#LyX 1.4.3svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
\lyxformat 245
\begin_document
\begin_header
\textclass book
\language english
\inputencoding latin1
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\graphics none
\paperfontsize default
\spacing single
\papersize default
\use_geometry false
\use_amsmath 0
\cite_engine basic
\use_bibtopic false
\paperorientation portrait
\secnumdepth 3
\tocdepth 2
\paragraph_separation indent
\defskip medskip
\quotes_language english
\papercolumns 1
\papersides 2
\paperpagestyle headings
\tracking_changes false
\output_changes true
\end_header

\begin_body

\begin_layout Title
The LyX Tutorial
\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
by the LyX Team
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Principal maintainer of this file is 
\noun on
Amir Karger
\noun default
.
 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX
 Documentation mailing list, 
\family typewriter
lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Introduction
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Welcome to LyX!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This file is designed for all of you who have never heard of LaTeX, or don't
 know it very well.
 Now, don't panic - you won't need to learn LaTeX to use LyX.
 That is, after all, the whole point of LyX: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG
 interface to LaTeX.
 There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use
 LyX effectively.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to
 put two spaces after a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or tried to put 3 blank lines between paragraphs.
 After much frustration, you found you couldn't.
 In fact, you'll find that most of the little tricks you're accustomed to
 using in other word processors just won't work in LyX.
 That's because most word processors you've used before allow you to manually
 enter all spacings, font changes, and so on.
 So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too.
 LyX does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you
 focus on the important things, like the content of your writing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So, bear with us and read on.
 Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
What the Tutorial 
\emph on
is
\emph default
 and What it 
\emph on
isn't
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Before we get started with this section, we want to make a quick note of
 something.
 The 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 uses the notation outlined in the 
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
\SpecialChar \@.
 If you came to this manual first, go read the 
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
\SpecialChar \@.
 Yes, we mean now.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now that you know which fonts mean what, we want to talk a bit about what
 this 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 is for.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Getting the Most out of the Tutorial
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
 To get the most out of this document, you should read through the document,
 typing all the silly little things we're telling you to type and trying
 out all of the exercises to see if you get them right.
 For convenience, you might want to print out the PostScript® version of
 this document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you are familiar with LaTeX, you'll probably be able to read the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 somewhat faster, since many LyX ideas are just LaTeX ideas in disguise.
 However, LyX does have idiosyncrasies
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
or, more optimistically, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

features
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 you'll want to learn about.
 Even if you don't feel like reading the rest of the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
, you should definitely check out Section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexusers}

\end_inset

, which is specifically written for experienced LaTeX users.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
What You 
\emph on
Won't
\emph default
 Find:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Detailed explanations of all of LyX's features.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
What, you want the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 twice?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Seriously, though, we're here to get you up and running so that all you
 need is the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
.
 If we tried to duplicate all of the information about all of LyX's features
 in here, the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 would be redundant, too long, and forever out of date.
 All we do here is introduce things; imagine there is a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

see the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 at the end of every section.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Detailed explanations of LaTeX.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Unnecessary.
 If you're really curious about learning some of the neat tricks you can
 do with LaTeX, you can always go get a LaTeX book.
 There are several good ones on the market.
 No need to reinvent the wheel, after all\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
So, brave soul, it's time to move onwards.
 Time for your first document \SpecialChar \ldots{}

\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Getting Started with LyX
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Your First LyX Document 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:first-doc-ex}

\end_inset

 OK\SpecialChar \@.
 You're ready to start writing.
 Before you do, though, there are a few things we need to mention, which
 will hopefully make the 
\emph on
Tutorial 
\emph default
more instructive, useful, and fun.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Because there's lots of information that we won't be giving you, the 
\emph on
first
\series medium
\emph default
 thing that you need to do is find the 
\series default
other 
\series medium
help files.
 Luckily, this is very simple.

\series default
 Start up LyX.
 Choose the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 from the 
\family sans
\bar under
H
\bar default
elp
\family default
 menu.
 You may want to load the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 as well (if you're not reading it on screen already).
 This way, you can read them while you're writing your own file
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of
 LyX.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 Note that once you've got more than one document open, you can use the
 
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocuments
\family default
 menu to switch between them.
 The
\emph on
 Tutorial
\emph default
 will not cover in detail subjects which are described in the other LyX
 manuals.
 This may make life a bit harder for you at the beginning, but it will keep
 the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 short.
 It will also get you in the habit of using the other manuals, which ---
 in the long run --- will save you a lot of time.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In this 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
, we're going to assume that you have a fully working version of LyX, as
 well as LaTeX, 
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
 or some other dvi viewer, 
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
 or some other way of converting 
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
 documents to PostScript® documents, and a working printer.
 This is a lot to assume.
 If any of this is not true, you (or a friendly system administrator) will
 need to set up your system.
 You can find information on setup in other manuals.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Finally, we've written a file to let you practice your LyX skills on.
 It's called 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\family default
.
 Imagine that it was typed by someone who didn't know about any of LyX's
 great features.
 As you learn new LyX functions, we'll suggest that you fix those parts
 of 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\family default
.
 It also contains 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

subtle
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 hints about how to fix things
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The hints are located in yellow 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Notes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 If you want to cheat (or check what you've done), there's also a file called
 
\family typewriter
example_lyxified.lyx
\family default
 which contains the same text as written and typeset by a LyX master.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The example files can be found in the 
\family typewriter
examples/
\family default
 directory, which you can get to by selecting 
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
O
\bar default
pen
\family default
 and then clicking on the 
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
xamples
\family default
 button.
 Open the raw document, and use 
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Save
\bar under
\InsetSpace ~
A
\bar default
s
\family default
 to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
 As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect
 the dvi output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By the way, the 
\family typewriter
examples/
\family default
 directory contains lots of other examples files.
 They will show you how to do various fancy things with LyX.
 They are especially useful to display things that (due to length or other
 reasons) won't fit in the documentation.
 After you read the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
, or when you're confused about how to do something fancy in LyX, take a
 look at these files.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Typing, Viewing, and Printing
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Open a new file with 
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
N
\bar default
ew
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Type a sentence like: 
\family typewriter
This is my first LyX document!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Save your document with 
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Save\InsetSpace ~

\bar under
A
\bar default
s\SpecialChar \@.

\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Run LaTeX to create a 
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
 file, with 
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
D
\bar default
VI
\family default
\SpecialChar \@.
 You may see things being printed in the window you ran the 
\family typewriter
lyx
\family default
 command from.
 These are messages from LaTeX, which you can ignore for now.
 LyX will run 
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
 (or some other 
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
 viewer), which will pop up a new window displaying what your document will
 look like when printed.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
You can save time by leaving 
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
 running in the background.
 Then, you can use 
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
U
\bar default
pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
D
\bar default
VI
\family default
 and just click on the 
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
 window (or unminimize it) after LaTeX finishes running.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Print by using 
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
P
\bar default
rint
\family default
 and hitting 
\family sans
OK\SpecialChar \@.

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Congratulations! You've written and printed your first LyX document.
 All of the rest is just details, which is covered in the rest of the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
, the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
, and the 
\emph on
Extended
\emph default
 
\emph on
Features
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Simple Operations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX can of course do most of the things you're used to doing with a word
 processor.
 It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
 Here's a quick description of how to do some simple actions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Undo LyX has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything
 you've done since your current editing session started, by selecting 
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
 over and over again.
 If you undo too much, just select 
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
 to get it back.
 
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps.
 Undo also doesn't work for 
\emph on
everything
\emph default
; for instance, changes to the document layout.
 Each of these is really a LyX bug.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
Cut/Paste/Copy Use 
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cut
\family default
,
\family sans
\bar under
 E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Copy
\family default
, and 
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Paste
\family default
 to cut, copy, and paste.
 Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs)
 with the 
\emph on
middle mouse button
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Find/Replace Use 
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
F
\bar default
ind\InsetSpace ~
&\InsetSpace ~
Replace 
\family default
for a search.
 In the dialog, search with the 
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ind
\family default
 button, and use the 
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
eplace
\family default
 button to replace a word you've found
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Close the window when you're done.
 Or leave it open if you find it more convenient.
 Most dialog boxes in LyX --- including the 
\family sans
Find\InsetSpace ~
&\InsetSpace ~
Replace
\family default
, 
\family sans
Table\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
Contents
\family default
, and 
\family sans
Layout
\family default
 dialogs, as well as the various math dialogs can operate like this.
 A few dialogs, like 
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
O
\bar default
pen
\family default
, won't let you type anything in the main LyX window until you actually
 close the dialog.
 Just be sure you have the right window focus when you're trying to type
 in the main LyX window or give a command in some other LyX dialog.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 If you like, you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive,
 or to search for only complete words; you can also search backwards through
 the document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Character\InsetSpace ~
Formatting You can 
\emph on
emphasize
\emph default
 text (which will generally put characters in italics), put it in 
\series bold
bold face
\series default
, or in 
\noun on
Noun Style
\noun default
 (usually small caps, used for people's names) from the toggle buttons in
 the 
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Text\InsetSpace ~

\bar under
S
\bar default
tyle
\family default
 dialog.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Toolbar There are buttons on the toolbar (just below the menus) which allow
 you to do some of the more popular functions, such as 
\family sans
Paste
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Print
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Of course, you haven't yet written enough to make most of these functions
 useful.
 As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
WYSIWYM: Whitespace in LyX
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:whitespace}

\end_inset

One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that LyX
 handles whitespace.
 As many times as you hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
, you'll only get one blank line.
 As many times as you hit 
\family sans
Space
\family default
, you'll only get one space.
 On a blank line, LyX won't let you type even one space.
 The 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
 key won't move you forward one tab stop; in fact there 
\emph on
are
\emph default
 no tab stops! There's no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs
 or margins, either.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Many commercial word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

What You See Is What You Get.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 LyX, on the other hand, is based on the principle that 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

What You See Is What You 
\emph on
Mean
\emph default
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 You type what you mean, and LyX will take care of typesetting it for you,
 so that the output looks nice.
 A 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 grammatically separates paragraphs, and a
\family sans
 Space
\family default
 grammatically separates words, so there is no reason to have several of
 them in a row; a 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
 has no grammatical function at all, so LyX does not support it.
 Using LyX, you'll spend more of your time worrying about the 
\emph on
content
\emph default
 of your document, and less time worrying about the 
\emph on
format.

\emph default
 See the 
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
 for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
 After all, LyX might not typeset 
\emph on
exactly
\emph default
 what you mean.
 The 
\emph on
User's Guide 
\emph default
has information about all that.
 It includes 
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s and vertical space --- which are more powerful and versatile than multiple
 spaces or blank lines --- and ways to change font sizes, character styles,
 and paragraph alignments by hand.
 The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on
 content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
 With standard word processors, you'll be distracted by document formatting
 throughout the writing process.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Environments
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts
 
\emph on
environments
\emph default
.
 Most of a document is made up of regular text.
 Section (chapter, subsection, etc.) titles let the reader know that a new
 topic or subtopic will be discussed.
 Certain types of documents have special environments.
 A journal article will have an abstract, and a title.
 A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment
 that gives the writer's address.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Environments are a major part of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

What You See Is What You Mean
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 philosophy of LyX.
 A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting,
 line spacing, and more.
 This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen
t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for
 section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified
 type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and
 bibliography formats can vary widely.
 LyX lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box is located on the left end of the toolbar (just under the 
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
 menu).
 It indicates which environment you're currently writing in.
 While you were writing your first document, it said 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Standard,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 which is the default environment for text.
 Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that
 you can see how they work.
 You'll do so with the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 menu, which you open by clicking on the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

down arrow
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 icon just to the right of the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Sections and Subsections
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Type the word 
\family typewriter
Introduction
\family default
 on the first line of your LyX file, and select 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 from the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 menu
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
You don't have to 
\emph on
select
\emph default
 the line.
 If nothing is selected, LyX changes the paragraph you are currently in
 to the selected environment.
 Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment
 by selecting them before picking an environment.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 Be sure to use 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 and 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 
\family sans
Section*
\family default
, which will be covered below.
 LyX numbers the section 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
 Now hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
\SpecialChar \@.
 Note that the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 box changes from 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 back to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Standard
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type
 
\family sans
Return
\family default
\SpecialChar \@.
 Type the document introduction: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
This is an introduction to my first LyX document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 again, and select 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 from the
\family sans
 Environment
\family default
 menu again.
 LyX writes a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and waits for you to type a title.
 Type 
\family typewriter
More Stuff
\family default
, and you'll see that LyX again sets it as a section title.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It gets better.
 Go to the end of Section\InsetSpace ~
1 again (after 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

my first LyX document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) and hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 again, and select 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 from the
\family sans
 Environment
\family default
 menu again.
 Again, LyX writes 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and waits for you to type a title.
 Type 
\family typewriter
About This Document
\family default
.
 Section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

More Stuff
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, which used to be Section\InsetSpace ~
2, has been automatically renumbered to Section\InsetSpace ~
3!
 In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes
 up the section titles, and LyX takes care of numbering the sections and
 typesetting them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 to get back to the 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment, and type the following five lines:
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Sections and subsections are described below.
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Section Description
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Sections are bigger than subsections.
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Subsection description
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Subsections are smaller than sections.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Click on the second line and select 
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
 from the
\family sans
 Environment
\family default
 menu.
 LyX numbers the subsection 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2.1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller
 than the section title.
 Change the fourth line 
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
 environment as well.
 As you probably expected, LyX automatically numbered the section 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2.2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 If you put yet another section before Section\InsetSpace ~
2, Section\InsetSpace ~
2 will be renumbered
 as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

3.1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

3.2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Further levels of sectioning include 
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
, 
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
, and 
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
.
 We'll let you play with these on your own.
 You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered
 by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 to change this.
 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
 headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above 
\family sans
Section
\family default
s, but you're only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes) of
 LyX documents (see Section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses}

\end_inset

).
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
 There are environments for this as well.
 If you change one of your section headings to the
\family sans
 Section*
\family default
 environment (you may have to scroll down in the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 menu to find it), LyX will use the same font size for the heading as it
 uses for a regular section, but it won't number that section.
 There are corresponding 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

starred
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 heading environments for 
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
.
 Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
 and note how the other sections' numbers are updated.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Fix the section and subsection headings in 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\family default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Lists and sublists
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX has several different environments for typesetting lists.
 The various list environments free you from hitting 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
 a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list
 when you want to add a point in the middle of the list, and lets you concentrat
e on the list content.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Yes, we're overemphasizing this point throughout the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
 But it 
\emph on
is
\emph default
 the main philosophy of LyX, so please forgive us.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
A slide presentation might use the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
An outline would use the
\family sans
 Enumerate
\family default
 environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
A document describing several software packages could use the 
\family sans
Description 
\family default
environment, where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment --- not found in LaTeX --- is a slightly different form of
 
\family sans
Description
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Let's write a list of reasons why LyX is better than other word processors.
 Somewhere in your document, type:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
Lyx is better than other word processors because: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
and hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
.
 Now select 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 from the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 menu.
 LyX writes a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

bullet
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (actually, an asterisk, which will be converted to a round circle on output)
 on the line.
 Type in your reasons: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Typesetting is done for you.
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Math is WYSIWYG
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
Lists are very easy to create!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type 
\family sans
Return
\family default
.
 Instead, LyX assumes you're going on to the next item in the list.
 The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
 If you want more than one paragraph within one list 
\emph on
item
\emph default
, one way is to use the 
\family sans
Protected\InsetSpace ~
Break
\family default
, which you get by typing 
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
.
 In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment (or just use the keybinding, 
\family sans
M-p\InsetSpace ~
s
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You've got a beautiful itemized list.
 You might want to run LaTeX to see how the list looks when printed out.
 But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole
 list
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
LyX won't let you select the first bullet unless you also select the paragraph
 
\emph on
before 
\emph default
the list, which you probably don't want to do.
 Similarly, you can't select the actual number in a numbered section title.
 Don't worry about it.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 and choose 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 from the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 menu.
 Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, LyX will fix the
 numbering.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme
nts, 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 and 
\family sans
List
\family default
, in order to see what they look like.
 For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which
 is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of
 the paragraph (until you hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
.) The term is either typeset in boldface (
\family sans
Description
\family default
) or separated by a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Tab
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest
 term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 (
\family sans
List
\family default
) from the rest of the paragraph.
 If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate
 the words with 
\family sans
Protected\InsetSpace ~
Blank
\family default
s.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Typeset the list in 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
 An obvious example would be writing outlines.
 Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting
 schemes for sublists.
 See the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 for details on the different sorts of lists, as well as examples which
 use 
\emph on
a lot
\emph default
 of nesting.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Other Environments: Verses, Quotations, and More
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding
 text: 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 for short quotes and 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 for longer ones.
 Computer code (the 
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
 environment, also used in the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 for the long typing examples) is written in a 
\family typewriter
typewriter
\family default
 font; this environment is the only place in LyX where you're allowed to
 use multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
 You can even write poetry using the 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
 style, using 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 to separate stanzas, and 
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
 to separate lines within a stanza.
 See the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 for more complete descriptions of all of the available LyX environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Correctly typeset the 
\family sans
Quote, LyX-Code,
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
 in
\begin_inset ERT
status inlined

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
linebreak
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Writing Documents
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in LyX.
 It introduced you to the basic editing operations in LyX, as well as the
 powerful method of writing with environments.
 Most people who use LyX, though, will want to write documents: papers,
 articles, books, manuals, or letters.
 This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with LyX to
 writing a complete document.
 It will introduce you to text classes, which allow you to write different
 sorts of documents.
 It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
 such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables
 of contents.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Text classes
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:textclasses}

\end_inset

Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
 For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are
 single-sided.
 In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain
 some environments --- such as the sender's address and the signature ---
 which do not make sense in a book or article.
 The LyX 
\emph on
text class
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
LaTeX users: this is equivalent to the LaTeX document class
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\emph default
takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of documents.
 This 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
, for example, was written in the 
\family sans
Book
\family default
 text class.
 Text classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they tell
 LyX how to typeset the document, so you don't need to know how.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Your document is probably being written in the 
\family sans
Article
\family default
 text class
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
That's usually the default text class
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 Try changing to other text classes (using the 
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
 dialog) to see how they are typeset differently.
 If you change your document to the 
\family sans
Book
\family default
 text class and look at the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 menu, you'll see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
 However, you can now use the 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
 environment.
 If you're ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given text
 class, just consult the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some
 of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
 As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting
 electronic submissions, creating LaTeX 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

style files
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
 LyX is set up to support this as well.
 For example, LyX supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the
 American Mathematics Society journals using the 
\family sans
Article\InsetSpace ~
(AMS) 
\family default
text class.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's a very quick reference to some of the text classes.
 See the 
\emph on
Special Document Classes
\emph default
 section of the 
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
 manual for many more details.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Name
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Notes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
article
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
one-sided, no chapters
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
article (AMS)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
layout & environments for American Math Society
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
report
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
longer than article, two-sided
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
book
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
report + front and back matter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
slides
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
transparencies (also including FoilTeX)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
letter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Templates: Writing a Letter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
One of the most popular text classes is 
\family sans
Letter
\family default
\SpecialChar \@.
 One way to write a letter would be to open a new
\family sans
 
\family default
file, and choose 
\family sans
Letter
\family default
 class in the 
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
 dialog.
 While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra
 work.
 Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address,
 the address you're sending to, a body, a signature, etc.
 LyX therefore has a 
\emph on
template
\emph default
 for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template,
 you can just replace a couple parts of the letter with your text each time
 you write a letter.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Open a new file with 
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
New\InsetSpace ~
from\InsetSpace ~

\bar under
T
\bar default
emplate
\family default
.
 Select 
\family typewriter
letter.lyx
\family default
 as the template.
 Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you look at the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 menu, you'll see several environments, like the 
\family sans
My\InsetSpace ~
Address 
\family default
environment, which don't even exist in most other text classes.
 Others, like 
\family sans
Quote 
\family default
and 
\family sans
Description
\family default
, are familiar.
 You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments
 work.
 You'll notice for example that the 
\family sans
Signature
\family default
 environment has the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Signature:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

 in red before the actual text of the signature.
 This word doesn't show up in the actual letter, as you'll see if you try
 printing the file.
 It's just there to let you know where the signature goes.
 Also, note that it doesn't matter where in the file the 
\family sans
Signature
\family default
 line is placed.
 Remember, LyX is WYSIWYM; you can put the 
\family sans
Signature
\family default
 environment anywhere you want, but LyX knows that in the printout, the
 signature should be at the end.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A template is just a regular LyX file.
 This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file
 as a new template.
 From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template
 to save time.
 We probably don't have to suggest an actual 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

exercise
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 here; just write a letter to someone!
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
One warning, if you're writing from a template.
 If you erase all of the text in an environment --- for example, if you
 erase the whole 
\family sans
My\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
 field so that you can replace it with your own --- and then you move the
 cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear.
 This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
 Just reselect the environment from the 
\family sans
Environment
\family default
 menu to get it back.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever
 possible.
 In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier
 text classes.
 Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring LyX for a bunch
 of less computer-aware users.
 When they're first learning LyX, it will be much less intimidating if they
 have a letter template customized for their company, for example.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Document Titles
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX (like LaTeX) considers the title --- which may contain the actual title,
 the author, the date, and even an abstract of a paper --- to be a separate
 part of the document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Go back to your 
\family typewriter
newfile.lyx 
\family default
document and make sure it's using the 
\family sans
Article 
\family default
text class.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
You should not be using the letter any more, since the 
\family sans
Letter
\family default
 textclass doesn't allow titles.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the 
\family sans
Title
\family default
 environment.
 On the next line, type your name and change it to the 
\family sans
Author 
\family default
environment.
 On the next line, write the date in the 
\family sans
Date
\family default
 environment.
 Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment.
 Notice how the title is presented when it's printed out.
 If you changed the document format to Book, you'll get a separate title
 page, like the first page of this tutorial.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Fix the title, date, and author in 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Labels and Cross-References
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels}

\end_inset

You can label a section (or subsubsection, or, more rarely, just a random
 piece of text) in your document.
 Once you do so, you can refer to this section in other parts of the document,
 using cross-references.
 You can refer either to the section's number, or to the page that the section
 appears on.
 As with sections and footnotes, LyX worries about the cross-references
 for you.
 Automatic labels and cross-references are one of the best advantages of
 LyX (and LaTeX) over conventional word processors.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Your first label
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Let's mark our second section, whose title is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

About This Document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Click at the end of the section title line, and select
\family sans
\bar under
 I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
L
\bar default
abel
\family default
.
 A dialog asks you for a label name, and gives you a suggestion.
 When you click on 
\family sans
OK
\family default
, the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By the way, you could have put the label right anywhere within the section
 as well; section references will refer to the last section or subsection
 whose heading comes before the label.
 However, putting it on the same line as the section title (or, perhaps,
 on the first line of the section's text) ensures that page references will
 reference the beginning of the section.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So far you haven't done anything --- the 
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
 file will look exactly the same, since labels don't show up in the printed
 document.
 However, now that you've added a label, you can refer to that label with
 cross-references.
 We'll do that next.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Your first cross-references
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Place the cursor somewhere in Section\InsetSpace ~
2 of your document.
 Type 
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
If you want to know more about this document, then see 
\newline
Section , which can
 be found on page .
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now --- with the cursor after the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\family typewriter
 
\family default
--- choose 
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cross\InsetSpace ~

\bar under
R
\bar default
eference
\family default
.
 The 
\family sans
Reference
\family default
 dialog pops up.
 It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
 At the moment, there should be only one, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sec:aboutdocument
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Select it (it may be selected by default), and click 
\family sans
Apply
\family default
.
 Now put the cursor after the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

page
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, and change the reference type to use the page number then click 
\family sans
Apply
\family default
.
 (To be really correct, you should put a 
\family sans
Protected\InsetSpace ~
Blank
\family default
 in between the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and the reference.
 Same for the page reference.)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX puts the references in a box right where the cursor was.
 In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with either
 the page or section number (depending on what you selected in the 
\family sans
Reference
\family default
 dialog).
 Use 
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
U
\bar default
pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
D
\bar default
VI
\family default
, and you'll see that on the last page we refer to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Section\InsetSpace ~
2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Page\InsetSpace ~
1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (or whatever page Section\InsetSpace ~
2's title is on).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Conveniently, a cross-reference acts a hyperlink when you're editing a document
 in LyX; clicking on it will pop up the 
\family sans
Reference
\family default
 dialog, clicking 
\family sans
Go\InsetSpace ~
to\InsetSpace ~
Label
\family default
 will move the cursor to the referenced label.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
More fun with labels
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We told you that LyX worries about numbering cross-references; now you can
 test that.
 Add a new section before Section\InsetSpace ~
2.
 Now rerun LaTeX, and --- voilà! --- the section cross reference changed
 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

3
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

! Change 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

About this Document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection\InsetSpace ~
2.1 instead
 of Section\InsetSpace ~
3.
 The page reference won't change unless you add a whole page of text before
 the label, of course.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label
 where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere
 in the document.
 If you'll be inserting cross-references often (if, for example, you're
 writing a journal article), it may be convenient to leave the 
\family sans
Reference
\family default
 dialog open.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you want to make sure that the cross-referencing gets the pages right
 even for larger documents, 
\family sans
Copy
\family default
 a couple pages of text from the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 to the clipboard, and 
\family sans
Paste
\family default
 the stolen text into your document
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters
 aren't allowed in the article class.
 If this happens, just delete the chapter title.
 If you want to know why this happens, see Section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses}

\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Fix the references in 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Footnotes and Margin Notes
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Footnotes can be added using the 
\family sans
Insert\InsetSpace ~
Footnote
\family default
 button in the toolbar
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The button shows an arrow pointing to red text, which is just below some
 black text.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 or 
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
F
\bar default
ootnote
\family default
\SpecialChar \@.
 Click at the end of the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

LyX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 somewhere in your document and hit the 
\family sans
Insert\InsetSpace ~
Footnote
\family default
 button.
 A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote.
 LyX should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box.
 Type
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
LyX is a typesetting word processor.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now click on the button labelled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

foot.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 The footnote box disappears, leaving the button showing where the footnote
 marker will be in the printed text; this is called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

folding
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 the footnote.
 You can unfold the footnote at any time --- and re-edit its text, if you
 want --- by clicking again on the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

foot
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 button.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You may wonder why the footnote button is a word instead of a number.
 The answer is that LyX worries about the footnote numbering for you in
 the printed text.
 You can see this yourself by looking at the 
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
 file (or printout).
 If you add other footnotes, LyX will renumber the footnotes.
 Since LyX (well, LaTeX, actually) takes care of the footnote numbering,
 there's really no need to put the numbers in the LyX file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
 Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
 You might accidentally open the footnote if you're trying to select the
 marker itself with the mouse.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 and 
\family sans
Cut
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Paste
\family default
 it.
 In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it
 and hitting the 
\family sans
Insert\InsetSpace ~
Footnote
\family default
 button; change a footnote to regular text by hitting the 
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
 key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting
 the 
\family sans
Delete
\family default
 key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote, respectively.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Margin notes can be added using the toolbar button (the button shows an
 arrow pointing to red text next to (i.e., in the margin of) black text, and
 should be next to the 
\family sans
Insert\InsetSpace ~
Footnote
\family default
 button in the toolbar.) or 
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
M
\bar default
arginal\InsetSpace ~
Note
\family default
\SpecialChar \@.
 Margin notes are like footnotes, except that: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
the on-screen boxes say 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 instead of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

foot
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
margin notes are not numbered
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Change your LyX footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin
 note.
 Run LaTeX again to see what the margin note looks like.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Fix the footnote in 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Bibliographies
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographies}

\end_inset

Bibliographies (at least in the exact sciences) are similar to cross references.
 The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
 and they can be referenced from within the document.
 Like section titles, LyX and LaTeX make your job easier by automatically
 numbering the bibliography items and changing citations when the items'
 numbers change.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Go to the end of the document and switch to the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment.
 Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference.
 Type
\family typewriter
 The Lyx Tutorial, by the LyX Documentation Team
\family default
 as your first reference.
 Note that LyX automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
 Click on the boxed reference number, and a 
\family sans
Bibliography\InsetSpace ~
item
\family default
 dialog box appears.
 You use the first field, the 
\family sans
Key
\family default
, to refer to this reference within the LyX document.
 By default, it is a number.
 Change the 
\family sans
Key
\family default
 field to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

lyxtutorial
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to make it easy to remember.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
 Do so with 
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
C
\bar default
itation
\family default
.
 A 
\family sans
Citation
\family default
 dialog appears.
 The right panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries, and
 this field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite.
 Select 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

lyxtutorial
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (right now, that's the only item in the bibliography), then use the left
 arrow in the center to insert it.
 (You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number
 of keys this way.) Now run LaTeX, and you'll see that the citation appears
 in brackets in the text, referring to the bibliography at the end of the
 document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
How are the other fields used? The 
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
ext\InsetSpace ~
after
\family default
 field in the 
\family sans
Citation
\family default
 dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within
 the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
 If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed
 output (for example, some journals would use 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

[Smi95]
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the 
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
abel 
\family default
field in the 
\family sans
Bibliography\InsetSpace ~
Entry\InsetSpace ~
Settings
\family default
 dialog.
 As usual, you can see the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 for details.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Exercise: 
\series default
Fix the bibliography and citation in 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Table of Contents
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
 LyX makes this very easy to do.
 Just hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 after your document title and before your first section title and choose
 
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
List\InsetSpace ~
/\InsetSpace ~
T
\bar under
O
\bar default
C\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Table\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~

\bar under
C
\bar default
ontents
\family default
.
 The words 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Table of Contents
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 will appear in a button on the first line of the document.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This may not appear to be very useful.
 However, if you look at your 
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
 file, you will see that a table of contents has been generated, listing
 the various sections and subsections in your document.
 As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those
 changes in the 
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
 file when you update it.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document,
 because you can't edit it anyway.
 However, you can display the table of contents in a separate window by
 clicking on the table of contents button, or by using 
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
T
\bar default
able\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
Contents
\family default
.
 The menu command will work even if you don't have a table of contents inset
 in your document.
 This is a very useful tool.
 You can use the 
\family sans
Table\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
Contents
\family default
 window to move around your document.
 Clicking on a (sub)section title in the 
\family sans
Table\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
Contents
\family default
 window will highlight that line and move the cursor (in the LyX editing
 window) to that place in the document.
 You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
 You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout
 editing sessions.
 You can get similar functionality from the 
\family sans
\bar under
N
\bar default
avigate
\family default
 menu, though, where the table of contents appears automatically.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents
 button just like any other text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Fix the table of contents in 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Using Math
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LaTeX is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
 avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation
 editors.
 Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations
 in LaTeX is more like programming than writing.
 Happily, LyX has WYSIWYM support for equations.
 If you are used to LaTeX, you'll find that all of the usual LaTeX math
 commands can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
 If, on the other hand, you've never written in LaTeX, then the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
 will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
LyX can't check if the math you're writing is actually 
\emph on
correct
\emph default
.
 Sorry.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Math Mode
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Somewhere in your LyX document, type: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it's so simple.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now, that equation doesn't look very good, even in the 
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
 file; there's no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you'd
 like to write an actual superscript for the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 That bad typesetting happened because we didn't tell LyX that we were writing
 a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular old
 text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Instead, we create a formula that will get typeset properly.
 In order to create a formula, just click the toolbar button with 
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$
\end_inset

 written on it in blue.
 LyX will insert a little blue square, which is an empty math formula.
 LyX has placed the cursor in the blue square, so just type 
\family typewriter
E=mc^2
\family default
 again.
 The expression is typed in blue, and the blue square disappears as soon
 as the formula is not empty.
 Now type 
\family sans
Esc
\family default
 to leave the equation The purple markers disappear, leaving the cursor
 to the right of the expression, and now if you type something, it will
 be regular text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Run LaTeX and look at the 
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
 file.
 Notice that the expression was typeset nicely, with spaces between the
 letters and the equals sign, and a superscript 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics.
 Numbers are just numbers.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
 In LaTeX, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
 
\family typewriter

\backslash
sqrt
\family default
; this can be frustrating, because you can't see what an expression looks
 like until you LaTeX the file, and may have to spend time to find missing
 brackets or other 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

bugs
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 On the other hand, LyX doesn't attempt to get the expression to look perfect
 (WYSIWYG), but it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression
 will look like.
 LaTeX then takes care of the professional typesetting.
 99% of the time, you won't have to make any changes to the font sizes or
 spacing that LaTeX outputs.
 This way (sorry to be so repetitive) you can focus on the 
\emph on
content
\emph default
 of your mathematical expressions, not their format.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Navigating an Equation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now let's change 
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$
\end_inset

.
 Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
 Note that when you enter the expression, the purple markers appear to let
 you know you're editing math.
 Now you can use 
\family sans
Left
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right
\family default
 to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

1+
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Again, you can use the arrow keys or 
\family sans
Esc
\family default
 to leave the formula\SpecialChar \@.

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like
 editing regular text.
 Use 
\family sans
Delete
\family default
 (or 
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
) to delete things.
 Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
 
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
 works in math mode, as does cutting and pasting.
 One thing to be careful of: if you're right outside a formula and you type
 
\family sans
Delete
\family default
 (or 
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
), it will delete the whole expression.
 Luckily, you can just use 
\family sans
Undo
\family default
 to get it back.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
What if you want to change 
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$
\end_inset

? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
 However, you can also use the arrow keys.
 If the cursor is just after the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

c
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 but before the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, then typing 
\family sans
Up
\family default
 will move the cursor to the level of the superscript, just before the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Add the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

.5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Now, hitting 
\family sans
Down
\family default
 will move the cursor back to the regular level.
 In fact, if you hit 
\family sans
Down
\family default
 from anywhere within the superscript, the cursor will be placed just 
\emph on
after
\emph default
 the superscript (so that you can then type the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

+1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Exponents and Indices
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
An exponent can be entered from the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
 (see below), but it's actually simpler just to type the caret key, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

^
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 LyX will place another blue rectangle in the superscript, so that whatever
 you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller font size.
 Everything you type until you hit a 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 (or 
\family sans
Esc
\family default
 to exit Mathed entirely) will be in the superscript.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy --- start one by typing the
 underscore key, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

_
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

.
 You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like
 this: 
\begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$
\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Put equation 1 of 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\family default
 into math mode.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The 
\family sans
Math Panel
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
 is a convenient way to enter symbols or to perform many complicated Mathed
 functions.
 Many of these functions can be accomplished from the keyboard or the 
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
M
\bar default
ath
\family default
 or 
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\bar under
\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar default
Mat
\bar under
h
\family default
\bar default
 menus.
 However, we're going to concentrate on using the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
, just to let you know what's out there; you can learn keyboard shortcuts
 later, from other manuals.
 So open it using 
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\bar under
\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar default
Mat
\bar under
h
\bar default
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math\InsetSpace ~
Pane
\bar under
l
\family default
\bar default
 now and leave it open while reading this section.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Right-clicking on a formula will open the 
\family sans
Math Panel
\family default
 for you.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Greek and symbols
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
 which allow you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math: various
 arrows, relations, operators, and sums and integrals.
 Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper
 limits on sums and integrals.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Nothing you can do that can't be done\SpecialChar \ldots{}
 All you need is 
\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$
\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Square roots, accents, and delimiters
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To type a square root, just click on the button with a square root sign
 on it.
 The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
 the square root.
 You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever
 you want.
 LyX will automatically resize the square root to fit what's inside.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Accenting a character (
\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$
\end_inset

) or group of characters (
\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$
\end_inset

) is done the same way.
 The 
\family sans
Decoration
\family default
 types are available from the panel.
 Click on a decoration, and LyX will insert that decoration with an insertion
 point under (or over) it.
 Just type what you want in the insertion point.
 There are two sets of decorations: those that resize with the text you
 type, and those that have fixed size, and are most appropriate for a single
 letter.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
 are a bit more complicated.
 Hit the 
\family sans
Delimiter
\family default
 button, which features a blue square surrounded by brackets, to pop up
 the 
\family sans
Delimiter
\family default
 dialog.
 Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
 It's a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces,
 a brace and a parenthesis, or even choose the empty square to have something
 like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in LyX, but won't show
 up in the output).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you're lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
 using the 
\family sans
Delimiter
\family default
 window.
 However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which
 will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
 Using the 
\family sans
Delimiter
\family default
 window will guarantee that the delimiters are sized based on what's inside
 them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
 existing text.
 Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
 on the button you want from the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
.
 Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form
 (
\begin_inset Formula $f=ma$
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$
\end_inset

).
 Once you've learned about matrices, this is how you'll put parentheses
 or brackets around them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Fractions
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Fractions are very simple in Mathed.
 Just click on the 
\family sans
Fraction
\family default
 button in the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
, which shows a fraction with blue squares in the numerator and the denominator.
 LyX writes two insertion points in a fraction.
 As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around
 a fraction.
 Click on the top square and type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Now hit 
\family sans
Down
\family default
 and type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 You've made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of
 the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions,
 whatever.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Put equation 2 of 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\family default
 into math mode.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
TeX mode: Limits, log, sin and others
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in math mode, LyX thinks you're typing the product of the three variables
 
\begin_inset Formula $s$
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula $i$
\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset Formula $n$
\end_inset

.
 The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted
 was the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 typeset in Roman.
 In addition, LyX won't put a space between the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

x
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (typing 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 will just exit math mode).
 So how do you get 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\sin x$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 instead of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $sinx$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Click on 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in the 
\family sans
Functions
\family default
 list in the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
.
 The word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is written in black, in upright roman type.
 The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type 
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
, it will delete the whole word.
 Now type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

x
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in Mathed.
 In the 
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
 file, the expression will be correctly typeset.
 Try it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Other commands you need to type in TeX mode using the 
\family sans
Functions
\family default
 box include other trigonometric functions and their inverses, hyperbolic
 functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
 These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Put equation 3 of 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\family default
 into math mode.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Matrices
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:matrices}

\end_inset

Click on the 
\family sans
Matrix
\family default
 button in the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
.
 The dialog has two sliding bars which allow you to choose how many rows
 and columns you want in your matrix.
 Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit 
\family sans
Apply
\family default
 or 
\family sans
OK
\family default
.
 LyX prints 6 insertion points in a 
\begin_inset Formula $2\times3$
\end_inset

 matrix.
 As usual, you can put any sort of Mathed expression (a square root, another
 matrix, etc.) in each insertion point.
 You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Tab
\family default
 can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
 Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting 
\family sans
Right
\family default
 at the end of one box will move to the next box, 
\family sans
Down
\family default
 will move to the next row, etc.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you suddenly need more rows or columns, use 
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
M
\bar default
ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Add\InsetSpace ~

\bar under
R
\bar default
ow
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Add\InsetSpace ~

\bar under
C
\bar default
olumn
\family default
.
 They add a row or column just after the current position.
 Overdid it? Use 
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
elete\InsetSpace ~
Row
\family default
 and 
\family sans
D
\bar under
e
\bar default
lete\InsetSpace ~
Column
\family default
 from the same menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
See the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
 and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
 Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use
 LyX' wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Display mode
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
 as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline
 expressions.
 This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger
 ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need
 to write them in display mode.
 In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see
 the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
), and multi-line equations (see Sec.
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:multiline}

\end_inset

) must be in display mode.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Click on the 
\family sans
Display
\family default
 button in the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
, which represents a couple lines of text before and after a centered blue
 box.
 LyX inserts a formula, but the insertion point is on a new line, and it's
 centered within that line.
 Now type an expression and run LaTeX to see how it looks.
 The 
\family sans
Display
\family default
 button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple of your expressions
 to display mode and back.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The default font is larger for a few symbols, like 
\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Formula $\int$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are
 written under rather than next to the symbols
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Text is centered
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio
ns are very similar.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
One final note about the way displayed formulae are typeset: be careful
 about whether you're putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
 If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then don't
 press 
\family sans
Return
\family default
.
 Doing so will cause the text 
\emph on
after
\emph default
 the formula to start a new paragraph.
 That text will therefore be indented, which is probably not what you want.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Put the various equations in 
\family typewriter
example_raw.lyx
\family default
 into display mode, and see how they're typeset differently.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Exercise
\series default
: Using various tools you've learned in this section, you should be able
 to write an equation like
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
After you've done it the hard way, why don't you give 
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Mat
\bar under
h
\bar default
\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
C
\bar default
ases\InsetSpace ~
environment
\family default
 a try?
\end_layout

\end_inset

: 
\begin_inset Formula \[
f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
\log_{8}x & x>0\\
0 & x=0\\
\sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
More Math Stuff
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Mathed can do plenty more.
 By now, you're familiar with the basics, so we'll just refer to the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 for tips on how to:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Labeling and numbering expressions
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Multi-line equations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Change typefaces, e.g., to write bold-face text in an expression.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
 (Don't worry about this until your final draft!)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Write macros.
 These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
 the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
 If you change the macro definition, the references to the macro will be
 changed throughout the document.
 Macros can even take arguments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Do lots of other things we didn't have time to mention in this 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Miscellaneous
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Other Major LyX Features
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We haven't gone through all the possible commands in LyX, and we aren't
 planning on it.
 As usual, see the 
\emph on
User's Guide
\emph default
 for more information.
 We'll just mention a couple more major things LyX can do\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
LyX has WYSIWYM support for tables.
 Use the 
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
T
\bar default
able
\family default
 to get a table.
 Click on the table with the 
\emph on
right button
\emph default
 to get a 
\family sans
Table\InsetSpace ~
Settings
\family default
 dialog box which allows extensive table editing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
LyX also supports including pictures in a number of formats (including JPEG
 and other bitmap formats, PostScript® and raw LaTeX) within documents.
 (You guessed it: 
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
G
\bar default
raphics
\family default
.
 Then click on the figure to choose the file to include, rotate or scale
 it, etc.) Tables and figures can have captions, and LyX will automatically
 generate lists of figures and/or tables.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Version control is supported, using RCS (
\family typewriter
man rcsintro
\family default
 for more info).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
LyX is heavily configurable.
 Everything from how the LyX window looks to how the output comes out can
 be configured in a number of ways.
 Much configuration is done through 
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
P
\bar default
references
\family default
.
 For more information on this, check out 
\family sans
\bar under
H
\bar default
elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
C
\bar default
ustomization\SpecialChar \@.

\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
LyX is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
 Therefore, LyX has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
 German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
) than many word processors.
 Even some right-to-left languages like Hebrew or Arabic are supported.
 You can write documents in other languages, but you can also configure
 LyX to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The LyX menus feature keybindings.
 This means that you can do 
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
O
\bar default
pen
\family default
 by typing 
\family sans
M-F
\family default
 followed by 
\family sans
O
\family default
 or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (C-O by default).
 Keybindings are also configurable.
 For information on this, check out 
\family sans
\bar under
H
\bar default
elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
C
\bar default
ustomization\SpecialChar \@.

\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
LyX can read in LaTeX documents.
 See Section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tex2lyx}

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Spellchecking and thesaurus facilities are available.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The text box near the bottom of the LyX window is called the minibuffer
 (after a similar feature in 
\family typewriter
emacs
\family default
).
 This gives you access to all sorts of interesting functionality, including
 functionality which could break your document.
 In other words, don't type in the minibuffer unless you know what you're
 doing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
LyX for LaTeX Users
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexusers}

\end_inset

If you don't know anything about LaTeX, you don't have to read this section.
 Actually, you might want to 
\emph on
learn
\emph default
 about LaTeX, and then read this chapter.
 However, many people who begin to use LyX will be familiar with LaTeX.
 If you are such a person, you may be wondering if LyX can really do everything
 LaTeX can do.
 The short answer is that LyX can do pretty much everything LaTeX can do
 in one form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing
 a LaTeX document.
 The tool that is used to convert a LaTeX document to LyX was rewritten
 completely for LyX\InsetSpace ~
1.4.
 It should now be able to handle most LaTeX gracefully.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that
 new LyX users will most likely be interested in.
 In the interests of keeping the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 short, we will give only minimal information here.
 The 
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
 manual, specifically the 
\emph on
Secrets of the LaTeX Masters
\emph default
 chapter, has a great deal of information on differences between LyX and
 LaTeX, and how to do various LaTeX tricks in LyX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
TeX Mode 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Anything that you enter in TeX mode will be passed straight to LaTeX, and
 will be displayed in red on the screen.
 You can use TeX commands in LyX by choosing 
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Te
\bar under
X
\bar default
\InsetSpace ~
Code
\family default
.
 This creates a text box, and everything within it is passed straight to
 LaTeX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In a math formula, TeX mode is handled a bit differently.
 Enter TeX mode by typing a backslash.
 The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will
 be in red.
 You exit TeX mode by typing 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret,
 or parenthesis.
 Once you exit TeX mode, if LyX knows the TeX command you've typed in, it
 will convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@.
 So if, in a formula, you type 
\family typewriter

\backslash
gamma
\family default
, then when you type 
\family sans
Space
\family default
, LyX will change the red 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

gamma
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to a blue 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros.
 This may be faster than using the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
, and will be especially convenient for experienced LaTeX users.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As a special case, if you type a brace in TeX mode, then the beginning 
\emph on
and
\emph default
 ending braces will be inserted in red, then take you 
\emph on
out
\emph default
 of TeX mode and place the cursor between the braces.
 This makes it more convenient to type commands that LyX doesn't know which
 take an argument.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX can't do absolutely everything that LaTeX can do (yet?).
 Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but aren't
 WYSIWYM.
 TeX mode allows users to get the full flexibility of LaTeX, while having
 all the convenient features of LyX, like WYSIWYM math, tables, and editing.
 LyX could never support every LaTeX package.
 However, by typing 
\family typewriter

\backslash
usepackage{foo}
\family default
 in the preamble (see Section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble}

\end_inset

), you can use any package you want --- although you won't have WYSIWYM
 support for that package's features.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Importing LaTeX Documents --- 
\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tex2lyx}

\end_inset

You can import a LaTeX file into LyX by using the 
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
I
\bar default
mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
L
\bar default
aTeX
\family default
 command in LyX.
 This will call 
\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\family default
 which will create a file 
\family typewriter
foo.lyx
\family default
 from the file 
\family typewriter
foo.tex
\family default
 --- and then open that file.
 If the translation doesn't work, you can try calling 
\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\family default
 from the command line, possibly using fancier options.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\family default
 will translate most legal LaTeX, but not everything.
 It will leave things it doesn't understand in TeX mode, so after translating
 a file with 
\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\family default
, you can look for red text and hand-edit it to look right.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
tex2lyx
\family default
 has its own manpage.
 Read it to find out about which LaTeX commands and environments aren't
 supported, bugs (and how to get around them), and how to use the various
 options.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Converting LyX Documents to LaTeX
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You might wish to convert a LyX Document to a LaTeX file.
 For example, a co-worker or co-author who doesn't have LyX might want to
 read it.
 This is very easy to do with LyX.
 Select 
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
E
\bar default
xport\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
L
\bar default
aTeX
\family default
.
 This will create a file 
\family typewriter
whatever.tex
\family default
 from the 
\family typewriter
whatever.lyx
\family default
 file you are editing.
 LyX always creates temporary LaTeX files when viewing or printing files,
 so it is very good at generating LaTeX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
LaTeX Preamble
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Document Class
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
S
\bar default
ettings
\family default
 dialog takes care of many of the options that you would input in a 
\family typewriter

\backslash
documentclass
\family default
 command.
 Change the class, default font size and paper size here.
 Put any extra options to the 
\family typewriter

\backslash
documentclass
\family default
 command in the 
\family sans
E
\bar under
x
\bar default
tra\InsetSpace ~
Options
\family default
 area.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Other Preamble Matter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preamble}

\end_inset

If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a LaTeX file, you
 can use them in a LyX document as well.
 Select 
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
L
\bar default
aTeX\InsetSpace ~

\bar under
P
\bar default
reamble
\family default
 and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog, depending
 on the frontend).
 Anything you type will (like with TeX mode) be sent directly to LaTeX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
BibTeX
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX has support for BibTeX, which allows you to build databases of bibliographic
al references to be used in multiple documents.
 Select 
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
List\InsetSpace ~
/\InsetSpace ~
T
\bar under
O
\bar default
C\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
B
\bar default
ibTeX\InsetSpace ~
Reference 
\family default
to include a 
\family typewriter
bib
\family default
 file.
 Click on the resulting 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

BibTeX\InsetSpace ~
Generated\InsetSpace ~
References
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 button, and you will get a 
\family sans
BibTeX 
\family default
dialog.
 In the 
\family sans
Database
\family default
 field, type what you would type inside the braces of a 
\family typewriter

\backslash
bibliography{}
\family default
 command
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Like in regular LaTeX, multiple bibliographies should be separated by commas,
 with no whitespace.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 Similarly, in the 
\family sans
Style 
\family default
field, type what you would type inside the braces of a 
\family typewriter

\backslash
bibliographystyle{}
\family default
 command.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After you've done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies you're
 including with 
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under
C
\bar default
itation
\family default
 (see Section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bibliographies}

\end_inset

).
 LyX will take care of running BibTeX.
 The box in the 
\family sans
Citation
\family default
 dialog will show a list of all the references in your 
\family typewriter
bib
\family default
 file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Errors!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes when you LaTeX a document, there will be errors, things that LyX
 or LaTeX can't understand.
 When this happens, LyX will open a 
\family sans
LaTeX\InsetSpace ~
Errors
\family default
 dialog.
 Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place
 in the LyX document where the error occurs and also display the detailed
 LaTeX error message.
\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document
