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# GQL Reference

GQL is a SQL-like language for retrieving entities or keys from the App Engine scalable datastore. While GQL's features are different from those of a query language for a traditional relational database, the GQL syntax is similar to that of SQL.

- Syntax
- Examples

## Syntax

The GQL syntax can be summarized as follows:

      SELECT [* | __key__]
        [FROM <kind>]]
        [WHERE <condition> [AND <condition> ...]]
        [ORDER BY <property> [ASC | DESC] [, <property> [ASC | DESC] ...]]
        [LIMIT [<offset>,]<count>]
        [OFFSET <offset>]

      <condition> := <property> {< | <= | > | >= | = | != } <value>
      <condition> := <property> IN <list>
      <condition> := ANCESTOR IS <entity or key>
      <list> := (<value> [, <value> ...]])

As with SQL, GQL keywords are case insensitive. Kind and property names are case sensitive.

A GQL query returns zero or more entities or Keys of the requested kind. Every GQL query always begins with either `SELECT *` or `SELECT __key__`. (A GQL query cannot perform a SQL-like "join" query.)

Tip: `SELECT __key__` queries are faster and cost less CPU than `SELECT *` queries.

The optional `FROM` clause limits the result set to those entities of the given kind. A query without a `FROM` clause is called a kindless query and cannot include filters on properties.

The optional `WHERE` clause filters the result set to those entities that meet one or more conditions. Each condition compares a property of the entity with a value using a comparison operator. If multiple conditions are given with the `AND` keyword, then an entity must meet all of the conditions to be returned by the query. GQL does not have an `OR` operator. However, it does have an `IN` operator, which provides a limited form of `OR`.

The `IN` operator compares value of a property to each item in a list. The `IN` operator is equivalent to many `=` queries, one for each value, that are ORed together. An entity whose value for the given property equals any of the values in the list can be returned for the query.

Note: The `IN` and `!=` operators use multiple queries behind the scenes. For example, the `IN` operator executes a separate underlying datastore query for every item in the list. The entities returned are a result of the cross-product of all the underlying datastore queries and are de-duplicated. A maximum of 30 datastore queries are allowed for any single GQL query.

A condition can also test whether an entity has a given entity as an ancestor, using the `ANCESTOR IS` operator. The value is a model instance or Key for the ancestor entity. For more information on ancestors, see Keys and Entity Groups.

The left-hand side of a comparison is always a property name. A typical property name consists of alphanumeric characters optionally mixed with underscores and dots. In other words, they match the regular expression `[a-zA-Z0-9_]+(\.[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)*`. Property names containing other printable characters must be quoted with double-quotes. For example: `"first-name"`. Spaces or non-printable characters in property names are not supported.

The right-hand side of a comparison can be one of the following (as appropriate for the property's data type):

- a `str` literal, as a single-quoted string. Single-quote characters in the string must be escaped as `''`. For example: `'Joe''s Diner'`
- an integer or floating point number literal. For example: `42.7`
- a Boolean literal, as `TRUE` or `FALSE`.
- the `NULL` literal, which represents the null value (`None` in Python).
- a datetime, date, or time literal, with either numeric values or a string representation, in the following forms:
  - `DATETIME(year, month, day, hour, minute, second)`
  - `DATETIME('YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS')`
  - `DATE(year, month, day)`
  - `DATE('YYYY-MM-DD')`
  - `TIME(hour, minute, second)`
  - `TIME('HH:MM:SS')`
- an entity key literal, with either a string-encoded key or a complete path of kinds and key names/IDs:
  - `KEY('encoded key')`
  - `KEY('kind', 'name'/ID [, 'kind', 'name'/ID...])`
- a User object literal, with the user's email address:
  `USER('email-address')`
- a GeoPt literal, with the latitude and longitude as floating point values:
  `GEOPT(lat, long)`
- a bound parameter value. In the query string, positional parameters are referenced by number: `title = :1` Keyword parameters are referenced by name: `title = :mytitle`

Note: conditions of the form `property = NULL` (which are equivalent) check to see whether a null value is explicitly stored in the datastore for that property. This is not the same as checking to see if the entity lacks any value for the property! Datastore queries which refer to a property never return entities which don't have some value for that property.

Bound parameters can be bound as positional arguments or keyword arguments passed to the GqlQuery constructor or a Model class's gql() method. Property data types that do not have corresponding value literal syntax must be specified using parameter binding, including the list data type. Parameter bindings can be re-bound with new values during the lifetime of the GqlQuery instance (such as to efficiently reuse a query) using the bind() method.

The optional `ORDER BY` clause indicates that results should be returned sorted by the given properties, in either ascending (`ASC`) or descending (`DESC`) order. The `ORDER BY` clause can specify multiple sort orders as a comma-delimited list, evaluated from left to right. If the direction is not specified, it defaults to `ASC`. If no `ORDER BY` clause is specified, the order of the results is undefined and may change over time.

An optional `LIMIT` clause causes the query to stop returning results after the first `<count>` entities. The `LIMIT` clause can also include an `<offset>`, to skip that many results to find the first result to return. An optional `OFFSET` clause can specify an `<offset>`, if no `LIMIT` clause is present.

Note: Like the `offset` parameter for the fetch() method, an `OFFSET` in a GQL query string does not reduce the number of entities fetched from the datastore. It only affects which results are returned by the fetch() method. A query with an offset has performance characteristics that correspond linearly with the offset size plus the limit size.

For information on executing GQL queries, binding parameters, and accessing results, see the GqlQuery class, and the Model.gql() class method.

## Examples

    from google.appengine.ext import db

    class Person(db.Model):
      name = db.StringProperty()
      age = db.IntegerProperty()

    amy = Person(key_name='Amy', age=48)
    amy.put()
    Person(key_name='Betty', age=42).put()
    Person(key_name='Charlie', age=32).put()
    Person(key_name='David', age=29).put()
    Person(key_name='Edna', age=20).put()
    Person(key_name='Fred', age=16, parent=amy).put()
    Person(key_name='George').put()

To find all of the entities of the `Person` kind whose ages are between 18 and 35 (i.e. Charlie, David and Edna), use this query:

    SELECT * FROM Person WHERE age >= 18 AND age <= 35

To find the three entities of the `Person` kind whose ages are the greatest (i.e. Amy, Betty and Charlie), use this query:

    SELECT * FROM Person ORDER BY age DESC LIMIT 3

To find the entities of the `Person` kind whose names are one of "Betty" or "Charlie", use this query:

    SELECT * FROM Person WHERE name IN ('Betty', 'Charlie')

To find the keys of the entities of the `Person` kind that have an age of `None` (i.e. `KEY('Person', 'George')`), use this query:

    SELECT __key__ FROM Person WHERE age = NULL

To find all the entities, regardless of kind, that are in Amy's entity group (i.e. Amy and Fred), use this query:

    SELECT * WHERE ANCESTOR IS KEY('Person', 'Amy')