Oxygen"],
        "mySizes" : ["16", "32"]
      }

and a corresponding #asset hint might use it as:

    #asset(qx/icon/${qx.icontheme}/${mySizes}/*)

The values of these macros are lists, and each reference will be expanded into all possible values with all possible combinations. So the above asset declaration would essentially be expanded into:

    #asset(qx/icon/Tango/16/*)
    #asset(qx/icon/Tango/32/*)
    #asset(qx/icon/Oxygen/16/*)
    #asset(qx/icon/Oxygen/32/*)

## "library" Key and Manifest Files

The library key of a configuration holds information about source locations that will be considered in a job (much like the CLASSPATH in Java). Each element specifies one such library. The term "library" is meant here in the broadest sense; everything that has a qooxdoo application structure with a Manifest.json file can be considered a library in this context. This includes applications like the Showcase or the Feedreader, add-ins like the Testrunner or the Apiviewer, contribs from the qooxdoo-contrib repository, or of course the qooxdoo framework library itself. The main purpose of any library entry in the configuration is to provide the path to the library's "Manifest" file.

### Manifest files

Manifest files serve to provide meta information for a library in a structured way. Their syntax is again JSON, and part of them is read by the generator, particularly the `provides` section. See here for more information about manifest files.

### Contrib libraries

Contributions can be included in a configuration like any other libraries: You add an appropriate entry in the `library` array of your configuration. Like other libraries, the contribution must provide a Manifest.json file with appropriate contents.

If the contribution resides on your local file system, there is actually no difference to any other library. Specify the relative path to its Manifest file and you're basically set. The really new part comes when the contribution resides online, in the qooxdoo-contrib repository. Then you use a special syntax to specify the location of the Manifest file. It is URL-like with a `contrib` scheme and will usually look like this:

    contrib://<ContributionName>/<Version>/<ManifestFile>

The contribution source tree will then be downloaded from the repository, the generator will adjust to the local path, and the contribution is then used just like a local library. A consideration that comes into play here is where the files are placed locally. The default location is a subdirectory from your cache path named `downloads`. You can modify this through the downloads attribute of the cache key in your config.

So, for example an entry for the "trunk" version of the "Dialog" contribution would look like this:

    {
      "manifest" : "contrib://Dialog/trunk/Manifest.json"
    }

You will rarely need to set the `uri` attribute of a library entry. This is only necessary if the relative path to the library (which is automatically calculated) does not represent a valid URL path when running the source version of the final app. (This can be the case if your try to run the source version from a web server that requires you to set up different document roots). It is not relevant for the build version of your app, as here all resources from the various libraries are collected under a common directory. For more on URI handling, see the next section.

#### "contrib://" URIs and Internet Access

As contrib libraries are downloaded from an online repository, you need Internet access to use them. Here are some tips on how to address offline usage and Internet proxies.

##### Avoiding Online Access

If you need to work with a contrib offline, it is best to download it to your hard disk, and then use it like any local qooxdoo library. Sourceforge offers the "ViewVC" online repository browser, so you can browse the contrib online, e.g.

    http://qooxdoo-contrib.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/qooxdoo-contrib/trunk/qooxdoo-contrib/Dialog/

Browse to the desired contrib version, like trunk, and hit the "Download GNU tarball" link. This will download an archive of this part of the repository tree. Unpack it to a local directory, and enter the relative path to it in the corresponding manifest config entry. Now you are using the contrib like a local library.

The only thing you are missing this way is the automatic online check for updates, where a newer version of the contrib would be detected and downloaded. You need to do this by hand, re-checking the repository when you can, and re-downloading a newer version if you find one.

##### Accessing Online from behind a Proxy

If you are sitting behind a proxy, here is what you can do. The generator uses the urllib module of Python to access web-based resources. This module honors proxies:

- It checks for a http_proxy environment variable in the shell running the generator. On Bash-like shells you can set it like this:

      http_proxy="http://www.someproxy.com:3128"; export http_proxy

- If there is no such shell setting on Windows, the registry is queried for the Internet Options.

- On MacOS, the Internet Config is queried in this case.

- See the module documentation for more details.

### URI handling

URIs are used in a qooxdoo application to refer from one part to other parts like resources. There are places within the generator configuration where you can specify uri parameters. What they mean and how this all connects is explained in this section.

#### Where URIs are used

The first important thing to note is:

Note

All URI handling within qooxdoo is related to libraries.

Within qooxdoo the library is a fundamental concept, and libraries in this sense contain all the things you are able to include in the final Web application, such as class files (.js), graphics (.gif, .png, ...), static HTML pages (.htm, .html), style sheets (.css), and translation files (.po).

But not all of the above resource types are actually referenced through URIs in the application. Among those that are you find in the source version:

- references to class files
- references to graphics
- references to static HTML
- references to style sheet files

The build version uses a different approach, since it strives to be a self-contained Web application that has no outgoing references. Therefore, all necessary resources are copied over to the build directory tree. Having said that, URIs are still used in the build version, yet these are only references confined to the build directory tree:

> - JS class code is put into the (probably various) output files of the generator run (what you typically find under the build/script path). The bootstrap file references the others with relative URIs.
> - Graphics and other resources are referenced with relative URIs from the compiled scripts. Those resources are typically found under the build/resource path.
> - Translation strings and CLDR information can be directly included in the generated files (where they need not be referenced through URIs), or be put in separate files (where they have to be referenced).

So, in summary, in the build version some references might be resolved by directly including the specific information, while the remaining references are usually confined to the build directory tree. That is why you can just pack it up and copy it to your web server for deployment. The source version is normally used directly off of the file system, and employs relative URIs to reference all necessary files. Only in cases where you e.g. need to include interaction with a backend you will want to run the source version from a web server environment. For those cases the following details will be especially interesting. Others might want to skip the remainder of this section for now.

Although the scope and relevance of URIs vary between source and build versions, the underlying mechanisms are the same in both cases, with the special twist that when creating the build version there is only a single "library" considered, the build tree itself, which suffices to get all the URIs out fine. These mechanisms are described next.

#### Construction of URIs through the Generator

So how does the generator create all of those URIs in the final application code? All those URIs are constructed through the following three components:

    to_libraryroot [1]  + library_internal_path [2] + resource_path [3]

So for example a graphics file in the qooxdoo framework might get referenced using the following components

- [1] "../../qooxdoo-1.6-sdk/framework/"
- [2] "source/resource/"
- [3] "qx/static/blank.gif"

to produce the final URI "../../qooxdoo-1.6-sdk/framework/source/resource/qx/static/ blank.gif".

These general parts have the following meaning:

- [1] : URI path to the library root (as will be valid when running the app in the browser). If you specify the uri parameter of the library's entry in your config, this is what gets used here.
- [2] : Path segment within the specific library. This is taken from the library's Manifest.json. The consumer of the library has no influence on it.
- [3] : Path segment leading to the specific resource. This is the path of the resource as found under the library's resource directory.

#### Library base URIs in the Source version

Part [1] is exactly what you specify with the uri subkey of an entry in the library key list. All source jobs of the generator using this library will be using this URI prefix to reference resources of that library. (This is usually fine, as long as you don't have different autonomous parts in your application using the same library from different directories; see also further down).

If you don't specifying the uri key with your libraries (which is usually the case), the generator will calculate a value for [1], using the following information:

    applicationroot_to_configdir [1.1] + configdir_to_libraryroot [1.2]

The parts have the following meaning:

- [1.1] : Path from the Web application's root to the configuration file's directory; this information is derived from the paths/app-root key of the compile-options config key.
- [1.2] : Path from the configuration file's directory to the root directory of the library (the one containing the Manifest.json file); this information is immediately available from the library's manifest key.

For the build version, dedicated keys uris/script and uris/resource are available (as there is virtually only one "library"). The values of both keys cover the scope of components [1] + [2] in the first figure.

Since [1.2] is always known (otherwise the whole library would not be found), only [1.1] has to be given in the config. The properties of this approach, compared to specifying just [1], are:

- The application root can be specified individually for each compile job. This means you could have more than one application root in your project, e.g. when your main application offers an iframe, into which another application from the same project is loaded; qooxdoo's Demobrowser application takes advantage of exactly this.
- Relative file system paths have to match with relative URIs in the running application. So this approach won't work if e.g the relative path from your config directory to the library makes no sense when the app is run from a web server.

From the above discussion, there is one important point to take away, in order to create working URIs in your application:

Note

The generator needs either the library's uri parameter ([1]) or the URI-relevant keys in the compile keys ([1.1]) in the config.

While either are optional in their respective contexts, it is mandatory to have at least one of them for the URI generation to work. Mind though, that qooxdoo provides sensible defaults for the URIs in compile keys.

#### Overriding the 'uri' settings of libraries

Libraries you specify in your own config (with the library key) are in your hand, and you can provide `uri` parameters as you see fit. If you want to tweak the uri setting of a library entry that is added by including another config file (e.g. the default application.json), you simply re-define the library entry of that particular library locally. The generator will realize that both entries refer to the same library, and your local settings will take precedence.

### Specifying a "library" key in your config.json

You can specify `library` keys in your own config in these ways:

- You either define a local job which either shaddows or "extends" an imported job, and provide this local job with a `library` key. Or,
- You define a local `"libraries"` job and provide it with a `library` key. This job will be used automatically by most of the standard jobs (source, build, etc.), and thus your listed libraries will be used in multiple jobs (not just one as above).

## "packages" Key

For a general introduction to parts and packages see this separate document. Following here is more information on the specifics of some sub-keys of the packages config key.

### parts/<part_name>/include

The way the part system is currently implemented has some caveats in the way parts/*/include keys and the general include key interact:

1. The general include key provides the "master list" of classes for the given application. This master list is extended with all their recursive dependencies. All classes given in a part's include, including all their dependencies, are checked against this list. If any of those classes is not in the master list, it will not be included in the final app.

   Therefore, you cannot include classes in parts that are not covered by the general include key. If you want to use e.g. qx.bom.* in a part, you have to add `"qx.bom.*"` to the general include list. Otherwise, only classes within qx.bom.* that actually derive from the general include key will be actually included, and the rest will be discarded. Motto:

   "The general include key is a filter for all classes in parts."

2. Any class that is in the master list that is never listed in one of the parts, either directly or as dependency, will not be included in the app. That means you have to actively make sure that all classes from the general include get - directly or indirectly - referenced in one of the parts, or they will not be in the final app. Motto:

   "The parts' include keys are a filter for all classes in the general include key."

   Or, to put both aspects in a single statement: The classes in the final app are exactly those in the intersection of the classes referenced through the general include key and all the classes referenced by the include keys of the parts. Currently, the application developer has to make sure that they match, ie. that the classes specified through the parts together sum up to the global class list!

   There is another caveat that concerns the relation between include's of different parts:

3. Any class that is listed in a part's include (file globs expanded) will not be included in another part. - But this also means that if two parts list the same class, it won't be included in either of them!

   This is e.g. the case in a sample application, where the boot part lists qx.bom.client.Engine and the core part lists qx.bom.* which also expands to qx.bom.client.Engine eventually. That's the reason why qx.bom.client.Engine would not be contained in either of those parts, and hence would not be contained in the final application at all.

### i18n-as-parts

Setting this sub-key to true will result in I18N information (translations, CLDR data, ...) being put in their own separate parts. The utility of this is:

- The code packages get smaller, which allows for faster application startup.
- Data is not loaded for all configured locales when a package is loaded (which is usually not necessary, as you are mostly interested in a single locale across all packages). Rather, you can handle I18N data more individually.

Here are the details:

- By default, I18N data, i.e. translations from the .po files and CLDR data, is integrated as Javascript data with the application packages (either as part of the first .js file of a package, or in its own .js file). This package-specific data will encompass the data for all configured locales needed in this package (Think: Data cumulated by package).
- Setting packages/i18n-as-parts: true removes this data from the packages. Rather, data for each individual locale (en, en_US, de, de_DE, ...) will be collated in a dedicated part, the part name being that of the respective language code (Think: Data cumulated by locale). As usual, each part is made up of packages. In the case of an I18N part, these are the corresponding data package plus fall-back packages for key lookup (e.g. ["C", "en", "en_US"] for the part en_US). Each package is a normal qooxdoo package with only the data section, and without the code section.

So far, so good. With the config key set to true, this is the point where the application developer has to take over. The application will not load the I18N parts by itself. You have to do it using the usual part loading API (e.g. `qx.io.PartLoader.require(["en_US"])`). You might want to do that early in the application run cycle, e.g. during application start-up and before the first translatable string or localizable data is to be displayed. After loading the part, the corresponding locale is ready to be used in the normal way in your application. The Feedreader application uses this technique to load a different I18N part when the language is changed in its Preferences dialog.

## "include" Key (top-level) - Adding Features

Within qooxdoo there are a couple of features that are not so much applications although they share a lot of the classical application structure. The APIViewer and TestRunner are good examples for those. (In the recent repository re-org, they have been filed under component correspondingly). They are applications but receive their actual meaning from other applications: An APIViewer in the form of class documentation it presents, the TestRunner in the form of providing an environment to other application's test classes. On their own, both applications are "empty", and the goal is it to use them in the context of another, self-contained application. The old build system supported make targets like 'api' and 'test' to that end.

While you can always include other applications' classes in your project (by adding an entry for them to the library key of your config), you wouldn't want to repeat all the necessary job entries to actually build this external app in your environment. So the issue here is not to re-use classes, but jobs.

### Re-using jobs

So, the general issue we want to solve is to import entire job definitions in our local configuration. The next step is then to make them work in the local environment (e.g. classes have to be compiled and resources be copied to local folders). This concepts is fairly general and scales from small jobs (where you just keep their definition centrally, in order to use them in multiple places) to really big jobs (like e.g. creating a customized build version of the Apiviewer in your local project).

Practically, there are two steps involved in using external jobs:

1. You have to include the external configuration file that contains the relevant job definitions. Do so will result in the external jobs being added to the list of jobs of your local configuration. E.g. you can use

       generator.py ?

   to get a list of all available jobs; the external jobs will be among this list.

2. There are now two way to utilize these jobs:

> - You can either invoke them directly from the command line, passing them as arguments to the generator.
> - Or you define local jobs that extend them.

In the former case the only way to influence the behaviour of the external job is through macros: The external job has to parameterize its workings with macro references, you have to know them and provide values for them that are suitable for your environment (A typical example would be output paths that you need to customize). Your values will take precendence over any values that might be defined in the external config. But this also means you will have to know the job, know the macros it uses, provide values for them (e.g. in the global let of your config), resolve conflicts if other jobs happen to use the same macros, and so forth.

In the latter case, you have more control over the settings of the external job that you are actually using. Here as well, you can provide macro definitions that parameterize the behaviour of the job you are extending. But you can also supply more job keys that will either shaddow the keys of the same name in the external job, or will be extended by them. In any case you will have more control over the effects of the external job.

Add-ins use exactly these mechanisms to provide their functionality to other applications (in the sense as 'make test' or 'make api' did it in the old system). Consequently, to support this in the new system, the add-in applications (or more precisely: their job configuration) have to expose certain keys and use certain macros that can both be overridden by the using application. The next sections describe these build interfaces for the various add-in apps. But first more practical detail about the outlined ...

### Add-In Protocol

In order to include an add-in feature in an existing app, you first have to `include` its job config. On the top-level of the config map, e.g. specify to include the Apiviewer config:

    "include" : [{"path": "../apiviewer/config.json"}]

The include key on this level takes an array of maps. Each map specifies one configuration file to include. The only mandator key therein is the file path to the external config file (see here for all the gory details). A config can only include what the external config is willing to export. Among those jobs the importing config can select (through the `import` key) or reject (through the `block` key) certain jobs. The resulting list of external job definitions will be added to the local jobs map.

If you want to fine-tune the behaviour of such an imported job, you define a local job that extends it. Imported jobs are referenced like any job in the current config, either by their plain name (the default), or, if you specify the `as` key in the include, by a composite name `<as_value>::<original_name>`. Suppose you used an `"as" : "apiconf"` in your include, and you wanted to extend the Apiviewer's `build-script` job, this could look like this:

    "myapi-script" :
    {
      "extend" : ["apiconf::build-script"]
      ...
    }

As a third step, the local job will usually have to provide additional information for the external job to succeed. Which exactly these are depends on the add-in (and should eventually be documented there). See the section specific to the APIViewer for a concrete example.

### API Viewer

For brevity, let's jump right in into a config fragment that has all necessary ingredients. These are explained in more detail afterwards.

    {
      "include" : [{"as" : "apiconf", "path" : "../apiviewer/config.json"}],
      "jobs" : {
        "myapi" : {
            "extend" : ["apiconf::build"],
            "let" : {
                "ROOT"  :  "../apiviewer",
                "BUILD_PATH" : "./api",
                "API_INCLUDE" : ["qx.*", "myapp.*"],
                "API_EXCLUDE" : ["myapp.tests.*"]
                },
            "library" : { ... },
            "environment" : {
                "myapp.resourceUri" : "./resource"
                }
            }
        }
    }

The `myapi` job extends the `build` job of APIViewer's job config. This "build" job is itself a run job, i.e. it will be expanded in so many individual jobs as its `run` key lists. All those jobs will get the "myapi" job as a context into which they are expanded, so all other settings in "myapi" will be effective in those jobs.

In the `let` key, the ROOT, BUILD_PATH, API_INCLUDE and API_EXCLUDE macros of the APIViewer config are overridden. This ensures the APIViewer classes are found, can be processed, and the resulting script is put into a local directory. Furthermore, the right classes are included in the documentation data.

The `library` key has to at least add the entry for the current application, since this is relevant for the generation of the api documentation for the local classes.

So in short, the `ROOT`, `BUILD_PATH`, `API_INCLUDE` and `API_EXCLUDE` macros define the interface between the apiviewer's "run" job and the local config.

## "optimize" Key

The optimize key is a subkey of the compile-options key. It allows you to tailor the forms of code optimization that is applied to the Javascript code when the build version is created. The best way to set this key is by setting the OPTIMIZE macro in your config's global let section. The individual optimization categories are described in their own manual section.

## "environment" Key

### Variant-specific Builds

The environment configuration key allows you to create different variants from the same code base. Variants enable the selection and removal of code from the build version. A variant is a concrete build of your application with a specific set of environment values "wired in". Code not covered by this set of values is removed, so the resulting script code is leaner. We call this code variant-optimized. But as a consequence, such a variant usually cannot handle situations where other values of the same environment keys are needed. The generated code is variant-specific. The generator can create multiple variants in one go. Variants can be used to implement feature-based builds, or to remove debugging code from the build version. It is comparable to conditional compilation in C/C++.

For any generation process of a build version of an app, there is a certain set of environment settings in effect. If variant optimization is turned on, code is variant-optimized by looking at certain calls to qx.core.Environment that reference an environment key that has an existing setting. See the optimization section for details about that.

### How to Create Multiple Variants in One Go

The above section mentions the optimization for a single build output, where for each environment key there is exactly one value. (This is also how the qooxdoo run time sees the environment). The generator configuration has an additional feature attached to environment settings. If you specify more than one value for an environment key (in a list), the generator will automatically generate multiple output files. Each of the builds will be created with one of the values from the list in effect. Here is an example for such a configuration:

    "environment" : {
      "foo" : [13, 26],
      "bar" : "hugo",
      "baz" : true
    }

The envrionment set for producing the first build output would be `{foo:13, bar:"hugo", baz:true}`, the set for the second `{foo:26, bar:"hugo", baz:true}`.

For configurations with multiple keys with lists as values, the process is repeated for any possible combination of values. E.g.

    "environment" : {
      "foo" : [13, 26],
      "bar" : ["a", "b"],
      "baz" : true
    }

would result in 4 runs with the following environment sets in effect:

1. `{foo:13, bar:"a", baz:true}`
2. `{foo:13, bar:"b", baz:true}`
3. `{foo:26, bar:"a", baz:true}`
4. `{foo:26, bar:"b", baz:true}`

### Caveat

The special caveat when creating multiple build files in one go is that you need to adapt to this in the configuration of the output file name. If you have just a single output file name, every generated build script will be saved over the previous! I.e. the generator might produce multiple output files, but they are all stored under the same name, so what you get eventually is just the last of those output file.

The cure is to hint to the generator to create different output files during processing. This is done by using a simple macro that reflects the current value of an environment key in the output file name.

    "build-script" :
    {
      "environment" : {
        "myapp.foo" : ["bar", "baz"]
      },
      "compile-options" : {
        "paths": {
          "file" : "build/script/myapp_{myapp.foo}.js"
        }
      }
    }

This will two output files in the build/script path, `myapp_bar.js` and `myapp_baz.js`.

### Browser-specific Builds

By predefining select environment keys, builds can be tailored towards specific clients. See the Feature Configuration Editor article for instructions.