# FreeBSD Handbook

### The FreeBSD Documentation Project

Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 The FreeBSD Documentation Project

Welcome to FreeBSD! This handbook covers the installation and day to day use of FreeBSD 8.2-RELEASE and FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE. This manual is a work in progress and is the work of many individuals. As such, some sections may become dated and require updating. If you are interested in helping out with this project, send email to the FreeBSD documentation project mailing list. The latest version of this document is always available from the FreeBSD web site (previous versions of this handbook can be obtained from http://docs.FreeBSD.org/doc/). It may also be downloaded in a variety of formats and compression options from the FreeBSD FTP server or one of the numerous mirror sites. If you would prefer to have a hard copy of the handbook, you can purchase one at the FreeBSD Mall. You may also want to search the handbook.

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List of Tables
2-1. Sample Device Inventory
2-2. Partition Layout for First Disk
2-3. Partition Layout for Subsequent Disks
2-4. FreeBSD 7.`X` and 8.`X` ISO Image Names and Meanings
3-1. Partitioning Schemes
4-1. Disk Device Codes
19-1. Physical Disk Naming Conventions
22-1. Vinum Plex Organizations
27-1. DB-25 to DB-25 Null-Modem Cable
27-2. DB-9 to DB-9 Null-Modem Cable
27-3. DB-9 to DB-25 Null-Modem Cable
27-4. Signal Names
32-1. Station Capability Codes
32-2. Wiring a Parallel Cable for Networking
32-3. Reserved IPv6 Addresses

List of Figures
2-1. FreeBSD Boot Loader Menu
2-2. Typical Device Probe Results
2-3. Selecting Country Menu
2-4. Selecting Keyboard Menu
2-5. Selecting Usage from Sysinstall Main Menu
2-6. Selecting Documentation Menu
2-7. Sysinstall Documentation Menu
2-8. Sysinstall Main Menu
2-9. Sysinstall Keymap Menu
2-10. Sysinstall Main Menu
2-11. Sysinstall Options
2-12. Begin Standard Installation
2-13. Select Drive for FDisk
2-14. Typical `fdisk` Partitions Before Editing
2-15. Fdisk Partition Using Entire Disk
2-16. Sysinstall Boot Manager Menu
2-17. Exit Select Drive
2-18. Sysinstall Disklabel Editor
2-19. Sysinstall Disklabel Editor with Auto Defaults
2-20. Free Space for Root Partition
2-21. Edit Root Partition Size
2-22. Choose the Root Partition Type
2-23. Choose the Root Mount Point
2-24. Sysinstall Disklabel Editor
2-25. Choose Distributions
2-26. Confirm Distributions
2-27. Choose Installation Media
2-28. Selecting an Ethernet Device
2-29. Set Network Configuration for `ed0`
2-30. Editing `inetd.conf`
2-31. Default Anonymous FTP Configuration
2-32. Edit the FTP Welcome Message
2-33. Editing `exports`
2-34. System Console Configuration Options
2-35. Screen Saver Options
2-36. Screen Saver Timeout
2-37. System Console Configuration Exit
2-38. Select Your Region
2-39. Select Your Country
2-40. Select Your Time Zone
2-41. Select Mouse Protocol Type
2-42. Set Mouse Protocol
2-43. Configure Mouse Port
2-44. Setting the Mouse Port
2-45. Enable the Mouse Daemon
2-46. Test the Mouse Daemon
2-47. Select Package Category
2-48. Select Packages
2-49. Install Packages
2-50. Confirm Package Installation
2-51. Select User
2-52. Add User Information
2-53. Exit User and Group Management
2-54. Exit Install
2-55. Network Configuration Upper-level
2-56. Select a default MTA
2-57. Ntpdate Configuration
2-58. Network Configuration Lower-level
3-1. FreeBSD Boot Loader Menu
3-2. Typical Device Probe Results
3-3. Selecting Installation Media Mode
3-4. Keymap Selection
3-5. Selecting Keyboard Menu
3-6. Setting the Hostname
3-7. Selecting Components to Install
3-8. Installing from the Network
3-9. Choosing a Mirror
3-10. Selecting Guided or Manual Partitioning
3-11. Selecting from Multiple Disks
3-12. Selecting Entire Disk or Partition
3-13. Review Created Partitions
3-14. Manually Create Partitions
3-15. Manually Create Partitions
3-16. Manually Create Partitions
3-17. Final Confirmation
3-18. Fetching Distribution Files
3-19. Verifying Distribution Files
3-20. Extracting Distribution Files
3-21. Setting the `root` Password
3-22. Choose a Network Interface
3-23. Scanning for Wireless Access Points
3-24. Choosing a Wireless Network
3-25. WPA2 Setup
3-26. Choose IPv4 Networking
3-27. Choose IPv4 DHCP Configuration
3-28. IPv4 Static Configuration
3-29. Choose IPv6 Networking
3-30. Choose IPv6 SLAAC Configuration
3-31. IPv6 Static Configuration
3-32. DNS Configuration
3-33. Select Local or UTC Clock
3-34. Select a Region
3-35. Select a Country
3-36. Select a Time Zone
3-37. Confirm Time Zone
3-38. Selecting Additional Services to Enable
3-39. Enabling Crash Dumps
3-40. Add User Accounts
3-41. Enter User Information
3-42. Exit User and Group Management
3-43. Final Configuration
3-44. Manual Configuration
3-45. Complete the Installation
22-1. Concatenated Organization
22-2. Striped Organization
22-3. RAID-5 Organization
22-4. A Simple Vinum Volume
22-5. A Mirrored Vinum Volume
22-6. A Striped Vinum Volume
22-7. A Mirrored, Striped Vinum Volume

List of Examples
2-1. Using an Existing Partition Unchanged
2-2. Shrinking an Existing Partition
3-1. Using an Existing Partition
3-2. Shrinking an Existing Partition
3-3. Creating Traditional Split Filesystem Partitions
4-1. Sample Disk, Slice, and Partition Names
4-2. Conceptual Model of a Disk
5-1. Downloading a Package Manually and Installing It Locally
12-1. Creating a Swapfile on FreeBSD
13-1. `boot0` Screenshot
13-2. `boot2` Screenshot
13-3. An Insecure Console in `/etc/ttys`
14-1. Adding a User on FreeBSD
14-2. `rmuser` Interactive Account Removal
14-3. Interactive `chpass` by Superuser
14-4. Interactive `chpass` by Normal User
14-5. Changing Your Password
14-6. Changing Another User's Password as the Superuser
14-7. Adding a Group Using pw(8)
14-8. Setting the List of Members of a Group Using pw(8)
14-9. Adding a New Member to a Group Using pw(8)
14-10. Using id(1) to Determine Group Membership
15-1. Using SSH to Create a Secure Tunnel for SMTP
19-1. Using `dump` over ssh
19-2. Using `dump` over ssh with `RSH` set
19-3. Using `mdconfig` to Mount an Existing File System Image
19-4. Creating a New File-Backed Disk with `mdconfig`
19-5. Configure and Mount a File-Backed Disk with `mdmfs`
19-6. Creating a New Memory-Based Disk with `mdconfig`
19-7. Creating a New Memory-Based Disk with `mdmfs`
20-1. Labeling Partitions on the Boot Disk
27-1. Adding Terminal Entries to `/etc/ttys`
29-1. Configuring the sendmail Access Database
29-2. Mail Aliases
29-3. Example Virtual Domain Mail Map
30-1. Reloading the inetd Configuration File
30-2. Mounting an Export with amd
30-3. Installing Django with Apache2, mod_python3, and PostgreSQL
30-4. Apache Configuration for Django/mod_python
32-1. LACP Aggregation with a Cisco® Switch
32-2. Failover Mode
32-3. Failover Mode Between Wired and Wireless Interfaces
32-4. Branch Office or Home Network
32-5. Head Office or Other LAN
A-1. Checking Out Something from -CURRENT (ls(1)):
A-2. Using SSH to Check Out the `src/` Tree:
A-3. Checking Out the Version of ls(1) in the 8-STABLE Branch:
A-4. Creating a List of Changes (as Unified Diffs) to ls(1)
A-5. Finding Out What Other Module Names Can Be Used:

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