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Introduction | Gabon

Background:

Only two autocratic presidents have ruled Gabon since independence from France in 1960. The current president of Gabon, El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba - one of the longest-serving heads of state in the world - has dominated the contry's political scene for almost four decades. President BONGO introduced a nominal multiparty system and a new constitution in the early 1990s. However, allegations of electoral fraud during local elections in 2002-03 and the presidential elections in 2005 have exposed the weaknesses of formal political structures in Gabon. Gabon's political opposition remains weak, divided, and financially dependent on the current regime. Despite political conditions, a small population, abundant natural resources, and considerable foreign support have helped make Gabon one of the more prosperous and stable African countries.

Geography | Gabon

Location: | Western Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator, between Republic of the Congo and Equatorial Guinea
Geographic coordinates: | 1 00 S, 11 45 E
Map references: | Africa
Area: | total: 267,667 sq km land: 257,667 sq km water: 10,000 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than Colorado
Land boundaries: | total: 2,551 km border countries: Cameroon 298 km, Republic of the Congo 1,903 km, Equatorial Guinea 350 km
Coastline: | 885 km
Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate: | tropical; always hot, humid
Terrain: | narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mont Iboundji 1,575 m
Natural resources: | petroleum, natural gas, diamond, niobium, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore, hydropower
Land use: | arable land: 1.21% permanent crops: 0.64% other: 98.15% (2005)
Irrigated land: | 150 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | NA
Environment - current issues: | deforestation; poaching
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: | a small population and oil and mineral reserves have helped Gabon become one of Africa's wealthier countries; in general, these circumstances have allowed the country to maintain and conserve its pristine rain forest and rich biodiversity

People | Gabon

Population: | 1,424,906 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2006 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 42.1% (male 300,914/female 299,141) 15-64 years: 53.9% (male 383,137/female 384,876) 65 years and over: 4% (male 23,576/female 33,262) (2006 est.)
Median age: | total: 18.6 years male: 18.4 years female: 18.8 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate: | 2.13% (2006 est.)
Birth rate: | 36.16 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate: | 12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate: | -2.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 54.51 deaths/1,000 live births male: 63.65 deaths/1,000 live births female: 45.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 54.49 years male: 53.21 years female: 55.81 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 4.74 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 8.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 48,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 3,000 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases: | degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria (2005)
Nationality: | noun: Gabonese (singular and plural) adjective: Gabonese
Ethnic groups: | Bantu tribes, including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba), other Africans and Europeans 154,000, including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality
Religions: | Christian 55%-75%, animist, Muslim less than 1%
Languages: | French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 63.2% male: 73.7% female: 53.3% (1995 est.)

Government | Gabon

Country name: | conventional long form: Gabonese Republic conventional short form: Gabon local long form: Republique Gabonaise local short form: Gabon
Government type: | republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized in 1990)
Capital: | Libreville
Administrative divisions: | 9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga, Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem
Independence: | 17 August 1960 (from France)
National holiday: | Founding of the Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG), 12 March (1968)
Constitution: | adopted 14 March 1991
Legal system: | based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: | 21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: President El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba (since 2 December 1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean Eyeghe NDONG (since 20 January 2006)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 27 November 2005 (next to be held in 2012); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba reelected; percent of vote - El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba 79.2%, Pierre MAMBOUNDOU 13.6%, Zacharie MYBOTO 6.6%

Legislative branch:

bicameral legislature consists of the Senate (91 seats; members elected by members of municipal councils and departmental assemblies) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 26 January and 9 February 2003 (next to be held by January 2009); National Assembly - last held 9 and 23 December 2001 (next to be held December 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDG 53, RNB 20, PGP 4, ADERE 3, RDP 1, CLR 1, independents 9; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDG 86, RNB-RPG 8, PGP 3, ADERE 3, CLR 2, PUP 1, PSD 1, independents 13, others 3

Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consisting of three chambers - Judicial, Administrative, and Accounts; Constitutional Court; Courts of Appeal; Court of State Security; County Courts

Political parties and leaders:

Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface ASSELE]; Congress for Democracy and Justice or CDJ [Jules Aristide Bourdes OGOULIGUENDE]; Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE [Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB]; Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG, former sole party [Simplice Nguedet MANZELA]; Gabonese Party for Progress or PGP [Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE]; National Rally of Woodcutters or RNB [leader NA]; National Rally of Woodcutters-Rally for Gabon or RNB-RPG (Bucherons) [Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Pierre EMBONI]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]; Union for Democracy and Social Integration or UDIS [leader NA]; Union of Gabonese People or UPG [Pierre MAMBOUNDOU]

Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA
International organization participation: | ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Jules Marius OGOUEBANDJA chancery: Suite 200, 2034 20th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 797-1000 FAX: [1] (202) 332-0668 consulate(s): New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Barrie R. WALKLEY embassy: Boulevard du Bord de Mer, Libreville mailing address: Centre Ville, B. P. 4000, Libreville telephone: [241] 76 20 03 through 76 20 04, after hours - 74 34 92 FAX: [241] 74 55 07
Flag description: | three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue

Economy | Gabon

Economy - overview:

Gabon enjoys a per capita income four times that of most of sub-Saharan African nations. This has supported a sharp decline in extreme poverty; yet, because of high income inequality, a large proportion of the population remains poor. Gabon depended on timber and manganese until oil was discovered offshore in the early 1970s. The oil sector now accounts for 50% of GDP. Gabon continues to face fluctuating prices for its oil, timber, and manganese exports. Despite the abundance of natural wealth, poor fiscal management hobbles the economy. Devaluation of its currency by 50% in January 1994 sparked a one-time inflationary surge, to 35%; the rate dropped to 6% in 1996. The IMF provided a one-year standby arrangement in 1994-95, a three-year Enhanced Financing Facility (EFF) at near commercial rates beginning in late 1995, and stand-by credit of $119 million in October 2000. Those agreements mandated progress in privatization and fiscal discipline. France provided additional financial support in January 1997 after Gabon met IMF targets for mid-1996. In 1997, an IMF mission to Gabon criticized the government for overspending on off-budget items, overborrowing from the central bank, and slipping on its schedule for privatization and administrative reform. The rebound of oil prices in 1999-2000 helped growth, but drops in production hampered Gabon from fully realizing potential gains. In December 2000, Gabon signed a new agreement with the Paris Club to reschedule its official debt. A follow-up bilateral repayment agreement with the US was signed in December 2001. Gabon signed a 14-month Stand-By Arrangement with the IMF in May 2004, and received Paris Club debt rescheduling later that year. Short-term progress depends on an upbeat world economy and fiscal and other adjustments in line with IMF policies.

GDP (purchasing power parity): | $8.047 billion (2005 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): | $7.154 billion (2005 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 2.1% (2005 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): | $5,800 (2005 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 6% industry: 58.8% services: 35.1% (2005 est.)
Labor force: | 640,000 (2005 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture 60%, industry 15%, services 25%
Unemployment rate: | 21% (1997 est.)
Population below poverty line: | NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 1.5% (2005 est.)
Investment (gross fixed): | 24.5% of GDP (2005 est.)
Budget: | revenues: $2.463 billion expenditures: $1.618 billion; including capital expenditures of $325 million (2005 est.)
Public debt: | 29.5% of GDP (2005 est.)
Agriculture - products: | cocoa, coffee, sugar, palm oil, rubber; cattle; okoume (a tropical softwood); fish
Industries: | petroleum extraction and refining; manganese, gold; chemicals, ship repair, food and beverages, textiles, lumbering and plywood, cement
Industrial production growth rate: | 1.6% (2002 est.)
Electricity - production: | 1.487 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 34.5% hydro: 65.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption: | 1.383 billion kWh (2003)
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2003)
Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2003)
Oil - production: | 268,900 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 12,250 bbl/day (2003 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA bbl/day
Oil - imports: | NA bbl/day
Oil - proved reserves: | 1.921 billion bbl (2005 est.)
Natural gas - production: | 90 million cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: | 90 million cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - exports: | 0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports: | 0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: | 33.98 billion cu m (2005)
Current account balance: | $1.11 billion (2005 est.)
Exports: | $5.813 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Exports - commodities: | crude oil 77%, timber, manganese, uranium (2001)
Exports - partners: | US 52.9%, China 8.5%, France 7.3% (2004)
Imports: | $1.533 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Imports - commodities: | machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, construction materials
Imports - partners: | France 43.8%, US 6.3%, UK 5.9%, Netherlands 4% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $525 million (2005 est.)
Debt - external: | $3.857 billion (2005 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: | $331 million (1995)
Currency (code): | Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Currency code: | XAF
Exchange rates: | Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001)
Fiscal year: | calendar year

Communications | Gabon

Telephones - main lines in use: | 38,700 (2004)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 489,400 (2004)

Telephone system:

general assessment: adequate service by African standards and improving with the help of the growing mobile cell system
domestic: adequate system of cable, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, radiotelephone communication stations, and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations
international: country code - 241; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC) provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Radio broadcast stations: | AM 6, FM 7 (and 11 repeaters), shortwave 4 (2001)
Radios: | 208,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: | 4 (plus four low-power repeaters) (2001)
Televisions: | 63,000 (1997)
Internet country code: | .ga
Internet hosts: | 310 (2005)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 1 (2001)
Internet users: | 40,000 (2005)

Transportation | Gabon

Airports: | 56 (2005)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 11 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2005)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 45 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 23 (2005)
Pipelines: | gas 210 km; oil 1,385 km (2004)
Railways: | total: 814 km standard gauge: 814 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)
Roadways: | total: 32,333 km paved: 6,247 km unpaved: 26,086 km (2003)
Waterways: | 1,600 km (310 km on Ogooue River) (2005)
Merchant marine: | registered in other countries: 1 (Cambodia 1) (2005)
Ports and terminals: | Gamba, Libreville, Lucinda, Owendo, Port-Gentil

Military | Gabon

Military branches: | Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police
Military service age and obligation: | 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2001)
Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 276,310 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 156,632 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males: 15,150 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $253.5 million (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 3.4% (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues | Gabon

Disputes - international: | UN presses Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and to establish a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay; only a few hundred out of the 20,000 Republic of the Congo refugees who fled militia fighting in 2000 remain in Gabon

This page was last updated on 29 March, 2006