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# 16.6 Application of Jails

## 16.6.1 Service Jails

Contributed by Daniel Gerzo.

This section is based upon an idea originally presented by Simon L. Nielsen `<simon@FreeBSD.org>` at http://simon.nitro.dk/service-jails.html, and an updated article written by Ken Tom `<locals@gmail.com>`. This section illustrates how to set up a FreeBSD system that adds an additional layer of security, using the jail(8) feature. It is also assumed that the given system is at least running RELENG_6_0 and the information provided earlier in this chapter has been well understood.

### 16.6.1.1 Design

One of the major problems with jails is the management of their upgrade process. This tends to be a problem because every jail has to be rebuilt from scratch whenever it is updated. This is usually not a problem for a single jail, since the update process is fairly simple, but can be quite time consuming and tedious if a lot of jails are created.

> Warning: This setup requires advanced experience with FreeBSD and usage of its features. If the presented steps below look too complicated, it is advised to take a look at a simpler system such as `sysutils/ezjail`, which provides an easier method of administering FreeBSD jails and is not as sophisticated as this setup.

This idea has been presented to resolve such issues by sharing as much as is possible between jails, in a safe way -- using read-only mount_nullfs(8) mounts, so that updating will be simpler, and putting single services into individual jails will become more attractive. Additionally, it provides a simple way to add or remove jails as well as a way to upgrade them.

> Note: Examples of services in this context are: an HTTP server, a DNS server, a SMTP server, and so forth.

The goals of the setup described in this section are:

- Create a simple and easy to understand jail structure. This implies not having to run a full installworld on each and every jail.

- Make it easy to add new jails or remove existing ones.

- Make it easy to update or upgrade existing jails.

- Make it possible to run a customized FreeBSD branch.

- Be paranoid about security, reducing as much as possible the possibility of compromise.

- Save space and inodes, as much as possible.

As it has been already mentioned, this design relies heavily on having a single master template which is read-only (known as nullfs) mounted into each jail and one read-write device per jail. A device can be a separate physical disc, a partition, or a vnode backed md(4) device. In this example, we will use read-write nullfs mounts.

The file system layout is described in the following list:

- Each jail will be mounted under the `/home/j` directory.

- `/home/j/mroot` is the template for each jail and the read-only partition for all of the jails.

- A blank directory will be created for each jail under the `/home/j` directory.

- Each jail will have a `/s` directory, that will be linked to the read-write portion of the system.

- Each jail shall have its own read-write system that is based upon `/home/j/skel`.

- Each jailspace (read-write portion of each jail) shall be created in `/home/js`.

> Note: This assumes that the jails are based under the `/home` partition. This can, of course, be changed to anything else, but this change will have to be reflected in each of the examples below.

### 16.6.1.2 Creating the Template

This section will describe the steps needed to create the master template that will be the read-only portion for the jails to use.

It is always a good idea to update the FreeBSD system to the latest -RELEASE branch. Check the corresponding Handbook Chapter to accomplish this task. In the case the update is not feasible, the buildworld will be required in order to be able to proceed. Additionally, the `sysutils/cpdup` package will be required. We will use the portsnap(8) utility to download the FreeBSD Ports Collection. The Handbook Portsnap Chapter is always good reading for newcomers.

1. First, create a directory structure for the read-only file system which will contain the FreeBSD binaries for our jails, then change directory to the FreeBSD source tree and install the read-only file system to the jail template:

       # mkdir /home/j /home/j/mroot
       # cd /usr/src
       # make installworld DESTDIR=/home/j/mroot

2. Next, prepare a FreeBSD Ports Collection for the jails as well as a FreeBSD source tree, which is required for mergemaster:

       # cd /home/j/mroot
       # mkdir usr/ports
       # portsnap -p /home/j/mroot/usr/ports fetch extract
       # cpdup /usr/src /home/j/mroot/usr/src

3. Create a skeleton for the read-write portion of the system:

       # mkdir /home/j/skel /home/j/skel/home /home/j/skel/usr-X11R6 /home/j/skel/distfiles
       # mv etc /home/j/skel
       # mv usr/local /home/j/skel/usr-local
       # mv tmp /home/j/skel
       # mv var /home/j/skel
       # mv root /home/j/skel

4. Use mergemaster to install missing configuration files. Then get rid of the extra directories that mergemaster creates:

       # mergemaster -t /home/j/skel/var/tmp/temproot -D /home/j/skel -i
       # cd /home/j/skel
       # rm -R bin boot lib libexec mnt proc rescue sbin sys usr dev

5. Now, symlink the read-write file system to the read-only file system. Please make sure that the symlinks are created in the correct `s/` locations. Real directories or the creation of directories in the wrong locations will cause the installation to fail.

       # cd /home/j/mroot
       # mkdir s
       # ln -s s/etc etc
       # ln -s s/home home
       # ln -s s/root root
       # ln -s ../s/usr-local usr/local
       # ln -s ../s/usr-X11R6 usr/X11R6
       # ln -s ../../s/distfiles usr/ports/distfiles
       # ln -s s/tmp tmp
       # ln -s s/var var

6. As a last step, create a generic `/home/j/skel/etc/make.conf` with its contents as shown below:

       WRKDIRPREFIX?=  /s/portbuild

   Having `WRKDIRPREFIX` set up this way will make it possible to compile FreeBSD ports inside each jail. Remember that the ports directory is part of the read-only system. The custom path for `WRKDIRPREFIX` allows builds to be done in the read-write portion of every jail.

### 16.6.1.3 Creating Jails

Now that we have a complete FreeBSD jail template, we can setup and configure the jails in `/etc/rc.conf`. This example demonstrates the creation of 3 jails: NS, MAIL and WWW.

1. Put the following lines into the `/etc/fstab` file, so that the read-only template for the jails and the read-write space will be available in the respective jails:

       /home/j/mroot   /home/j/ns     nullfs  ro  0   0
       /home/j/mroot   /home/j/mail   nullfs  ro  0   0
       /home/j/mroot   /home/j/www    nullfs  ro  0   0
       /home/js/ns     /home/j/ns/s   nullfs  rw  0   0
       /home/js/mail   /home/j/mail/s nullfs  rw  0   0
       /home/js/www    /home/j/www/s  nullfs  rw  0   0

   > Note: Partitions marked with a 0 pass number are not checked by fsck(8) during boot, and partitions marked with a 0 dump number are not backed up by dump(8). We do not want fsck to check nullfs mounts or dump to back up the read-only nullfs mounts of the jails. This is why they are marked with 0 0 in the last two columns of each `fstab` entry above.

2. Configure the jails in `/etc/rc.conf`:

       jail_enable="YES"
       jail_set_hostname_allow="NO"
       jail_list="ns mail www"
       jail_ns_hostname="ns.example.org"
       jail_ns_ip="192.168.3.17"
       jail_ns_rootdir="/usr/home/j/ns"
       jail_ns_devfs_enable="YES"
       jail_mail_hostname="mail.example.org"
       jail_mail_ip="192.168.3.18"
       jail_mail_rootdir="/usr/home/j/mail"
       jail_mail_devfs_enable="YES"
       jail_www_hostname="www.example.org"
       jail_www_ip="62.123.43.14"
       jail_www_rootdir="/usr/home/j/www"
       jail_www_devfs_enable="YES"

   > Warning: The reason why the `jail_`name`_rootdir` variable is set to `/usr/home` instead of `/home` is that the physical path of the `/home` directory on a default FreeBSD installation is `/usr/home`. The `jail_`name`_rootdir` variable must not be set to a path which includes a symbolic link, otherwise the jails will refuse to start. Use the realpath(1) utility to determine a value which should be set to this variable. Please see the FreeBSD-SA-07:01.jail Security Advisory for more information.

3. Create the required mount points for the read-only file system of each jail:

       # mkdir /home/j/ns /home/j/mail /home/j/www

4. Install the read-write template into each jail. Note the use of `sysutils/cpdup`, which helps to ensure that a correct copy is done of each directory:

       # mkdir /home/js
       # cpdup /home/j/skel /home/js/ns
       # cpdup /home/j/skel /home/js/mail
       # cpdup /home/j/skel /home/js/www

5. In this phase, the jails are built and prepared to run. First, mount the required file systems for each jail, and then start them using the `/etc/rc.d/jail` script:

       # mount -a
       # /etc/rc.d/jail start

The jails should be running now. To check if they have started correctly, use the jls(8) command. Its output should be similar to the following:

    # jls
       JID  IP Address      Hostname                      Path
         3  192.168.3.17    ns.example.org                /home/j/ns
         2  192.168.3.18    mail.example.org              /home/j/mail
         1  62.123.43.14    www.example.org               /home/j/www

At this point, it should be possible to log onto each jail, add new users or configure daemons. The `JID` column indicates the jail identification number of each running jail. Use the following command in order to perform administrative tasks in the jail whose `JID` is 3:

    # jexec 3 tcsh

### 16.6.1.4 Upgrading

In time, there will be a need to upgrade the system to a newer version of FreeBSD, either because of a security issue, or because new features have been implemented which are useful for the existing jails. The design of this setup provides an easy way to upgrade existing jails. Additionally, it minimizes their downtime, as the jails will be brought down only in the very last minute. Also, it provides a way to roll back to the older versions should any problems occur.

1. The first step is to upgrade the host system in the usual manner. Then create a new temporary read-only template in `/home/j/mroot2`.

       # mkdir /home/j/mroot2
       # cd /usr/src
       # make installworld DESTDIR=/home/j/mroot2
       # cd /home/j/mroot2
       # cpdup /usr/src usr/src
       # mkdir s

   The `installworld` run creates a few unnecessary directories, which should be removed:

       # chflags -R 0 var
       # rm -R etc var root usr/local tmp

2. Recreate the read-write symlinks for the master file system:

       # ln -s s/etc etc
       # ln -s s/root root
       # ln -s s/home home
       # ln -s ../s/usr-local usr/local
       # ln -s ../s/usr-X11R6 usr/X11R6
       # ln -s s/tmp tmp
       # ln -s s/var var

3. The right time to stop the jails is now:

       # /etc/rc.d/jail stop

4. Unmount the original file systems:

       # umount /home/j/ns/s
       # umount /home/j/ns
       # umount /home/j/mail/s
       # umount /home/j/mail
       # umount /home/j/www/s
       # umount /home/j/www

   > Note: The read-write systems are attached to the read-only system (`/s`) and must be unmounted first.

5. Move the old read-only file system and replace it with the new one. This will serve as a backup and archive of the old read-only file system should something go wrong. The naming convention used here corresponds to when a new read-only file system has been created. Move the original FreeBSD Ports Collection over to the new file system to save some space and inodes:

       # cd /home/j
       # mv mroot mroot.20060601
       # mv mroot2 mroot
       # mv mroot.20060601/usr/ports mroot/usr

6. At this point the new read-only template is ready, so the only remaining task is to remount the file systems and start the jails:

       # mount -a
       # /etc/rc.d/jail start

Use jls(8) to check if the jails started correctly. Do not forget to run mergemaster in each jail. The configuration files will need to be updated as well as the rc.d scripts.

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