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# 29.11 Mail User Agents

Contributed by Marc Silver.

A Mail User Agent (MUA) is an application that is used to send and receive email. Furthermore, as email evolves and becomes more complex, MUA's are becoming increasingly powerful in the way they interact with email; this gives users increased functionality and flexibility. FreeBSD contains support for numerous mail user agents, all of which can be easily installed using the FreeBSD Ports Collection. Users may choose between graphical email clients such as evolution or balsa, console based clients such as mutt, alpine or `mail`, or the web interfaces used by some large organizations.

## 29.11.1 mail

mail(1) is the default Mail User Agent (MUA) in FreeBSD. It is a console based MUA that offers all the basic functionality required to send and receive text-based email, though it is limited in interaction abilities with attachments and can only support local mailboxes.

Although `mail` does not natively support interaction with POP or IMAP servers, these mailboxes may be downloaded to a local `mbox` file using an application such as fetchmail, which will be discussed later in this chapter (Section 29.12).

In order to send and receive email, run `mail`:

    % mail

The contents of the user mailbox in `/var/mail` are automatically read by the `mail` utility. Should the mailbox be empty, the utility exits with a message indicating that no mails could be found. Once the mailbox has been read, the application interface is started, and a list of messages will be displayed. Messages are automatically numbered, as can be seen in the following example:

    Mail version 8.1 6/6/93.  Type ? for help.
    "/var/mail/marcs": 3 messages 3 new
    >N  1 root@localhost        Mon Mar  8 14:05  14/510   "test"
     N  2 root@localhost        Mon Mar  8 14:05  14/509   "user account"
     N  3 root@localhost        Mon Mar  8 14:05  14/509   "sample"

Messages can now be read by using the t `mail` command, suffixed by the message number that should be displayed. In this example, we will read the first email:

    & t 1
    Message 1:
    From root@localhost  Mon Mar  8 14:05:52 2004
    X-Original-To: marcs@localhost
    Delivered-To: marcs@localhost
    To: marcs@localhost
    Subject: test
    Date: Mon,  8 Mar 2004 14:05:52 +0200 (SAST)
    From: root@localhost (Charlie Root)

    This is a test message, please reply if you receive it.

As can be seen in the example above, the t key will cause the message to be displayed with full headers. To display the list of messages again, the h key should be used.

If the email requires a response, you may use `mail` to reply, by using either the R or r `mail` keys. The R key instructs `mail` to reply only to the sender of the email, while r replies not only to the sender, but also to other recipients of the message. You may also suffix these commands with the mail number which you would like make a reply to. Once this has been done, the response should be entered, and the end of the message should be marked by a single . on a new line. An example can be seen below:

    & R 1
    To: root@localhost
    Subject: Re: test

    Thank you, I did get your email.
    .
    EOT

In order to send new email, the m key should be used, followed by the recipient email address. Multiple recipients may also be specified by separating each address with the , delimiter. The subject of the message may then be entered, followed by the message contents. The end of the message should be specified by putting a single . on a new line.

    & mail root@localhost
    Subject: I mastered mail

    Now I can send and receive email using mail ... :)
    .
    EOT

While inside the `mail` utility, the ? command may be used to display help at any time, the mail(1) manual page should also be consulted for more help with `mail`.

> Note: As previously mentioned, the mail(1) command was not originally designed to handle attachments, and thus deals with them very poorly. Newer MUAs such as mutt handle attachments in a much more intelligent way. But should you still wish to use the `mail` command, the `converters/mpack` port may be of considerable use.

## 29.11.2 mutt

mutt is a small yet very powerful Mail User Agent, with excellent features, just some of which include:

- The ability to thread messages;

- PGP support for digital signing and encryption of email;

- MIME Support;

- Maildir Support;

- Highly customizable.

All of these features help to make mutt one of the most advanced mail user agents available. See http://www.mutt.org for more information on mutt.

The stable version of mutt may be installed using the `mail/mutt` port, while the current development version may be installed via the `mail/mutt-devel` port. After the port has been installed, mutt can be started by issuing the following command:

    % mutt

mutt will automatically read the contents of the user mailbox in `/var/mail` and display the contents if applicable. If no mails are found in the user mailbox, then mutt will wait for commands from the user. The example below shows mutt displaying a list of messages:

In order to read an email, select it using the cursor keys and press the Enter key. An example of mutt displaying email can be seen below:

As with the mail(1) command, mutt allows users to reply only to the sender of the message as well as to all recipients. To reply only to the sender of the email, use the r keyboard shortcut. To send a group reply, which will be sent to the original sender as well as all the message recipients, use the g shortcut.

> Note: mutt makes use of the vi(1) command as an editor for creating and replying to emails. This may be customized by the user by creating or editing their own `.muttrc` file in their home directory and setting the `editor` variable or by setting the `EDITOR` environment variable. See http://www.mutt.org/ for more information about configuring mutt.

In order to compose a new mail message, press m. After a valid subject has been given, mutt will start vi(1) and the mail can be written. Once the contents of the mail are complete, save and quit from `vi` and mutt will resume, displaying a summary screen of the mail that is to be delivered. In order to send the mail, press y. An example of the summary screen can be seen below:

mutt also contains extensive help, which can be accessed from most of the menus by pressing the ? key. The top line also displays the keyboard shortcuts where appropriate.

## 29.11.3 alpine

alpine is aimed at a beginner user, but also includes some advanced features.

> Warning: The alpine software has had several remote vulnerabilities discovered in the past, which allowed remote attackers to execute arbitrary code as users on the local system, by the action of sending a specially-prepared email. All such known problems have been fixed, but the alpine code is written in a very insecure style and the FreeBSD Security Officer believes there are likely to be other undiscovered vulnerabilities. You install alpine at your own risk.

The current version of alpine may be installed using the `mail/alpine` port. Once the port has installed, alpine can be started by issuing the following command:

    % alpine

The first time that alpine is run it displays a greeting page with a brief introduction, as well as a request from the alpine development team to send an anonymous email message allowing them to judge how many users are using their client. To send this anonymous message, press Enter, or alternatively press E to exit the greeting without sending an anonymous message. An example of the greeting page can be seen below:

Users are then presented with the main menu, which can be easily navigated using the cursor keys. This main menu provides shortcuts for the composing new mails, browsing of mail directories, and even the administration of address book entries. Below the main menu, relevant keyboard shortcuts to perform functions specific to the task at hand are shown.

The default directory opened by alpine is the `inbox`. To view the message index, press I, or select the MESSAGE INDEX option as seen below:

The message index shows messages in the current directory, and can be navigated by using the cursor keys. Highlighted messages can be read by pressing the Enter key.

In the screenshot below, a sample message is displayed by alpine. Keyboard shortcuts are displayed as a reference at the bottom of the screen. An example of one of these shortcuts is the r key, which tells the MUA to reply to the current message being displayed.

Replying to an email in alpine is done using the pico editor, which is installed by default with alpine. The pico utility makes it easy to navigate around the message and is slightly more forgiving on novice users than vi(1) or mail(1). Once the reply is complete, the message can be sent by pressing Ctrl+X. The alpine application will ask for confirmation.

The alpine application can be customized using the SETUP option from the main menu. Consult http://www.washington.edu/alpine/ for more information.

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