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Interoperability Tutorial
User's Guide
Version 5.9.1

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Chapters

- Introduction
  - Top of chapter
  - Purpose
  - Prerequisites
- Overview
  - Top of chapter
  - Built-In Mechanisms
  - C and Java Libraries
  - Standard Protocols
  - IC
  - Old Applications
- Problem Example
  - Top of chapter
  - Description
- Ports
  - Top of chapter
  - Erlang Program
  - C Program
  - Running the Example
- Erl_Interface
  - Top of chapter
  - Erlang Program
  - C Program
  - Running the Example
- Port drivers
  - Top of chapter
  - Port Drivers
  - Erlang Program
  - C Driver
  - Running the Example
- C Nodes
  - Top of chapter
  - Erlang Program
  - C Program
  - Running the Example
- NIFs
  - Top of chapter
  - NIFs
  - Erlang Program
  - NIF library code
  - Running the Example

# 5 Erl_Interface

This is an example of how to solve the example problem by using a port and erl_interface. It is necessary to read the port example before reading this chapter.

### 5.1 Erlang Program

The example below shows an Erlang program communicating with a C program over a plain port with home made encoding.

    -module(complex1).
    -export([start/1, stop/0, init/1]).
    -export([foo/1, bar/1]).

    start(ExtPrg) ->
        spawn(?MODULE, init, [ExtPrg]).
    stop() ->
        complex ! stop.

    foo(X) ->
        call_port({foo, X}).
    bar(Y) ->
        call_port({bar, Y}).

    call_port(Msg) ->
        complex ! {call, self(), Msg},
        receive
    	{complex, Result} ->
    	    Result
        end.

    init(ExtPrg) ->
        register(complex, self()),
        process_flag(trap_exit, true),
        Port = open_port({spawn, ExtPrg}, [{packet, 2}]),
        loop(Port).

    loop(Port) ->
        receive
    	{call, Caller, Msg} ->
    	    Port ! {self(), {command, encode(Msg)}},
    	    receive
    		{Port, {data, Data}} ->
    		    Caller ! {complex, decode(Data)}
    	    end,
    	    loop(Port);
    	stop ->
    	    Port ! {self(), close},
    	    receive
    		{Port, closed} ->
    		    exit(normal)
    	    end;
    	{'EXIT', Port, Reason} ->
    	    exit(port_terminated)
        end.

    encode({foo, X}) -> [1, X];
    encode({bar, Y}) -> [2, Y].

    decode([Int]) -> Int.

Compared to the Erlang module above used for the plain port, there are two differences when using Erl_Interface on the C side: Since Erl_Interface operates on the Erlang external term format the port must be set to use binaries and, instead of inventing an encoding/decoding scheme, the BIFs term_to_binary/1 and binary_to_term/1 should be used. That is:

    open_port({spawn, ExtPrg}, [{packet, 2}])

is replaced with:

    open_port({spawn, ExtPrg}, [{packet, 2}, binary])

And:

    Port ! {self(), {command, encode(Msg)}},
    receive
      {Port, {data, Data}} ->
        Caller ! {complex, decode(Data)}
    end

is replaced with:

    Port ! {self(), {command, term_to_binary(Msg)}},
    receive
      {Port, {data, Data}} ->
        Caller ! {complex, binary_to_term(Data)}
    end

The resulting Erlang program is shown below.

    -module(complex2).
    -export([start/1, stop/0, init/1]).
    -export([foo/1, bar/1]).

    start(ExtPrg) ->
        spawn(?MODULE, init, [ExtPrg]).
    stop() ->
        complex ! stop.

    foo(X) ->
        call_port({foo, X}).
    bar(Y) ->
        call_port({bar, Y}).

    call_port(Msg) ->
        complex ! {call, self(), Msg},
        receive
    	{complex, Result} ->
    	    Result
        end.

    init(ExtPrg) ->
        register(complex, self()),
        process_flag(trap_exit, true),
        Port = open_port({spawn, ExtPrg}, [{packet, 2}, binary]),
        loop(Port).

    loop(Port) ->
        receive
    	{call, Caller, Msg} ->
    	    Port ! {self(), {command, term_to_binary(Msg)}},
    	    receive
    		{Port, {data, Data}} ->
    		    Caller ! {complex, binary_to_term(Data)}
    	    end,
    	    loop(Port);
    	stop ->
    	    Port ! {self(), close},
    	    receive
    		{Port, closed} ->
    		    exit(normal)
    	    end;
    	{'EXIT', Port, Reason} ->
    	    exit(port_terminated)
        end.

Note that calling complex2:foo/1 and complex2:bar/1 will result in the tuple {foo,X} or {bar,Y} being sent to the complex process, which will code them as binaries and send them to the port. This means that the C program must be able to handle these two tuples.

### 5.2 C Program

The example below shows a C program communicating with an Erlang program over a plain port with home made encoding.

    /* port.c */

    typedef unsigned char byte;

    int main() {
      int fn, arg, res;
      byte buf[100];

      while (read_cmd(buf) > 0) {
        fn = buf[0];
        arg = buf[1];

        if (fn == 1) {
          res = foo(arg);
        } else if (fn == 2) {
          res = bar(arg);
        }

        buf[0] = res;
        write_cmd(buf, 1);
      }
    }

Compared to the C program above used for the plain port the while-loop must be rewritten. Messages coming from the port will be on the Erlang external term format. They should be converted into an ETERM struct, a C struct similar to an Erlang term. The result of calling foo() or bar() must be converted to the Erlang external term format before being sent back to the port. But before calling any other erl_interface function, the memory handling must be initiated.

    erl_init(NULL, 0);

For reading from and writing to the port the functions read_cmd() and write_cmd() from the erl_comm.c example below can still be used.

    /* erl_comm.c */

    typedef unsigned char byte;

    read_cmd(byte *buf)
    {
      int len;

      if (read_exact(buf, 2) != 2)
        return(-1);
      len = (buf[0] << 8) | buf[1];
      return read_exact(buf, len);
    }

    write_cmd(byte *buf, int len)
    {
      byte li;

      li = (len >> 8) & 0xff;
      write_exact(&li, 1);

      li = len & 0xff;
      write_exact(&li, 1);

      return write_exact(buf, len);
    }

    read_exact(byte *buf, int len)
    {
      int i, got=0;

      do {
        if ((i = read(0, buf+got, len-got)) <= 0)
          return(i);
        got += i;
      } while (got<len);

      return(len);
    }

    write_exact(byte *buf, int len)
    {
      int i, wrote = 0;

      do {
        if ((i = write(1, buf+wrote, len-wrote)) <= 0)
          return (i);
        wrote += i;
      } while (wrote<len);

      return (len);
    }

The function erl_decode() from erl_marshal will convert the binary into an ETERM struct.

    int main() {
      ETERM *tuplep;

      while (read_cmd(buf) > 0) {
        tuplep = erl_decode(buf);

In this case tuplep now points to an ETERM struct representing a tuple with two elements; the function name (atom) and the argument (integer). By using the function erl_element() from erl_eterm it is possible to extract these elements, which also must be declared as pointers to an ETERM struct.

        fnp = erl_element(1, tuplep);
        argp = erl_element(2, tuplep);

The macros ERL_ATOM_PTR and ERL_INT_VALUE from erl_eterm can be used to obtain the actual values of the atom and the integer. The atom value is represented as a string. By comparing this value with the strings "foo" and "bar" it can be decided which function to call.

        if (strncmp(ERL_ATOM_PTR(fnp), "foo", 3) == 0) {
          res = foo(ERL_INT_VALUE(argp));
        } else if (strncmp(ERL_ATOM_PTR(fnp), "bar", 3) == 0) {
          res = bar(ERL_INT_VALUE(argp));
        }

Now an ETERM struct representing the integer result can be constructed using the function erl_mk_int() from erl_eterm. It is also possible to use the function erl_format() from the module erl_format.

        intp = erl_mk_int(res);

The resulting ETERM struct is converted into the Erlang external term format using the function erl_encode() from erl_marshal and sent to Erlang using write_cmd().

        erl_encode(intp, buf);
        write_cmd(buf, erl_eterm_len(intp));

Last, the memory allocated by the ETERM creating functions must be freed.

        erl_free_compound(tuplep);
        erl_free_term(fnp);
        erl_free_term(argp);
        erl_free_term(intp);

The resulting C program is shown below:

    /* ei.c */

    #include "erl_interface.h"
    #include "ei.h"

    typedef unsigned char byte;

    int main() {
      ETERM *tuplep, *intp;
      ETERM *fnp, *argp;
      int res;
      byte buf[100];
      long allocated, freed;

      erl_init(NULL, 0);

      while (read_cmd(buf) > 0) {
        tuplep = erl_decode(buf);
        fnp = erl_element(1, tuplep);
        argp = erl_element(2, tuplep);

        if (strncmp(ERL_ATOM_PTR(fnp), "foo", 3) == 0) {
          res = foo(ERL_INT_VALUE(argp));
        } else if (strncmp(ERL_ATOM_PTR(fnp), "bar", 17) == 0) {
          res = bar(ERL_INT_VALUE(argp));
        }

        intp = erl_mk_int(res);
        erl_encode(intp, buf);
        write_cmd(buf, erl_term_len(intp));

        erl_free_compound(tuplep);
        erl_free_term(fnp);
        erl_free_term(argp);
        erl_free_term(intp);
      }
    }

### 5.3 Running the Example

1. Compile the C code, providing the paths to the include files erl_interface.h and ei.h, and to the libraries erl_interface and ei.

    unix> gcc -o extprg -I/usr/local/otp/lib/erl_interface-3.2.1/include \\
          -L/usr/local/otp/lib/erl_interface-3.2.1/lib \\
          complex.c erl_comm.c ei.c -lerl_interface -lei

In R5B and later versions of OTP, the include and lib directories are situated under OTPROOT/lib/erl_interface-VSN, where OTPROOT is the root directory of the OTP installation (/usr/local/otp in the example above) and VSN is the version of the erl_interface application (3.2.1 in the example above).
In R4B and earlier versions of OTP, include and lib are situated under OTPROOT/usr.

2. Start Erlang and compile the Erlang code.

    unix> erl
    Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 4.9.1.2

    Eshell V4.9.1.2 (abort with ^G)
    1> c(complex2).
    {ok,complex2}

3. Run the example.

    2> complex2:start("extprg").
    <0.34.0>
    3> complex2:foo(3).
    4
    4> complex2:bar(5).
    10
    5> complex2:bar(352).
    704
    6> complex2:stop().
    stop