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Qore::Socket Class Reference

The Socket class allows Qore programs safe access to network sockets. More...

## Public Member Functions

Socket | accept ()
| Accepts connections on a listening socket.
*Socket | accept (timeout timeout_ms)
| Accepts connections on a listening socket (see Socket::listen()) accepting a timeout value with a millisecond resolution.
Socket | acceptSSL ()
| Accepts connections on a listening socket and attempts to negotiate a TLS/SSL connection.
*Socket | acceptSSL (timeout timeout_ms)
| Accepts connections on a listening socket and attempts to negotiate a TLS/SSL connection accepting a timeout value with a millisecond resolution.
int | bind (string str, softbool reuseaddr=False)
| Opens and binds the socket to a port, interface and port (if the $bind_to string has a format "host:port"), or UNIX domain socket file.
int | bind (int port, softbool reuseaddr=False)
| Opens and binds the socket to an INET port on all interfaces.
nothing | bindINET (*string iface, *softstring service, softbool reuseaddr=False, softint family=AF_UNSPEC, softint socktype=SOCK_STREAM, softint protocol=0)
| Opens and binds the socket to the given IPv4 or IPv6 interface (or if no interface is given, then to all interfaces on the local system) and port (the port number will be derived from the service name if a numeric port number is not given)
nothing | bindUNIX (string path, softint socktype=SOCK_STREAM, softint protocol=0)
| Opens and binds the socket to the given UNIX domain socket file as given by the filename argument. If any errors occur, an exception is thrown.
int | close ()
| Closes an open socket.
nothing | connect (string target, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Connects to a remote port (if the string has a format "host:port") or UNIX domain socket file with an optional timeout value with a millisecond resolution.
nothing | connectINET (string host, softstring service, timeout timeout_ms=-1, softint family=AF_UNSPEC, softint socktype=SOCK_STREAM, softint protocol=0)
| Connects to the given host and port with an optional timeout value with a millisecond resolution.
nothing | connectINETSSL (string host, softstring service, timeout timeout_ms=-1, softint family=AF_UNSPEC, softint socktype=SOCK_STREAM, softint protocol=0)
| Connects to the given host and port and attempts to establish a TLS/SSL connection; accepts an optional timeout value with a millisecond resolution.
nothing | connectSSL (string target, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Connects to a remote socket and attempts to establish a TLS/SSL connection; accepts an optional timeout value with a millisecond resolution.
nothing | connectUNIX (string path, softint socktype=SOCK_STREAM, softint protocol=0)
| Connects to a UNIX domain socket file.
nothing | connectUNIXSSL (string path, softint socktype=SOCK_STREAM, softint protocol=0)
| Connects to the given UNIX domain socket file and attempts to establish a TLS/SSL connection.
| constructor ()
| Creates the socket object.
| copy ()
| Creates a new Socket object, not based on the source being copied.
string | getCharset ()
| Returns the character encoding for the socket.
string | getEncoding ()
| Returns the character encoding for the socket.
bool | getNoDelay ()
| Returns the `TCP_NODELAY` setting for the socket.
hash | getPeerInfo ()
| Returns a hash of information about the remote end for connected sockets.
int | getPort ()
| Returns the port number of the socket for INET sockets.
int | getRecvTimeout ()
| Returns the receive timeout socket option value as an integer in milliseconds.
*string | getSSLCipherName ()
| Returns the name of the cipher for an encrypted connection or NOTHING if a secure connection has not been established.
*string | getSSLCipherVersion ()
| Returns the version string of the cipher for an encrypted connection or NOTHING if a secure connection has not been established.
int | getSendTimeout ()
| Returns the send timeout socket option value as an integer in milliseconds.
int | getSocket ()
| Returns the socket file descriptor number.
hash | getSocketInfo ()
| Returns information about the local socket as a hash.
bool | isDataAvailable (timeout timeout_ms=0)
| Returns True or False depending on whether there is data to be read on the socket.
bool | isOpen ()
| Returns True if the socket is open.
bool | isSecure ()
| Returns True if the connection is a secure TLS/SSL connection.
bool | isWriteFinished (timeout timeout_ms=0)
| Returns True or False depending on whether all the data has been written to the socket.
int | listen ()
| Listens for connections on a bound socket; sets the socket in a listening state.
hash | readHTTPChunkedBody (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Reads in an HTTP message body sent in chunked transfer encoding and returns it with any footers received as a string in the `"body"` key of a hash (including footers received)
hash | readHTTPChunkedBodyBinary (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Reads in an HTTP message body sent in chunked transfer encoding and returns it with any footers received as a binary object in the `"body"` key of a hash (including footers received)
hash | readHTTPHeader (timeout timeout_ms=-1, *reference info)
| Retuns a hash representing the data in the HTTP header read, or, if the data cannot be parsed as an HTTP header, the data read is returned as a string.
string | recv (softint size=0, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives data from the socket and returns a string tagged with the Socket's character encoding.
binary | recvBinary (softint size=0, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives data from the socket and returns a binary object.
int | recvi1 (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives a 1-byte signed integer from the socket.
int | recvi2 (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives a 2-byte (16-bit) signed integer in big-endian format (network byte order) from the socket.
int | recvi2LSB (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives a 2-byte (16-bit) signed integer in little-endian format from the socket.
int | recvi4 (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives a 4-byte (32-bit) signed integer in big-endian format (network byte order) from the socket.
int | recvi4LSB (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives a 4-byte (32-bit) signed integer in little-endian format from the socket.
int | recvi8 (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives an 8-byte (64-bit) signed integer in big-endian format (network byte order) from the socket.
int | recvi8LSB (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives an 8-byte (64-bit) signed integer in little-endian format from the socket.
int | recvu1 (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives a 1-byte unsigned integer from the socket.
int | recvu2 (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives a 2-byte (16-bit) unsigned integer in big-endian format (network byte order) from the socket.
int | recvu2LSB (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives a 2-byte (16-bit) unsigned integer in little-endian format from the socket.
int | recvu4 (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives a 4-byte (32-bit) unsigned integer in big-endian format (network byte order) from the socket.
int | recvu4LSB (timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Receives a 4-byte (32-bit) unsigned integer in little-endian format from the socket.
int | send (binary bin, int timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends binary data over the socket; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.
int | send (string str, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends string data over the socket; string data is converted to the socket's encoding if necessary; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.
nothing | send2 (binary bin, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends binary data over the socket; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.
nothing | send2 (string str, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends string data over the socket; string data is converted to the socket's encoding if necessary; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.
int | sendBinary (string str, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends string data over the socket without converting the string to the socket's encoding, but instead is sent exactly as-is; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.
int | sendBinary (binary bin, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends binary data over the socket; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.
nothing | sendBinary2 (string str, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends string data over the socket without converting the string to the socket's encoding, but instead is sent exactly as-is; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.
nothing | sendBinary2 (binary bin, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends binary data over the socket; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.
nothing | sendHTTPMessage (string method, string path, string http_version, hash headers, *string body, *reference info, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends an HTTP message with a method and user-defined headers given as a hash and an optional message body.
nothing | sendHTTPMessage (string method, string path, string http_version, hash headers, binary body, *reference info, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends an HTTP message with a method and user-defined headers given as a hash and an optional message body.
nothing | sendHTTPResponse (softint status_code, string status_desc, string http_version, hash headers, *string body, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends an HTTP response with user-defined headers given as a hash and an optional message body.
nothing | sendHTTPResponse (softint status_code, string status_desc, string http_version, hash headers, binary body, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends an HTTP response with user-defined headers given as a hash and a message body as literal binary data.
int | sendi1 (softint i=0, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends a 1-byte integer over the socket.
int | sendi2 (softint i=0, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends a 2-byte (16-bit) integer in big-endian format (network byte order) over the socket.
int | sendi2LSB (softint i=0, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends a 2-byte (16-bit) integer in little-endian format over the socket.
int | sendi4 (softint i=0, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends a 4-byte (32-bit) integer in big-endian format (network byte order) over the socket.
int | sendi4LSB (softint i=0, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends a 4-byte (32-bit) integer in little-endian format over the socket.
int | sendi8 (softint i=0, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends an 8-byte (64-bit) integer in big-endian format (network byte order) over the socket.
int | sendi8LSB (softint i=0, timeout timeout_ms=-1)
| Sends an 8-byte (64-bit) integer in little-endian format over the socket.
nothing | setCertificate (SSLCertificate cert)
| Sets the X.509 certificate to use for negotiating encrypted connections.
nothing | setCertificate (string cert_pem)
| Sets the X.509 certificate to use for negotiating encrypted connections from the PEM-encoded string representing the X.509 certificate.
nothing | setCertificate (binary cert_der)
| Sets the X.509 certificate to use for negotiating encrypted connections from the DER-encoded binary object representing the X.509 certificate.
nothing | setCharset (string encoding)
| Sets the character encoding for the socket.
nothing | setEncoding (string encoding)
| Sets the character encoding for the socket.
nothing | setEventQueue ()
| Removes any Queue object from the Socket object so that socket events are no longer added to the Queue.
nothing | setEventQueue (Queue queue)
| Sets a Queue object to receive socket events.
int | setNoDelay (bool nd=True)
| Sets the boolean `TCP_NODELAY` setting for the socket.
nothing | setPrivateKey (SSLPrivateKey key)
| Sets the private key to use for negotiating encrypted connections along with the X.509 certificate.
nothing | setPrivateKey (string key_pem, *string pass)
| Sets the private key to use for negotiating encrypted connections along with the X.509 certificate from a PEM-encoded string representing the private key and an optional password.
nothing | setPrivateKey (binary key_der)
| Sets the private key to use for negotiating encrypted connections along with the X.509 certificate from a DER-encoded binary object representing the private key.
int | setRecvTimeout (timeout timeout_ms)
| sets the receive timeout as a socket option
int | setSendTimeout (timeout timeout_ms)
| sets the send timeout as a socket option
int | shutdown ()
| Ensures that a socket will be closed even if the file descriptor is shared with other processes (for example, after a call to fork())
nothing | shutdownSSL ()
| Shuts down the SSL connection on a secure connection.
nothing | upgradeClientToSSL ()
| Upgrades a client socket connection to a TLS/SSL connection.
nothing | upgradeServerToSSL ()
| Upgrades a server socket connection to a TLS/SSL connection.
*string | verifyPeerCertificate ()
| Returns a string code giving the result of verifying the remote certificate or NOTHING if an encrypted connection is not currently established.

## Detailed Description

The Socket class allows Qore programs safe access to network sockets.

Restrictions:
  Qore::PO_NO_NETWORK

Note
  This class is not available with the PO_NO_NETWORK parse option.

Non-blocking socket I/O can be performed by appending a timeout value in milliseconds all Socket methods performing I/O operations, or by using the Socket::isDataAvailable() method with a timeout value in milliseconds (1000 ms = 1 second). Note that as with all Qore functions and methods accepting a timeout value, relative date/time values can be given instead of integers to make the source more readable, for example:

my bool $rc = $socket.isDataAvailable(1250ms); # times out in 1.25 seconds

Socket objects can automatically convert character encodings if desired when sending string data with Socket::send(). Use the Socket::setEncoding() method to set the character encoding for the socket. If a character encoding is set, and string data is read with the Socket::recv() method, then it will be tagged with the encoding of the socket as well.

Client applications should call Socket::connect() to connect to a remote port or a UNIX domain socket (socket file on the local server). However, if the remote end is expecting a TLS/SSL connection, use Socket::connectSSL() instead.

Server applications should call Socket::bind(), Socket::listen(), and Socket::accept() in this order to accept incoming connections. Normally a new thread should be started after the Socket::accept() call to handle the new connection in a separate thread (Socket::accept() returns a new Socket object for the accepted connection).

To support TLS/SSL server connections, first set the certificate and private key with the Socket::setCertificate() and Socket::setPrivateKey() methods (see the SSLCertificate Class and the SSLPrivateKey Class for more information on the parameters required for these methods). Then Socket::acceptSSL() should be called after the socket is in a listening state to accept client connections and negotiate a TLS/SSL connection.

This class supports posting events to a Queue. See I/O Event Handling for more information.

The events raised by this object are listed in the following table:

Socket Events

Name | Description
EVENT_PACKET_READ | Raised when a network packet is received.
EVENT_PACKET_SENT | Raised when a network packet is sent.
EVENT_CHANNEL_CLOSED | Raised when a socket is closed.
EVENT_DELETED | Raised when the object being monitored is deleted.
EVENT_HOSTNAME_LOOKUP | Raised when a hostname lookup is attempted.
EVENT_HOSTNAME_RESOLVED | Raised when a hostname lookup is resolved.
EVENT_HTTP_SEND_MESSAGE | Raised when an HTTP message is sent.
EVENT_HTTP_MESSAGE_RECEIVED | Raised when an HTTP message is received.
EVENT_CONNECTING | Raised right before a socket connection attempt is made.
EVENT_CONNECTED | Raised when the socket connection has been established.
EVENT_START_SSL | Raised when socket SSL negotiation starts.
EVENT_SSL_ESTABLISHED | Raised when SSL communication has been negotiated and established.

Socket Information Hash

Key | Description
`hostname` | The interface name if available (ex: `"localhost"`; note that this key is not present when retrieving information about UNIX sockets)
`hostname_desc` | A descriptive string giving the hostname and the address family if the hostname is available (ex: `"ipv6[localhost]"`; note that this key is not present when retrieving information about UNIX sockets)
`address` | A string giving the address (ex: `"::ffff:0.0.0.0"`)
`address_desc` | A descriptive string giving the address and the address family (ex: `"ipv6[::ffff:0.0.0.0]"`)
`port` | An integer port number if available (note that this key is not present when retrieving information about UNIX sockets)
`family` | The network address family (see Network Address Family Constants)
`familystr` | A string describing the network address family (ex: `"ipv4"`)

## Member Function Documentation

Socket Qore::Socket::accept | ( |  | ) |

Accepts connections on a listening socket.

Accepts connections on a listening socket; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

The new Socket object returned will have the same character encoding as the current object. Once a new connection has been accepted, call Socket::getPeerInfo() to get information about the remote socket.

Example:
  my Socket $new_socket = $sock.accept();

Returns
  a new Socket object is returned for the new connection

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not bound
  SOCKET-ACCEPT-ERROR | Error in accepting connection

See Also
  Socket::acceptSSL(), Socket::listen(), Socket::getPeerInfo()

*Socket Qore::Socket::accept | ( | timeout | timeout_ms | ) |

Accepts connections on a listening socket (see Socket::listen()) accepting a timeout value with a millisecond resolution.

If any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

The new Socket object returned will have the same character encoding as the current object. Once a new connection has been accepted, call Socket::getPeerInfo() to get information about the remote socket.

Example:
  my *Socket $new_socket = $sock.accept(30s);

Parameters

  timeout_ms | If a timeout value is passed and the connection takes longer to establish than the timeout, then NOTHING is returned.Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  If no connection is accepted within the timeout period, then NOTHING is returned, otherwise a Socket object for the new connection is returned.

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not bound
  SOCKET-ACCEPT-ERROR | Error in accepting connection

See Also
  Socket::acceptSSL(), Socket::listen(), Socket::getPeerInfo()

Socket Qore::Socket::acceptSSL | ( |  | ) |

Accepts connections on a listening socket and attempts to negotiate a TLS/SSL connection.

Accepts connections on a listening socket and attempts to negotiate a TLS/SSL connection; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

The new Socket object returned will have the same character encoding as the current object. Once a new connection has been accepted, call Socket::getPeerInfo() to get information about the remote socket.

Example:
  my Socket $new_socket = $sock.acceptSSL();

Returns
  When a new connection is accepted and a TLS/SSL session has been successfully negotiated, a new Socket object is returned for the new connectio

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not bound
  SOCKET-ACCEPT-ERROR | Error in accepting connection

See Also
  Socket::accept(), Socket::listen(), Socket::getPeerInfo()

*Socket Qore::Socket::acceptSSL | ( | timeout | timeout_ms | ) |

Accepts connections on a listening socket and attempts to negotiate a TLS/SSL connection accepting a timeout value with a millisecond resolution.

If any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

The new Socket object returned will have the same character encoding as the current object. Once a new connection has been accepted, call Socket::getPeerInfo() to get information about the remote socket.

Example:
  my *Socket $new_socket = $sock.acceptSSL(30s);

Parameters

  timeout_ms | If a timeout value is passed and the connection takes longer to establish than the timeout, then NOTHING is returned. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  If no connection is accepted within the timeout period, then NOTHING is returned, otherwise a Socket object for the new connection is returned.

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not bound
  SOCKET-ACCEPT-ERROR | Error in accepting connection

See Also
  Socket::acceptSSL(), Socket::listen(), Socket::getPeerInfo()

int Qore::Socket::bind | ( | string | str,
|  | softbool | reuseaddr = `False`
| ) |  |

Opens and binds the socket to a port, interface and port (if the $bind_to string has a format "host:port"), or UNIX domain socket file.

If the second parameter is True, then the socket will set the `SO_REUSEADDR` option, which will allow the socket to be bound to a port that is not yet closed (for example, in a `TIME_WAIT` state).

If any errors occur a non-zero error code is returned.

This method tries to automatically pick the appropriate address family from the arguments; note that a hostname or address in square brackets (ex: `"[localhost]"`) will be looked up and bound as an IPv6 address; additionally, the method recognizes ipv6 addresses by embedded colons (:) in the address string and binds them as such.

Internally, the getaddrinfo() function is used to look up bind addresses; internal `bind()` operations are tried in sequence for each address returned; as soon as a bind operation is successful, the method returns. If none of the addresses can be bound, then an error code is returned.

Parameters

  str

  If a colon appears in the string, the string will be assumed to be a `"bind_address:port"` specification, and the port on the named IP address will be bound, otherwise, if the string contains no colon, the socket will be bound to a UNIX domain socket file on the local filesystem with the given name. Note that a hostname or address in square brackets (ex: `"[localhost]"`) will be looked up and bound as an IPv6 address; additionally, the method recognizes ipv6 addresses by embedded colons (:) in the address string (if surrounded by square brackets) and binds them as such.

  reuseaddr | If this optional argument evaluates to True, the `SO_REUSEADDR` option will be set on the socket, which will allow the socket to be bound to a port that is not yet closed (for example, in a `TIME_WAIT` state); note that this only applies to IPv4 (AF_INET) and IPv6 (AF_INET6) sockets; this option is ignored for UNIX (AF_UNIX) sockets.

See Also
  Socket::bindINET() and Socket::bindUNIX()

Note
  UNIX domain sockets are not available on native Windows ports

int Qore::Socket::bind | ( | int | port,
|  | softbool | reuseaddr = `False`
| ) |  |

Opens and binds the socket to an INET port on all interfaces.

If the second parameter is True, then the socket will set the `SO_REUSEADDR` option, which will allow the socket to be bound to a port that is not yet closed (for example, in a `TIME_WAIT` state).

If any errors occur a non-zero error code is returned.

Example:
  # bind to port 80 on all interfaces on the local system and reuse the address, check return code
  if ($sock.bind(80, True))
  throw "BIND-ERROR", strerror(errno());

Parameters

  port | A port number to bind to on all interfaces
  reuseaddr | If this optional argument evaluates to True, the `SO_REUSEADDR` option will be set on the socket, which will allow the socket to be bound to a port that is not yet closed (for example, in a `TIME_WAIT` state)

See Also
  Socket::bindINET() and Socket::bindUNIX()

nothing Qore::Socket::bindINET | ( | *string | iface,
|  | *softstring | service,
|  | softbool | reuseaddr = `False`,
|  | softint | family = `AF_UNSPEC`,
|  | softint | socktype = `SOCK_STREAM`,
|  | softint | protocol = `0`
| ) |  |

Opens and binds the socket to the given IPv4 or IPv6 interface (or if no interface is given, then to all interfaces on the local system) and port (the port number will be derived from the service name if a numeric port number is not given)

Opens and binds the socket to a port, interface and port (if the interface string has a format `"host:port"`), or UNIX domain socket file (if no port or service name appears in the bind string). If the second parameter is True, then the socket will set the `SO_REUSEADDR` option, which will allow the socket to be bound to a port that is not yet closed (for example, in a `TIME_WAIT` state).

Internally, the getaddrinfo() function is used to look up bind addresses; internal bind() operations are tried in sequence for each address returned; as soon as a bind operation is successful, the method returns. If none of the addresses can be bound, then an error code is returned.

If any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Examples:
  # bind to port 80 on all interfaces on the local system and reuse the address
  $sock.bindINET(NOTHING, 80, True);
  # bind to interface 192.168.2.23 port 8080 and do not reuse the address
  $sock.bindINET("192.168.2.23", 8080);
  # bind to localhost port 8080 with ipv6 and do not reuse the address
  $sock.bindINET("localhost", 8080, False, AF_INET6);
  # bind to ipv6 host address fe80::21c:42ff:fe00:8, port 1001, reuse the address
  $sock.bindINET("fe80::21c:42ff:fe00:8", 1001, True);

Parameters

  iface | the host name or IP address to bind to
  service | the service name (ex: "http" or port number (given as or converted to a string) to bind to
  reuseaddr | if this optional argument evaluates to True, the `SO_REUSEADDR` option will be set on the socket, which will allow the socket to be bound to a port that is not yet closed (for example, in a `TIME_WAIT` state)
  family | the address family to use to bind; see Network Address Family Constants; `AF_UNSPEC` means to try all possible addres families
  socktype | the type of socket; see Socket Type Constants; typically SOCK_STREAM for TCP sockets
  protocol | the protocol number for the socket; use 0 for the default protocol

Exceptions

  SOCKET-BIND-ERROR | Both hostname and service name are empty or not set; error opening socket for bind; error binding on socket.
  QOREADDRINFO-GETINFO-ERROR | error looking up either nodename or servicename (or not known)

See Also
  Socket::bind() and Socket::bindUNIX()

nothing Qore::Socket::bindUNIX | ( | string | path,
|  | softint | socktype = `SOCK_STREAM`,
|  | softint | protocol = `0`
| ) |  |

Opens and binds the socket to the given UNIX domain socket file as given by the filename argument. If any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Opens and binds the socket to the given UNIX domain socket file as given by the filename argument. Note that the socket file is automatically deleted in the destructor when a UNIX socket is closed. If any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Example:
  # bind to UNIX domain socket file "/tmp/socket"
  $sock.bindUNIX("/tmp/socket");

Parameters

  path | The path of the UNIX domain socket to create and bind to
  socktype | the type of socket; see Socket Type Constants; typically SOCK_STREAM for TCP sockets
  protocol | the protocol number for the socket; use 0 for the default protocol

Exceptions

  SOCKET-BIND-ERROR | Error opening socket for bind; error binding on socket

See Also
  Socket::bind() and Socket::bindINET()

Note
  UNIX domain sockets are not available on native Windows ports

int Qore::Socket::close | ( |  | ) |

Closes an open socket.

Also deletes the UNIX domain socket file if it was created by a call to Socket::bind(). Returns 0 for success, -1 for error; in this case check errno() for the error number

Example:
  if ($sock.close())
  stderr.printf("Error closing socket: %s\n", strerror(errno()));

Events:
  EVENT_CHANNEL_CLOSED

Returns
  0 for success, -1 for error; in this case check errno() for the error number

nothing Qore::Socket::connect | ( | string | target,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Connects to a remote port (if the string has a format "host:port") or UNIX domain socket file with an optional timeout value with a millisecond resolution.

Connects the socket to a remote (or local) port or UNIX domain socket file, for network (ipv4 and ipv6) connections, accepts an optional timeout value in milliseconds (relative date/time values can be given instead of an integer in milliseconds to make the source more readable; ex: `20s`). If any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Examples:
  # connect to ipv4 adress 192.168.1.45 port 8080 with a 30 second timeout
  $sock.connect("192.168.1.45:8080", 30s);
  # connect to ipv6 adress 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 port 80 with a 10 second timeout
  $sock.connect("[2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]:80", 10s);
  # connect to localhost using ipv6 (::1) port 80 with a 10 second timeout
  $sock.connect("[localhost]:80", 15s);
  # connect to UNIX domain socket file "/tmp/socket"
  $sock.connect("/tmp/socket");

Events:
  EVENT_CONNECTING, EVENT_CONNECTED, EVENT_HOSTNAME_LOOKUP, EVENT_HOSTNAME_RESOLVED

Parameters

  target

  The target address interpreted with the following rules:
  - If a colon appears in the string, the string will be assumed to be a `"hostname:port"` specification to connect to; where `"port"` can also be a service name (ex: `"example.com:https"`)
  - If the string contains no colon, the socket will try to connect to a UNIX domain socket file on the local filesystem with the given name.
  - Enclose ipv6 addresses in square brackets (ex: `"[2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]:80"`, will connect to port 80 on the given ipv6 address); also if a hostname is enclosed in square brackets, it will be resolved as an ipv6 address (ex: `"[localhost]:80"` will connect to port `80` on ``::1, assuming `"localhost"` can be resolved to the ipv6 loopback address on the system).

  timeout_ms | If a timeout value is passed and the connection takes longer to establish than the timeout, a `"SOCKET-CONNECT-ERROR"` exception is thrown. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-CONNECT-ERROR | An error occured connecting to the remote socket (cannot resolve hostname, no listener, timeout exceeded, etc).

See Also
  Socket::connectUNIX(), Socket::connectUNIX(), Socket::connectSSL(), Socket::connectINETSSL(), and Socket::connectUNIXSSL()

nothing Qore::Socket::connectINET | ( | string | host,
|  | softstring | service,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`,
|  | softint | family = `AF_UNSPEC`,
|  | softint | socktype = `SOCK_STREAM`,
|  | softint | protocol = `0`
| ) |  |

Connects to the given host and port with an optional timeout value with a millisecond resolution.

Connects the socket to a remote (or local) port; accepts an optional timeout value in milliseconds (relative date/time values can be given instead of an integer in milliseconds to make the source more readable; ex: `20s`). If any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Do not use square brackets to designate ipv6 addresses with this method; just give the address in its normal form (ex: `"2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334"`).

Examples:
  # connect to ipv4 address 192.168.1.45 port 8080 with a 30 second timeout
  $sock.connectINET("192.168.1.45", 8080, 30s);
  # connect to ipv6 address 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 port 80 with a 20 second timeout
  $sock.connectINET("2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334", 80, 20s);

Events:
  EVENT_CONNECTING, EVENT_CONNECTED, EVENT_HOSTNAME_LOOKUP, EVENT_HOSTNAME_RESOLVED

Parameters

  host | The host name or IP address to connect to
  service | The service name (ex: `"http"` or port number (given as or converted to a string) to connect to
  timeout_ms | If a timeout value is passed and the connection takes longer to establish than the timeout, a `"SOCKET-CONNECT-ERROR"` exception is thrown. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)
  family | The address family to use to connect to the remote socket; see Network Address Family Constants
  socktype | The type of socket; see Socket Type Constants; typically SOCK_STREAM for TCP sockets
  protocol | The protocol number for the socket (if not sure leave this 0)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-CONNECT-ERROR | An error occured connecting to the remote socket (cannot resolve hostname, no listener, timeout exceeded, etc)

See Also
  Socket::connect(), Socket::connectUNIX(), Socket::connectSSL(), Socket::connectINETSSL(), and Socket::connectUNIXSSL()

nothing Qore::Socket::connectINETSSL | ( | string | host,
|  | softstring | service,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`,
|  | softint | family = `AF_UNSPEC`,
|  | softint | socktype = `SOCK_STREAM`,
|  | softint | protocol = `0`
| ) |  |

Connects to the given host and port and attempts to establish a TLS/SSL connection; accepts an optional timeout value with a millisecond resolution.

Connects the socket to a remote (or local) port and attempts to establish a TLS/SSL connection; accepts an optional timeout value in milliseconds (relative date/time values can be given instead of an integer in milliseconds to make the source more readable; ex: `20s`). If any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Do not use square brackets to designate ipv6 addresses with this method; just give the address in its normal form (ex: `"2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334"`).

Examples:
  # connect to 192.168.1.45 port 8080 with a 30 second timeout
  $sock.connectINETSSL("192.168.1.45", 8080, 30s);
  # connect to ipv6 address 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 port 80 with a 20 second timeout
  $sock.connectINETSSL("2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334", 80, 20s);

Events:
  EVENT_CONNECTING, EVENT_CONNECTED, EVENT_HOSTNAME_LOOKUP, EVENT_HOSTNAME_RESOLVED, EVENT_START_SSL, EVENT_SSL_ESTABLISHED

Parameters

  host | The host name or IP address to connect to
  service | The service name (ex: `"http"` or port number (given as or converted to a string) to connect to
  timeout_ms | If a timeout value is passed and the connection takes longer to establish than the timeout, a `"SOCKET-CONNECT-ERROR"` exception is thrown. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)
  family | The address family to use to connect to the remote socket; see Network Address Family Constants
  socktype | The type of socket; see Socket Type Constants; typically SOCK_STREAM for TCP sockets
  protocol | The protocol number for the socket (if not sure leave this 0)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-CONNECT-ERROR | An error occured connecting to the remote socket (cannot resolve hostname, no listener, timeout exceeded, etc)
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | An error occurred establishing the TLS/SSL connection

See Also
  Socket::connect(), Socket::connectUNIX(), Socket::connectSSL(), Socket::connectINET(), and Socket::connectUNIXSSL()

nothing Qore::Socket::connectSSL | ( | string | target,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Connects to a remote socket and attempts to establish a TLS/SSL connection; accepts an optional timeout value with a millisecond resolution.

Connects to a remote socket and attempts to establish a TLS/SSL connection, for network (INET) connections, accepts an optional timeout value in milliseconds (relative date/time values can be given instead of an integer in milliseconds to make the source more readable; ex: `20s`). If any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Enclose ipv6 addresses in square brackets (ex: `"[2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]:80"`, will connect to port 80 on the given ipv6 address); also if a hostname is enclosed in square brackets, it will be resolved as an ipv6 adress (ex: `"[localhost]:80"` will connect to port `80` on ``::1, assuming `"localhost"` can be resolved to the ipv6 loopback address on the system).

Examples:
  # connect to ipv4 adress 192.168.1.45 port 8080 with a 30 second timeout
  $sock.connectSSL("192.168.1.45:8080", 30s);
  # connect to ipv6 adress 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 port 80 with a 10 second timeout
  $sock.connectSSL("[2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]:80", 10s);
  # connect to localhost using ipv6 (::1) port 80 with a 10 second timeout
  $sock.connectSSL("[localhost]:80", 15s);
  # connect to UNIX domain socket file "/tmp/socket"
  $sock.connectSSL("/tmp/socket");

Events:
  EVENT_CONNECTING, EVENT_CONNECTED, EVENT_HOSTNAME_LOOKUP, EVENT_HOSTNAME_RESOLVED, EVENT_START_SSL, EVENT_SSL_ESTABLISHED

Parameters

  target

  The target address interpreted with the following rules:
  - If a colon appears in the string, the string will be assumed to be a `"hostname:port"` specification to connect to; where `"port"` can also be a service name (ex: `"example.com:https"`)
  - If the string contains no colon, the socket will try to connect to a UNIX domain socket file on the local filesystem with the given name.
  - Enclose ipv6 addresses in square brackets (ex: `"[2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]:80"`, will connect to port 80 on the given ipv6 address); also if a hostname is enclosed in square brackets, it will be resolved as an ipv6 address (ex: `"[localhost]:80"` will connect to port `80` on ``::1, assuming `"localhost"` can be resolved to the ipv6 loopback address on the system).

  timeout_ms | if a timeout value is passed and the connection takes longer to establish than the timeout, an exception is thrown. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-CONNECT-ERROR | An error occured connecting to the remote socket (cannot resolve hostname, no listener, timeout exceeded, etc)
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | An error occurred establishing the TLS/SSL connection

See Also
  Socket::connect(), Socket::connectUNIX(), Socket::connectUNIXSSL(), Socket::connectINETSSL(), and Socket::connectINET()

nothing Qore::Socket::connectUNIX | ( | string | path,
|  | softint | socktype = `SOCK_STREAM`,
|  | softint | protocol = `0`
| ) |  |

Connects to a UNIX domain socket file.

Connects the socket to the given UNIX domain socket file; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown

Example:
  # connect to UNIX domain socket file "/tmp/socket"
  $sock.connectUNIX("/tmp/socket");

Events:
  EVENT_CONNECTING, EVENT_CONNECTED

Parameters

  path | The socket will try to connect to a UNIX domain socket file on the local filesystem with the given name
  socktype | The type of socket; see Socket Type Constants; typically SOCK_STREAM for TCP sockets
  protocol | The protocol number for the socket (if not sure leave this 0)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-CONNECT-ERROR | An error occured connecting to the socket

See Also
  Socket::connect(), Socket::connectINET(), Socket::connectSSL(), Socket::connectINETSSL(), and Socket::connectUNIXSSL()

Note
  UNIX domain sockets are not available on native Windows ports

nothing Qore::Socket::connectUNIXSSL | ( | string | path,
|  | softint | socktype = `SOCK_STREAM`,
|  | softint | protocol = `0`
| ) |  |

Connects to the given UNIX domain socket file and attempts to establish a TLS/SSL connection.

Connects the socket to a UNIX domain socket file and attempts to establish a TLS/SSL connection. If any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Example:
  # connect to UNIX domain socket file "/tmp/socket"
  $sock.connectUNIXSSL("/tmp/socket");

Events:
  EVENT_CONNECTING, EVENT_CONNECTED, EVENT_START_SSL, EVENT_SSL_ESTABLISHED

Parameters

  path | The socket will try to connect to a UNIX domain socket file on the local filesystem with the given name
  socktype | The type of socket; see Socket Type Constants; typically SOCK_STREAM for TCP sockets
  protocol | The protocol number for the socket (if not sure leave this 0)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-CONNECT-ERROR | An error occured connecting to the socket
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | An error occurred establishing the TLS/SSL connection

See Also
  Socket::connect(), Socket::connectUNIX(), Socket::connectSSL(), Socket::connectINETSSL(), and Socket::connectINET()

Note
  UNIX domain sockets are not available on native Windows ports

Qore::Socket::constructor | ( |  | ) |

Creates the socket object.

Example:
  my Socket $sock();

Qore::Socket::copy | ( |  | ) |

Creates a new Socket object, not based on the source being copied.

Example:
  my Socket $newsock = $sock.copy();

string Qore::Socket::getCharset | ( |  | ) |

Returns the character encoding for the socket.

Code Flags:
  CONSTANT

A method synonym for Socket::getEncoding(), kept for backwards-compatibility

Returns
  the character encoding for the socket

string Qore::Socket::getEncoding | ( |  | ) |

Returns the character encoding for the socket.

Code Flags:
  CONSTANT

Returns
  the character encoding for the socket

bool Qore::Socket::getNoDelay | ( |  | ) |

Returns the `TCP_NODELAY` setting for the socket.

Code Flags:
  CONSTANT

Example:
  my bool $b = $sock.getNoDelay();

Returns
  the `TCP_NODELAY` setting for the socket

See Also
  Socket::setNoDelay() for a description of the `TCP_NODELAY` setting

hash Qore::Socket::getPeerInfo | ( |  | ) |

Returns a hash of information about the remote end for connected sockets.

If the socket is not connected, an exception is thrown

Example:
  my hash $h = $sock.getPeerInfo();

Returns
  a hash of information about the local socket

Exceptions

  SOCKET-GETPEERINFO-ERROR | Socket is not open or error in getpeername()

int Qore::Socket::getPort | ( |  | ) |

Returns the port number of the socket for INET sockets.

Code Flags:
  CONSTANT

Example:
  my int $port = $sock.getPort();

Returns
  the port number for an INET connection, -1 if no INET connection has been established

int Qore::Socket::getRecvTimeout | ( |  | ) |

Returns the receive timeout socket option value as an integer in milliseconds.

Code Flags:
  CONSTANT

Example:
  my int $to = $sock.getRecvTimeout();

Returns
  the receive timeout socket option value as an integer in milliseconds

int Qore::Socket::getSendTimeout | ( |  | ) |

Returns the send timeout socket option value as an integer in milliseconds.

Code Flags:
  CONSTANT

Example:
  my int $to = $sock.getSendTimeout();

Returns
  the send timeout socket option value as an integer in milliseconds

int Qore::Socket::getSocket | ( |  | ) |

Returns the socket file descriptor number.

Code Flags:
  CONSTANT

Example:
  my int $sock = $sock.getSocket();

Returns
  the socket file descriptor number or -1 if the socket is not open

hash Qore::Socket::getSocketInfo | ( |  | ) |

Returns information about the local socket as a hash.

If the socket is not open, an exception is thrown

Example:
  my hash $h = $sock.getSocketInfo();

Returns
  a hash of information about the remote end for connected sockets

Exceptions

  SOCKET-GETSOCKETINFO-ERROR | Socket is not open or error in getsockname()

*string Qore::Socket::getSSLCipherName | ( |  | ) |

Returns the name of the cipher for an encrypted connection or NOTHING if a secure connection has not been established.

Code Flags:
  CONSTANT

Example:
  my *string $str = $sock.getSSLCipherName();

Returns
  the name of the cipher for an encrypted connection or NOTHING if a secure connection has not been established

*string Qore::Socket::getSSLCipherVersion | ( |  | ) |

Returns the version string of the cipher for an encrypted connection or NOTHING if a secure connection has not been established.

Code Flags:
  CONSTANT

Example:
  my *string $str = $sock.getSSLCipherVersion();

Returns
  the version string of the cipher for an encrypted connection or NOTHING if a secure connection has not been established

bool Qore::Socket::isDataAvailable | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `0` | ) |

Returns True or False depending on whether there is data to be read on the socket.

With a timeout of zero this method returns immediately and can be used for non-blocking polling the socket for data (can also be used to poll for new connections before Socket::accept()).

Example:
  my bool $b = $sock.isDataAvailable();

Parameters

  timeout_ms | an optional timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); if no timeout is given, the method returns immediately; Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  True if data is available on the Socket within the timeout period, False if not

bool Qore::Socket::isOpen | ( |  | ) |

Returns True if the socket is open.

Code Flags:
  CONSTANT

Example:
  my bool $b = $sock.isOpen();

Returns
  True if the socket is open, False if not

bool Qore::Socket::isSecure | ( |  | ) |

Returns True if the connection is a secure TLS/SSL connection.

Code Flags:
  CONSTANT

Example:
  my bool $b = $sock.isSecure();

Returns
  True if the connection is encrypted, False if not

bool Qore::Socket::isWriteFinished | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `0` | ) |

Returns True or False depending on whether all the data has been written to the socket.

With a timeout of zero this method returns immediately.

Example:
  my bool $b = $sock.isWriteFinished();

Parameters

  timeout_ms | an optional timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); if no timeout is given, the method returns immediately; Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  True if the send action completes within the timeout period, False if not

int Qore::Socket::listen | ( |  | ) |

Listens for connections on a bound socket; sets the socket in a listening state.

Listens for new connections on a bound socket.

Example:
  $sock.listen();

Returns
  Returns 0 for success, -1 for error

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not bound

hash Qore::Socket::readHTTPChunkedBody | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Reads in an HTTP message body sent in chunked transfer encoding and returns it with any footers received as a string in the `"body"` key of a hash (including footers received)

If any errors are encountered, an exception is raised

Example:
  my hash $ans = $sock.readHTTPChunkedBody(20s);

Events:
  EVENT_HTTP_CHUNK_SIZE, EVENT_HTTP_FOOTERS_RECEIVED

Parameters

  timeout_ms

  The timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout or if a negative timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. If a timeout occurs, a `"SOCKET-TIMEOUT"` exception is raised. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  a hash of any HTTP footers received (with footer keys converted to lower case), with the body returned in the `"body"` key as a string in the Socket's encoding

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | The remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | There was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | The data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | There was an SSL error while reading data from the socket
  READ-HTTP-CHUNK-ERROR | negative value given for chunk size by server

hash Qore::Socket::readHTTPChunkedBodyBinary | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Reads in an HTTP message body sent in chunked transfer encoding and returns it with any footers received as a binary object in the `"body"` key of a hash (including footers received)

If any errors are encountered, an exception is raised

Example:
  my hash $ans = $sock.readHTTPChunkedBodyBinary(20s);

Events:
  EVENT_HTTP_CHUNK_SIZE, EVENT_HTTP_FOOTERS_RECEIVED

Parameters

  timeout_ms

  The timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout or if a negative timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. If a timeout occurs, a `"SOCKET-TIMEOUT"` exception is raised. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  a hash of any HTTP footers received (with footer keys converted to lower case), with the body returned in the `"body"` key as a binary object

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | The remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | There was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | The data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | There was an SSL error while reading data from the socket
  READ-HTTP-CHUNK-ERROR | negative value given for chunk size by server

hash Qore::Socket::readHTTPHeader | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`,
|  | *reference | info
| ) |  |

Retuns a hash representing the data in the HTTP header read, or, if the data cannot be parsed as an HTTP header, the data read is returned as a string.

If any errors occur reading from the socket or if invalid HTTP data is received, an exception is raised. Accepts an optional timeout value in milliseconds.

Example:
  my hash $ans = $sock.readHTTPHeader(10s);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ, EVENT_HTTP_MESSAGE_RECEIVED

Parameters

  timeout_ms

  The timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout or if a negative timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. If a timeout occurs, a `"SOCKET-TIMEOUT"` exception is raised. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

  info

  An optional reference to an lvalue that can accept a hash that will be used as an output variable with one of the following two keys:
  - `request-uri`: (only set when parsing a request header) gives the request URI in an HTTP request
  - `response-uri`: (only set when parsing a response header) gives the response URI in an HTTP response

Returns
  a hash of headers (where each header key is converted to lower-case) also including the following keys giving additional information about the HTTP header received:
  - `http_version:` a string giving the HTTP version set in the header
  - `status_code:` (HTTP responses only) an integer giving the status code
  - `status_message:` (HTTP responses only) if present in an HTTP response, this key will be set to the message after the status code
  - `method:` (HTTP requests only) a string giving the HTTP method (i.e. `"GET"`, `"POST"`, etc)
  - `path:` (HTTP requests only) a string giving the path in a request without any decoding; use decode_url() to decode if necessary

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | The remote end closed the connection without sending any data
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | There was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | The data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | There was an SSL error while reading data from the socket
  SOCKET-HTTP-ERROR | Invalid HTTP data was received, in the case of invalid header info received, the `arg` key of the exception hash will have the invalid data received

Since
  Qore 0.8.4 this method always returns a hash and raises a `SOCKET-HTTP-ERROR` if invalid HTTP data is received

string Qore::Socket::recv | ( | softint | size = `0`,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Receives data from the socket and returns a string tagged with the Socket's character encoding.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my string $data = $sock.recv(-1); # read all data available

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  size | the amount of data to read in bytes; to read until the remote closes the connection, use -1; a value of 0 means to read all data currently available or available up until the timeout period (if non-negative)
  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  the data read, returned as a string tagged with the Socket's character encoding

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection.
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data.
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  - Socket::setEncoding()
  - Socket::recvBinary()

binary Qore::Socket::recvBinary | ( | softint | size = `0`,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Receives data from the socket and returns a binary object.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my binary $data = $sock.recvBinary(-1); # read all data available

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  size | the amount of data to read in bytes; to read until the remote closes the connection, use -1; a value of 0 means to read all data currently available or available up until the timeout period (if non-negative)
  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  the data read, returned as a binary object

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection.
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data.
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  Socket::recv()

int Qore::Socket::recvi1 | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Receives a 1-byte signed integer from the socket.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my int $val = $sock.recvi1();

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  The 1-byte signed integer read; if any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  Socket::recvu1()

int Qore::Socket::recvi2 | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Receives a 2-byte (16-bit) signed integer in big-endian format (network byte order) from the socket.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my int $val = $sock.recvi2();

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  The 2-byte signed integer in big-endian format (network byte order) read; if any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  Socket::recvu2(), Socket::recvi2LSB(), Socket::recvu2LSB()

int Qore::Socket::recvi2LSB | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Receives a 2-byte (16-bit) signed integer in little-endian format from the socket.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my int $val = $sock.recvi2LSB();

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  The 2-byte signed integer in little-endian format read; if any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  Socket::recvi2(), Socket::recvu2(), Socket::recvu2LSB()

int Qore::Socket::recvi4 | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Receives a 4-byte (32-bit) signed integer in big-endian format (network byte order) from the socket.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my int $val = $sock.recvi4();

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  The 4-byte signed integer in big-endian format (network byte order) read; if any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  Socket::recvu4(), Socket::recvi4LSB(), Socket::recvu4LSB()

int Qore::Socket::recvi4LSB | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Receives a 4-byte (32-bit) signed integer in little-endian format from the socket.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my int $val = $sock.recvi4LSB();

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  The 4-byte signed integer in little-endian format read; if any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  Socket::recvi4(), Socket::recvu4(), Socket::recvu4LSB()

int Qore::Socket::recvi8 | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Receives an 8-byte (64-bit) signed integer in big-endian format (network byte order) from the socket.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my int $val = $sock.recvi8();

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  The 8-byte signed integer in big-endian format (network byte order) read; if any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  Socket::recvi8LSB()

int Qore::Socket::recvi8LSB | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Receives an 8-byte (64-bit) signed integer in little-endian format from the socket.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my int $val = $sock.recvi8LSB();

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  The 8-byte signed integer in little-endian format read; if any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  Socket::recvi8()

int Qore::Socket::recvu1 | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Receives a 1-byte unsigned integer from the socket.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my int $val = $sock.recvu1();

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  The 1-byte unsigned integer read; if any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  Socket::recvi1()

int Qore::Socket::recvu2 | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Receives a 2-byte (16-bit) unsigned integer in big-endian format (network byte order) from the socket.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my int $val = $sock.recvu2();

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  The 2-byte unsigned integer in big-endian format (network byte order) read; if any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  Socket::recvi2(), Socket::recvi2LSB(), Socket::recvu2LSB()

int Qore::Socket::recvu2LSB | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Receives a 2-byte (16-bit) unsigned integer in little-endian format from the socket.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my int $val = $sock.recvi2LSB();

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  The 2-byte unsigned integer in little-endian format read; if any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  Socket::recvi2(), Socket::recvu2(), Socket::recvi2LSB()

int Qore::Socket::recvu4 | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Receives a 4-byte (32-bit) unsigned integer in big-endian format (network byte order) from the socket.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my int $val = $sock.recvu4();

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  The 4-byte unsigned integer in big-endian format (network byte order) read; if any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  Socket::recvi4(), Socket::recvi4LSB(), Socket::recvu4LSB()

int Qore::Socket::recvu4LSB | ( | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1` | ) |

Receives a 4-byte (32-bit) unsigned integer in little-endian format from the socket.

If any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Example:
  my int $val = $sock.recvu4LSB();

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_READ

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been read or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  The 4-byte unsigned integer in little-endian format read; if any errors occur reading from the socket, an exception is raised

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-CLOSED | the remote end has closed the connection
  SOCKET-RECV-ERROR | there was an error receiving the data
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while reading data from the socket

See Also
  Socket::recvi4(), Socket::recvu4(), Socket::recvi4LSB()

int Qore::Socket::send | ( | binary | bin,
|  | int | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends binary data over the socket; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Example:
  $sock.send($data, 20s);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  bin | Sends the binary data over the socket

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  always returns 0 for backwards compatibility; if an error occurs, an exception is thrown

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

See Also
  - Socket::sendBinary()

Note
  this method is as of Qore 0.8.6+ equivalent to Socket::send2() except for the return value

Since
  Qore 0.8.6 this method takes a timeout value and throws exceptions on error like Socket::send2(); this change was made because it was not possible to catch SSL errors with this method with the previous implementation

int Qore::Socket::send | ( | string | str,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends string data over the socket; string data is converted to the socket's encoding if necessary; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

String data will be converted to the encoding set for the socket if necessary.

Example:
  $sock.send($str, 20s);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  str | sends the string data over the socket without the trailing null ('\0') character; the string's encoding is converted to the socket's encoding if necessary

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  always returns 0 for backwards compatibility; if an error occurs, an exception is thrown

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

See Also
  - Socket::sendBinary2()

Note
  this method is as of Qore 0.8.6+ equivalent to Socket::send2() except for the return value

Since
  Qore 0.8.6 this method takes a timeout value and throws exceptions on error like Socket::send2(); this change was made because it was not possible to catch SSL errors with this method with the previous implementation

nothing Qore::Socket::send2 | ( | binary | bin,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends binary data over the socket; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Example:
  $sock.send2($data);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  bin | Sends the binary data over the socket

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

See Also
  - Socket::sendBinary2()

Note
  this method is as of Qore 0.8.6+ equivalent to Socket::send() except for the lack of a return value (since errors cause exceptions to be thrown, no return value is necessary)

Since
  Qore 0.8.4

nothing Qore::Socket::send2 | ( | string | str,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends string data over the socket; string data is converted to the socket's encoding if necessary; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

String data will be converted to the encoding set for the socket if necessary.

Example:
  $sock.send2($str);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  str | sends the string data over the socket without the trailing null ('\0') character; the string's encoding is converted to the socket's encoding if necessary

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

See Also
  - Socket::sendBinary2()

Note
  this method is as of Qore 0.8.6+ equivalent to Socket::send() except for the lack of a return value (since errors cause exceptions to be thrown, no return value is necessary)

Since
  Qore 0.8.4

int Qore::Socket::sendBinary | ( | string | str,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends string data over the socket without converting the string to the socket's encoding, but instead is sent exactly as-is; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Example:
  $sock.sendBinary($str);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  str | string data to be sent (without any conversion to the socket's encoding) over the socket without the trailing null ('\0') character

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  always returns 0 for backwards compatibility; if an error occurs, an exception is thrown

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

See Also
  Socket::send2()

Note
  this method is as of Qore 0.8.6+ equivalent to Socket::sendBinary2() except for the return value

Since
  Qore 0.8.6 this method takes a timeout value and throws exceptions on error like Socket::send2(); this change was made because it was not possible to catch SSL errors with this method with the previous implementation

int Qore::Socket::sendBinary | ( | binary | bin,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends binary data over the socket; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Example:
  $sock.sendBinary2($data);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  bin | Sends the binary data over the socket

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  always returns 0 for backwards compatibility; if an error occurs, an exception is thrown

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

See Also
  Socket::send2()

Note
  this method is as of Qore 0.8.6+ equivalent to Socket::sendBinary2() except for the return value

Since
  Qore 0.8.6 this method takes a timeout value and throws exceptions on error like Socket::send2(); this change was made because it was not possible to catch SSL errors with this method with the previous implementation

nothing Qore::Socket::sendBinary2 | ( | string | str,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends string data over the socket without converting the string to the socket's encoding, but instead is sent exactly as-is; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Example:
  $sock.sendBinary2($str);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  str | string data to be sent (without any conversion to the socket's encoding) over the socket without the trailing null ('\0') character

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

See Also
  Socket::send2()

Note
  this method is as of Qore 0.8.6+ equivalent to Socket::sendBinary() except for the lack of a return value (since errors cause exceptions to be thrown, no return value is necessary)

Since
  Qore 0.8.4

nothing Qore::Socket::sendBinary2 | ( | binary | bin,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends binary data over the socket; if any errors occur, an exception is thrown.

Example:
  $sock.sendBinary2($data);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  bin | Sends the binary data over the socket

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

See Also
  Socket::send2()

Note
  this method is as of Qore 0.8.6+ equivalent to Socket::sendBinary() except for the lack of a return value (since errors cause exceptions to be thrown, no return value is necessary)

Since
  Qore 0.8.4

nothing Qore::Socket::sendHTTPMessage | ( | string | method,
|  | string | path,
|  | string | http_version,
|  | hash | headers,
|  | *string | body,
|  | *reference | info,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends an HTTP message with a method and user-defined headers given as a hash and an optional message body.

Creates a properly-formatted HTTP message and sends it over the Socket. To send a string without converting the encoding to the Socket's encoding, convert the string to a binary object using the binary() function and use the variant of this method that takes a binary object for the data argument.

Example:
  $sock.sendHTTPMessage("POST", "/RPC2", "1.1", ("Content-Type" : "text/xml"), $xml);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT, EVENT_HTTP_SEND_MESSAGE

Parameters

  method | the HTTP method name to send (i.e. POST, HEAD, etc)
  path | the path component of the URL
  http_version | the HTTP protocol version (`"1.0"` or `"1.1"`)
  headers | a hash of additional headers to send (key-value pairs)
  body | if present (and does not have a length of zero), the body to be sent with the message (if present, the `"Content-Length"` header will be automatically set); string data will be automatically converted to the Socket's encoding if necessary

  info

  An optional reference to an lvalue that can accept a hash that will be used as an output variable with the following hash key:
  - `request-uri`: The request URI as sent in the output message

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  ENCODING-CONVERSION-ERROR | the given string could not be converted to the socket's character encoding
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | Send failed
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an error sending SSL data

See Also
  Socket::sendHTTPResponse(), Socket::readHTTPHeader()

nothing Qore::Socket::sendHTTPMessage | ( | string | method,
|  | string | path,
|  | string | http_version,
|  | hash | headers,
|  | binary | body,
|  | *reference | info,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends an HTTP message with a method and user-defined headers given as a hash and an optional message body.

Creates a properly-formatted HTTP message and sends it over the Socket

Example:
  $sock.sendHTTPMessage("POST", "/RPC2", "1.1", ("Content-Type" : "text/xml"), $xml);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT, EVENT_HTTP_SEND_MESSAGE

Parameters

  method | the HTTP method name to send (i.e. POST, HEAD, etc)
  path | the path component of the URL
  http_version | the HTTP protocol version (`"1.0"` or `"1.1"`)
  headers | a hash of additional headers to send (key-value pairs)
  body | if it does not have a length of zero, the body to be sent with the message (if present, the `"Content-Length"` header will be automatically set)

  info

  An optional reference to an lvalue that can accept a hash that will be used as an output variable with the following hash key:
  - `request-uri`: The request URI as sent in the output message

  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | Send failed
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an error sending SSL data

See Also
  Socket::sendHTTPResponse(), Socket::readHTTPHeader()

nothing Qore::Socket::sendHTTPResponse | ( | softint | status_code,
|  | string | status_desc,
|  | string | http_version,
|  | hash | headers,
|  | *string | body,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends an HTTP response with user-defined headers given as a hash and an optional message body.

Creates a properly-formatted HTTP response message and sends it over the Socket (must already be connected). If any errors occur, an exception is raised. To send a string without converting the encoding to the Socket's encoding, convert the string to a binary object using the binary() function and use the variant of this method that takes a binary object for the data argument.

Example:
  $sock.sendHTTPResponse(200, "OK", "1.1", ("Connection":"Keep-Alive"));

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT, EVENT_HTTP_SEND_MESSAGE

Parameters

  status_code | the HTTP status code to send (i.e. `200`, `404`, etc)
  status_desc | the descriptive text for the status code.
  http_version | the HTTP protocol version (normally `"1.0"` or `"1.1"`, however this method allows any string to be sent)
  headers | a hash of additional headers to send (key-value pairs)
  body | if present (and does not have a length of zero), the body to be sent with the message (if present, the `"Content-Length"` header will be automatically set); string data will be automatically converted to the Socket's encoding if necessary
  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-SENDHTTPRESPONSE-STATUS-ERROR | raised if the status_code (first argument) is < 100 or > 599
  ENCODING-CONVERSION-ERROR | the given string could not be converted to the socket's character encoding
  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | send failed

nothing Qore::Socket::sendHTTPResponse | ( | softint | status_code,
|  | string | status_desc,
|  | string | http_version,
|  | hash | headers,
|  | binary | body,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends an HTTP response with user-defined headers given as a hash and a message body as literal binary data.

Creates a properly-formatted HTTP response message and sends it over the Socket (must already be connected). If any errors occur, an exception is raised.

Example:
  $sock.sendHTTPResponse(200, "OK", "1.1", ("Connection":"Keep-Alive"), $bin);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT, EVENT_HTTP_SEND_MESSAGE

Parameters

  status_code | the HTTP status code to send (i.e. `200`, `404`, etc)
  status_desc | the descriptive text for the status code.
  http_version | the HTTP protocol version (normally `"1.0"` or `"1.1"`, however this method allows any string to be sent)
  headers | a hash of additional headers to send (key-value pairs)
  body | if the binary object given does not have a length of zero, the body to be sent with the message (if present, the `"Content-Length"` header will be automatically set)
  timeout_ms | the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second); If no timeout is passed or is negative, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Exceptions

  SOCKET-SENDHTTPRESPONSE-STATUS-ERROR | raised if the status_code (first argument) is < 100 or > 599
  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | the socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | the data requested was not received in the timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | send failed

int Qore::Socket::sendi1 | ( | softint | i = `0`,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends a 1-byte integer over the socket.

If any errors occur, an exception is thrown

Example:
  $sock.sendi1($val, 20s);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  i | the integer to send; only the least-significant byte will be sent

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  always returns 0 for backwards compatibility; if an error occurs, an exception is thrown

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

Since
  Qore 0.8.6 this method takes a timeout value and throws exceptions on error; this change was made because it was not possible to catch SSL errors with this method with the previous implementation

int Qore::Socket::sendi2 | ( | softint | i = `0`,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends a 2-byte (16-bit) integer in big-endian format (network byte order) over the socket.

If any errors occur, an exception is thrown

Example:
  $sock.sendi2($val, 20s);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  i | the integer to send; only the least-significant 2 bytes will be sent

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  always returns 0 for backwards compatibility; if an error occurs, an exception is thrown

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

Since
  Qore 0.8.6 this method takes a timeout value and throws exceptions on error; this change was made because it was not possible to catch SSL errors with this method with the previous implementation

int Qore::Socket::sendi2LSB | ( | softint | i = `0`,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends a 2-byte (16-bit) integer in little-endian format over the socket.

If any errors occur, an exception is thrown

Example:
  $sock.sendi2LSB($val, 20s);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  i | the integer to send; only the least-significant 2 bytes will be sent

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  always returns 0 for backwards compatibility; if an error occurs, an exception is thrown

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

Since
  Qore 0.8.6 this method takes a timeout value and throws exceptions on error; this change was made because it was not possible to catch SSL errors with this method with the previous implementation

int Qore::Socket::sendi4 | ( | softint | i = `0`,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends a 4-byte (32-bit) integer in big-endian format (network byte order) over the socket.

If any errors occur, an exception is thrown

Example:
  $sock.sendi4($val, 20s);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  i | the integer to send; only the least-significant 4 bytes will be sent

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  always returns 0 for backwards compatibility; if an error occurs, an exception is thrown

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

Since
  Qore 0.8.6 this method takes a timeout value and throws exceptions on error; this change was made because it was not possible to catch SSL errors with this method with the previous implementation

int Qore::Socket::sendi4LSB | ( | softint | i = `0`,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends a 4-byte (32-bit) integer in little-endian format over the socket.

If any errors occur, an exception is thrown

Example:
  $sock.sendi4LSB($val, 20s);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  i | the integer to send; only the least-significant 4 bytes will be sent

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  always returns 0 for backwards compatibility; if an error occurs, an exception is thrown

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

Since
  Qore 0.8.6 this method takes a timeout value and throws exceptions on error; this change was made because it was not possible to catch SSL errors with this method with the previous implementation

int Qore::Socket::sendi8 | ( | softint | i = `0`,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends an 8-byte (64-bit) integer in big-endian format (network byte order) over the socket.

If any errors occur, an exception is thrown

Example:
  $sock.sendi8($val, 20s);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  i | the integer to send

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  always returns 0 for backwards compatibility; if an error occurs, an exception is thrown

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

Since
  Qore 0.8.6 this method takes a timeout value and throws exceptions on error; this change was made because it was not possible to catch SSL errors with this method with the previous implementation

int Qore::Socket::sendi8LSB | ( | softint | i = `0`,
|  | timeout | timeout_ms = `-1`
| ) |  |

Sends an 8-byte (64-bit) integer in little-endian format over the socket.

If any errors occur, an exception is thrown

Example:
  $sock.sendi8LSB($val, 20s);

Events:
  EVENT_PACKET_SENT

Parameters

  i | the integer to send

  timeout_ms

  the timeout in milliseconds (1/1000 second). If no timeout is passed, then the call will not time out and will not return until all the data has been sent or the remote end closes the connection; the timeout value is the longest value that a single send() operation can take with non-blocking I/O. Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  always returns 0 for backwards compatibility; if an error occurs, an exception is thrown

Exceptions

  SOCKET-NOT-OPEN | The socket is not connected
  SOCKET-TIMEOUT | a single send() operation exceeded the given timeout period
  SOCKET-SEND-ERROR | an error occurred sending the socket data
  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | there was an SSL error while writing data to the socket

Since
  Qore 0.8.6 this method takes a timeout value and throws exceptions on error; this change was made because it was not possible to catch SSL errors with this method with the previous implementation

nothing Qore::Socket::setCertificate | ( | SSLCertificate | cert | ) |

Sets the X.509 certificate to use for negotiating encrypted connections.

Example:
  $sock.setCertificate($cert);

Parameters

  cert | This must be an SSLCertificate object

nothing Qore::Socket::setCertificate | ( | string | cert_pem | ) |

Sets the X.509 certificate to use for negotiating encrypted connections from the PEM-encoded string representing the X.509 certificate.

Example:
  $sock.setCertificate($cert_string);

Parameters

  cert_pem | the PEM-encoded string representing the X.509 certificate

nothing Qore::Socket::setCertificate | ( | binary | cert_der | ) |

Sets the X.509 certificate to use for negotiating encrypted connections from the DER-encoded binary object representing the X.509 certificate.

Example:
  $sock.setCertificate($cert_der);

Parameters

  cert_der | the DER-encoded binary object representing the X.509 certificate

nothing Qore::Socket::setCharset | ( | string | encoding | ) |

Sets the character encoding for the socket.

A method synonym for Socket::setEncoding(), kept for backwards-compatibility

Parameters

  encoding | The character encoding for the socket

nothing Qore::Socket::setEncoding | ( | string | encoding | ) |

Sets the character encoding for the socket.

Parameters

  encoding | the character encoding for the socket

nothing Qore::Socket::setEventQueue | ( |  | ) |

Removes any Queue object from the Socket object so that socket events are no longer added to the Queue.

Example:
  $sock.setEventQueue();

See Also
  I/O Event Handling for more information

nothing Qore::Socket::setEventQueue | ( | Queue | queue | ) |

Sets a Queue object to receive socket events.

Example:
  $sock.setEventQueue($queue);

Parameters

  queue | the Queue object to receive socket events; note that the Queue passed cannot have any maximum size set or a QUEUE-ERROR will be thrown

Exceptions

  QUEUE-ERROR | the Queue passed has a maximum size set

See Also
  I/O Event Handling for more information

int Qore::Socket::setNoDelay | ( | bool | nd = `True` | ) |

Sets the boolean `TCP_NODELAY` setting for the socket.

When this setting is True, then data will be immediately sent out over the socket, when it is False, then data transmission may be delayed to be packaged with other data for the same target.

Delayed data transmissions may cause problems when the sender immediately closes the socket after sending data; in this case the receiver may not get the data even though the send succeeded.

Note that if no value is given to the method, the argument will be assumed to be True, and output buffering will be turned off for the socket.

Example:
  if ($sock.setNoDelay(True))
  printf("error setting TCP_NODELAY: %s\n", strerror(errno()));

Parameters

  nd | the boolean `TCP_NODELAY` setting for the socket

Returns
  0 for success, non-zero for errors; to get error information, see errno() and strerror()

See Also
  Socket::getNoDelay()

nothing Qore::Socket::setPrivateKey | ( | SSLPrivateKey | key | ) |

Sets the private key to use for negotiating encrypted connections along with the X.509 certificate.

Example:
  $sock.setPrivateKey($key);

Parameters

  key | the private key for the X.509 certificate to use when establishing TLS/SSL encrypted connections

nothing Qore::Socket::setPrivateKey | ( | string | key_pem,
|  | *string | pass
| ) |  |

Sets the private key to use for negotiating encrypted connections along with the X.509 certificate from a PEM-encoded string representing the private key and an optional password.

Example:
  $sock.setPrivateKey($key_pem, $password);

Parameters

  key_pem | the PEM-encoded string representing the private key for the X.509 certificate to use when establishing TLS/SSL encrypted connections
  pass | the password for the private key, if needed

nothing Qore::Socket::setPrivateKey | ( | binary | key_der | ) |

Sets the private key to use for negotiating encrypted connections along with the X.509 certificate from a DER-encoded binary object representing the private key.

Example:
  $sock.setPrivateKey($key_der);

Parameters

  key_der | the DER-encoded binary object representing the private key for the X.509 certificate to use when establishing TLS/SSL encrypted connections

int Qore::Socket::setRecvTimeout | ( | timeout | timeout_ms | ) |

sets the receive timeout as a socket option

Returns 0 for success, -1 for error (check errno() for the actual error in this case)

Example:
  if ($sock.setRecvTimeout(20s))
  printf("error setting timeout on socket: %s\n", strerror(errno()));

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the receive timeout to set with a resolution of milliseconds; Note that like all Qore functions and methods taking timeout values, a relative date/time value can be used to make the units clear (i.e. `2m` = two minutes, etc.)

Returns
  0 for success, -1 for error (check errno() for the actual error in this case)

int Qore::Socket::setSendTimeout | ( | timeout | timeout_ms | ) |

sets the send timeout as a socket option

Returns 0 for success, -1 for error (check errno() for the actual error in this case)

Example:
  if ($sock.setSendTimeout(20s))
  printf("error setting timeout on socket: %s\n", strerror(errno()));

Parameters

  timeout_ms | the send timeout to set with a resolution of milliseconds

Returns
  0 for success, -1 for error (check errno() for the actual error in this case)

int Qore::Socket::shutdown | ( |  | ) |

Ensures that a socket will be closed even if the file descriptor is shared with other processes (for example, after a call to fork())

Does not throw any exceptions; returns an error code in case of an error

Example:
  if ($sock.shutdown())
  stderr.printf("Error calling Socket::shutdown(): %s\n", strerror(errno()));

Returns
  0 for success, -1 for error; in this case check errno() for the error number

nothing Qore::Socket::shutdownSSL | ( |  | ) |

Shuts down the SSL connection on a secure connection.

If any errors occur, an exception is raised

Example:
  $sock.shutdownSSL();

Exceptions

  SOCKET-SSL-ERROR | an error occurred shutting down the TLS/SSL connection

nothing Qore::Socket::upgradeClientToSSL | ( |  | ) |

Upgrades a client socket connection to a TLS/SSL connection.

Example:
  $sock.upgradeClientToSSL();

nothing Qore::Socket::upgradeServerToSSL | ( |  | ) |

Upgrades a server socket connection to a TLS/SSL connection.

Example:
  $sock.upgradeServerToSSL();

*string Qore::Socket::verifyPeerCertificate | ( |  | ) |

Returns a string code giving the result of verifying the remote certificate or NOTHING if an encrypted connection is not currently established.

Code Flags:
  CONSTANT

Example:
  my *string $str = $sock.verifyPeerCertificate();

Returns
  A string code giving the result of verifying the peer's certificate. No value is returned if a secure connection has not been established. The set of possible return values is made up of the keys of the X509_VerificationReasons hash. This hash can also be used to generate a textual description of the verification result.