VICE, the Versatile Commodore Emulator.

VICE Manual

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.

This is the documentation for version 2.4 of VICE, the Versatile
Commodore Emulator.

1 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
****************************

Version 2, June 1991

Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  675
Mass Ave, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble
========

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price.
Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the
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To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone
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For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis
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We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
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Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents.
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License.  The "Program",
below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on
the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under
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portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or
translated into another language.  (Hereinafter, translation is
included without limitation in the term "modification".)  Each
licensee is addressed as "you".

Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are
not covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act
of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the
Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on
the Program (independent of having been made by running the
Program).  Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any
warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of
this License along with the Program.

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy,
and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange
for a fee.

2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

a. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

b. You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that
in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program
or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge
to all third parties under the terms of this License.

c. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display
an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and
a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you
provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the
program under these conditions, and telling the user how to
view a copy of this License.  (Exception: if the Program
itself is interactive but does not normally print such an
announcement, your work based on the Program is not required
to print an announcement.)

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the
Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate
works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not
apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate
works.  But when you distribute the same sections as part of a
whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of
the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions
for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each
and every part regardless of who wrote it.

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or
contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the
intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of
derivative or collective works based on the Program.

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the
Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on
a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the
other work under the scope of this License.

3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms
of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the
following:

a. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
source code, which must be distributed under the terms of
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software interchange; or,

b. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
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medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

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compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
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infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent
issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order,
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royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who
receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only
way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain
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If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable
under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is
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It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
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licensee cannot impose that choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed
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8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces,
the original copyright holder who places the Program under this
License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation
excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only
in or among countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this
License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of
this License.

9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
versions of the General Public License from time to time.  Such
new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but
may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
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NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT
WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT
NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
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QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY
SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
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INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU
OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY
OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=============================================

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest to
attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey
the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
"copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND AN IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
Copyright (C) 19YY  NAME OF AUTHOR

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:

Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'.  This is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the
commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show
c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:

Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
interest in the program `Gnomovision'
(which makes passes at compilers) written
by James Hacker.

SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library,
you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the
GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.

2 About VICE
************

VICE is the one and only "Versatile Commodore Emulator".  It provides
emulation of the Commodore C64, C64DTV, C128, VIC20, PET, PLUS4 and
CBM-II computers within a single package.  The emulators run as
separate programs, but have the same user interface, share the same
settings and support the same file formats.

*Important notice:* If you have no idea what a Commodore 8-bit computer
is, or have questions about how these machines are used, how the file
formats work or anything else that is not strictly related to VICE, you
should read the appropriate FAQs _first_, as that kind of information
is not available here.  *Note Contacts::. for information about how to
retrieve the FAQs.

All the emulators provide an accurate 6502/6510 emulator, with emulation
of all the opcodes (both documented and undocumented ones) and accurate
timing.  Unlike other emulators, VICE aims to be cycle accurate; it
tries to emulate chip timings as precisely as possible and does so
_efficiently_.

Please do _not_ expect the C64DTV, C128, PET, PLUS4 and CBM-II
emulators to be as good as the C64 or VIC20 one, as they are still
under construction.

_Notice:_ This documentation is written for the Unix release of VICE.

2.1 C64 emulator features
=========================

As of version 2.3, two C64 emulators are provided: `x64' (fast) and
`x64sc' (accurate).

The fast C64 emulator, called `x64', features a fairly complete
emulation of the VIC-II video chip: sprites, all registers and all video
modes are fully emulated.  The emulation has been fully cycle-accurate
since version 0.13.0.

The accurate C64 emulator, called `x64sc', features a cycle-based and
pixel-accurate VIC-II emulation. This requires a much faster machine
than the old `x64'.

A rather complete emulation of the SID sound chip is also provided.  All
the basic features are implemented as well as most of the complex ones
including synchronisation, ring modulation and filters.  There are three
emulators of the SID chip available: first is the "standard" VICE
emulator, available since VICE 0.12; the second is Dag Lem's reSID
engine and the third one is reSID-fp. The reSID engines are a lot more
accurate than the standard engine, but they are also a lot slower, and
only suitable for faster machines.

Naturally, also both CIAs (or VIAs, in some cases) are fully emulated
and cycle accurate.

2.2 C64DTV emulator features
============================

The C64DTV emulator, called `x64dtv', features emulation of C64DTV
revisions 2 and 3. The emulator is under construction, but most of the
DTV specific features are already supported (with varying accuracy).

Video cache is disabled by default as it currently doesn't work with
some of C64DTV's new video modes. The new video modes have a simple
"fake" video cache implementation that may give incorrect results and
decreased performance.

2.3 C128 emulator features
==========================

The C128 emulator, called `x128', features a complete emulation of the
internal MMU ("Memory Management Unit"), 80 column VDC screen, fast IEC
bus emulation, 2 MHz mode, Z80 emulation plus all the features of the
C64 emulation.

2.4 VIC20 emulator features
===========================

The VIC20 emulates all the internal hardware, including the VIA chips.
The VIC-I video chip is fully emulated except NTSC interlace mode, so
most graphical effects will work correctly.

Sound support is implemented, but is still at an experimental stage.  If
you think it could be improved and know how to do so, feel free to
contact us (*note Contacts::).

The VIC20 emulator now allows the use of the VIC1112 IEEE488 interface.
You have to enable the hardware (by menu, resource, or commandline
option) and then load the IEEE488 ROM (see for example
`http://www.funet.fi/pub/cbm/schematics/cartridges/vic20/ieee-488/325329-04.bin',
but you have to double the size to 4k for now).  The IEEE-488 code is
then started by `SYS45065'.

2.5 PET emulator features
=========================

The PET emulator emulates the 2001, 3032, 4032, 8032, 8096, 8296 and
SuperPET (MicroMainFrame 9000) models, covering practically the whole
series.  The hardware is pretty much the same in each and that is why
one single program is enough to emulate all of them.  For more detailed
information about PET hardware please refer to the `PETdoc' file.

Both the 40 column and 80 column CRTC video chips are emulated (from the
4032 onward), but a few of the features are not implemented yet (numbers
of rasterlines per char and lines per screen).  Fortunately, they are
not very important for average applications.

Sound is available for the PET as well, but like the VIC20's it is still
under construction.

The PET 8096 is basically a PET 8032 with a 64k extension board which
allows remapping the upper 32k with RAM.  You have to write to a special
register at `$fff0' to remap the memory.  The PET 8296 is a 8096 but
with a completely redesigned motherboard with 128k RAM in total.  Of
the additional 32k RAM you can use only some in blocks of 4k, but you
have to set jumpers on the motherboard for it.  VICE uses the command
line options `-petram9' and `-petramA' instead.  Also, the video
controller can handle a larger address range.  The PET 8x96 model
emulations run the Commodore LOS-96 operating system - basically an
improved BASIC 4 version with up to 32k for BASIC text and 32k for
variables.  See `PETdoc' for more information.

The SuperPET also is a PET 8032 with an expansion board.  It can map 4k
at a time out of 64k into the `$9***' area.  Also it has an ACIA 6551
for RS232 communication.  The 6809 CPU that is built into the SuperPET
is now emulated, since release 2.4, including the 6702 dongle chip.

The Super-OS/9 MMU expansion, developed by TPUG (Toronto PET Users
Group) is also emulated.

The PET computers came with three major ROM revisions, so-called BASIC
1, 2 and 4, all of which are provided.  The PET 2001 uses the version 1,
the PET 3032 uses version 2, and the others use version 4.  The 2001 ROM
is horribly broken with respect to IEEE488 (they shipped it before they
tested it with the floppy drive, so only tape worked.  Therefore the
emulator patches the ROM to fix the IEEE488 routines.

As well as other low-level fixes the 2001 patch obtains the load address
for a program file from the first two bytes of the file.  This allows
the loading of both PET2001-saved files (that have $0400 as their load
address) and other PET files (that have $0401).  The PET2001 saves from
$0400 and not from $0401 as other PETs do.

Moreover, the secondary addresses used are now `0' and `1' for load and
save, respectively, and not arbitrary unused secondary addresses.

To select which model to run, specify it on the command line with the
`-model MODEL' option, where `MODEL' can be one of a list of PET model
numbers, all described in *note PET model::

2.6 CBM-II emulator features
============================

The CBM-II emulator emulates several types of CBM-II models.  Those
models are known under different names in the USA and Europe.  In the
States they have been sold as `B128' and `B256', in Europe as `CBM
610', `CBM 620' (low-profile case) or `CBM 710' and `CBM 720'
(high-profile case with monitor). In addition to that now an
experimental C510 emulation is included. The C510 (also known as P500)
is the little brother of the C600/700 machines. It runs at roughly 1
MHz and, surprise, it has a VIC-II instead of the CRTC. Otherwise the
different line of computers are very similar.

These computers are prepared to take a coprocessor board with an 8088 or
Z80 CPU.  Indeed there are models `CBM 630' and `CBM 730' that
supposedly had those processors.  However these models are not emulated.

The basic difference is the amount of RAM these machines have been
supplied with.  The `B128' and the `CBM *10' models had 128k RAM, the
others 256k. This implies some banking scheme, as the 6502 can only
address 64k.  And indeed those machines use a 6509, that can address 1
MByte of RAM.  It has 2 registers at addresses 0 and 1.  The indirect
bank register at address 1 determines the bank (0-15) where the opcodes
`LDA (zp),Y' and `STA (zp),Y' take the data from.  The exec bank
register at address 0 determines the bank where all other read and
write addresses take place.

The business line machines (C6xx/7xx) have the RAM in banks 1-2, resp.
1-4. All available banks are used for BASIC, where program code is
separated from all variables, resp. from normal variables, strings and
arrays that are distributed over other banks. The C510 instead has RAM
in banks 0 and 1, and uses bank 1 for program and all variables. Bank
0, though, can be accessed by the VIC-II to display graphics.

Many models have been expanded to more than the built-in memory.  In
fact some machines have been expanded to the full 1M.  Bank 15 is used
as system bank, with only little RAM, and lots of expansion cartridge
ROM area, the I/O and the kernal/basic ROMs.  Some models have been
modified to map RAM into the expansion ROM area.  Those modifications
can be emulated as well.

The different settings are described in *note CBM-II model::.

2.7 The keyboard emulation
==========================

There are two ways of emulating the keyboard in VICE.

The default way ("symbolic mapping") is to map every key combination to
the corresponding key combination on the real machine: for example, if
you press <*>, which is bound to `Shift-8' on a U.S. keyboard, in the
C64 emulator, the emulated machine will have just the _unshifted_ <*>
key pressed (as <*> is unshifted on the C64 keyboard).  Likewise,
pressing <'> on the same U.S. keyboard without any shift key will cause
the combination `Shift-7' to be pressed in the emulated C64.  This way,
it becomes quite obvious what keys should be typed to obtain all the
symbols.

There is, however, one problem with symbolic mapping: some keys really
need to be mapped specially regardless.  The most important examples
being, in the VIC20, C64 and C128 emulators, that <CTRL> is mapped to
<Tab> and that the <Commodore> key is mapped to the left <Control>).
The <RUN/STOP> key is mapped to the <ESC> key on the PC keyboard. The
PET emulator, lacking the <Commodore> key but having an <ESC> key, uses
the left <Control> key as <RUN/STOP> and the <ESC> key as <ESC> of
course.

The second way ("positional mapping") is to map every key on the "real"
keyboard to the key which has the same position on the keyboard of the
emulated machine.  This way, no <Shift> key is forced by the program
(with the exception of the function keys <F2>, <F4>, <F6> and <F8>,
which require <Shift> on the Commodore keyboards), and the keyboard is
more comfortable to use in those programs (such as some games) that
require the keys to be in the correct positions.

*Warning:* unlike the real C64, VICE "presses" the <Shift> key
_together_ with the key to shift when the <Shift> must be forced.  In
most cases this should work fine, but some keyboard routines are quite
picky and tend not to recognize the shift key because of this.  For
instance, `F6' (which on the real C64 is obtained with `Shift + F5')
could be recognized as `F5'.  In that case, use the shift key manually
(i.e., type `Shift + F5' in the example).  Yes, we know this is a bug.

The `RESTORE' key is mapped to `Page Up' (or `Prev') by default.

2.8 The joystick emulation
==========================

Joysticks can be emulated both via the keyboard and via a real joystick
connected to the host machine (the latter only works on GNU/Linux
systems).

There are two keyboard layouts for joystick use, known as "numpad" and
"custom".

The "numpad" layout uses the numeric keypad keys, i.e., the numbers
<1>...<9> which emulate all the directions including the diagonal ones;
<0> emulates the fire button.

The "custom" layout uses the keys <w>, <e>, <r>, <s>, <d>, <f>, <x>,
<c>, <v> for the directions and <space> for the fire button instead.

2.9 The disk drive emulation
============================

All the emulators support up to 4 external disk drives as devices 8, 9,
10 and 11.  Each of these devices can emulate virtual Commodore 1541,
1541-II, 1571, 1581, 2031, 2040, 3040, 4040, 1001, 8050 and 8250 drives
in one of four ways:

* using disk images, i.e., files that contain a dump of all the
blocks contained in a real floppy disk (if you want more
information about what a disk image is, consult the
`comp.emulators.cbm' FAQ);

* accessing file system directories, thus giving you the use of files
without having to copy them to disk images; this also allows you to
read and write files in the `P00' format (again, consult the
`comp.emulators.cbm' FAQ for more info).

* accessing a real device connected to the host machine. As of VICE
1.11 it is possible to connect real drives like Commodore 1541 to
the printer port of the host using the XA1541 or XM1541 cable.
Currently this only works on Linux or Windows using the OpenCBM
library. You can get it from
http://www.lb.shuttle.de/puffin/cbm4linux (cbm4linux, Linux
version) or from http://cbm4win.sf.net/ (cbm4win, Windows version).

* directly using the disk drive of the host. The 3.5" disk drive of
the host can be used to read or write Commodore 1581 formatted
disks.  Currently this raw drive access feature is only available
for Linux hosts.

When using disk images there are two available types of drive
emulation.  One of them the "virtual drive" emulation.  It does _not_
really emulate the serial line, but patches the kernal ROM (with the
so-called "kernal traps") so that serial line operations can be
emulated via C language routines.  This emulation is very fast, but
only allows use of standard DOS functions (and not even all of them).
For real device or raw drive access it is required to enable this type
of emulation.

The IEEE488 drives (2031, 2040, 3040, 4040, 1001, 8050 and 8250) do not
use kernal traps. Instead the IEEE488 interface lines are monitored and
the data is passed to the drive emulation. To use them on the C64, you
need to enable the IEEE488 interface emulation. Only if the IEEE488
emulation is enabled, those drives can be selected.

The other alternative is a "true drive" emulation.  The Commodore disk
drives are provided with their own CPU (a 6502 as the VIC20 and the
PETs) and their own RAM and ROM.  So, in order to more closely emulate
its features, a complete emulation of this hardware must be provided
and that is what the "hardware level" emulation does. When the
"hardware level" emulation is used, the kernal routines are remain
unpatched and the serial line is fully emulated.  The problem with this
emulation is that it needs a lot of processing power, mainly because
the emulator has to emulate two CPUs instead of one.

The PETs do not use a serial IEC bus to communicate with the floppy
drive but instead use the parallel IEEE488 bus.  This does _byte by
byte_ transfers, as opposed to the _bit by bit_ transfers of the C64
and VIC20, so making it feasible to emulate the parallel line
completely while emulating the drive at DOS level only.  The IEEE488
line interpreter maps the drives 8-11 (as described above) to the
IEEE488 disk units, and no kernal traps are needed.  The same emulation
of the Commodore IEEE488 bus interface is available for the C64 and the
VIC20. With IEEE488 drives you can have true 2031 emulation at unit #8,
and still have filesystem access at units #10 or #11, because
monitoring the IEEE488 lines does not interfere with the true drive
emulation.

The IEEE488 disk drives 2040, 3040, 4040, 8050 and 8250 are Dual Drive
Floppy Disks.  This means that these drives handle two disks. To
accomplish the emulation, only two disks can be emulated, namely units
#8 and #10. The attached image, track display and LED display of unit
#9 and #11 are used for the second drive of the dual disk drives. On
unix the unit number display (8 or 9, 10 or 11) in the emulation window
changes to the drive number display (0 or 1).

The Commodore 2040, 3040, 4040, 1001, 8050 and 8250 disk drives are
so-called "old-style" disk drives. Their architecture includes not one,
but two processors of the 6502 type, namely a 6502 for the file
handling and communication with the PET (IP), and a 6504 (which is a
6502 with reduced address space) for the drive handling (FDC). Both
processors communicate over a shared memory area. The IP writes
commands to read/write blocks to this area and the FDC executes them.
To make the emulation feasible, the FDC processor is not emulated
cycle-exactly as a 6504, but simply by checking the commands and
executing them on the host. This provides a fast FDC emulation, but
disallows the sending the FDC processor commands to execute code.
Applications where this is necessary are believed to be rather seldom.
Only the format command uses this feature, but this is checked for.

The dual disk drive 2040 emulates one of the very first CBM disk
drives. This drive has DOS version 1. DOS1 uses an own disk type, that
is closely related to the 1541 disk image. Only on tracks 18-24 DOS1
disks have a sector more than 1541 disks. DOS1 disk images have the
extension .d67.

The dual disk drives 3040 and 4040 use the same logical disk format as
the VC1541 and the 2031. In fact, the 4040 was the first disk with DOS
version 2. The 3040 emulated here originally was the same as 2040, only
for the european 30xx PET series. As many of the original DOS1 disk
drives were upgraded (a simple ROM upgrade!) to DOS2, I use the 3040
number for a DOS 2.0 disk drive, and 4040 for a revised DOS 2 disk
drive. It is, however, not yet clear whether the disks here are write
compatible to the 1541, as rumors exist that the write gap between
sectors is different. But read compatible they are. As VICE emulates
the FDC processor in C and not as 6504 emulation, this does not matter
in VICE.

The drives 1001, 8050 and 8250 do actually have the very same DOS ROM.
Only the code in the FDC is different, which is taken care of by VICE.
So for all three of those disk drives, only `dos1001' is needed. The
DOS version used is 2.7.

2.10 Supported file formats
===========================

VICE supports the most popular Commodore file formats:

* `X64' (preferred) or `D64' disk image files; Used by the 1541,
2031, 3040, 4040 drives.

* `G64' GCR-encoded 1541 disk image files

* `P64' NRZI flux pulse disk image files

* `D67' CBM2040 (DOS1) disk image format

* `D71' VC1571 disk image format

* `D81' VC1581 disk image format

* `D80' CBM8050 disk image format

* `D82' CBM8250/1001 disk image format

* `D1M' FD2000/FD4000 DD disk image format

* `D2M' FD2000/FD4000 HD disk image format

* `D4M' FD4000 ED disk image format

* `T64' tape image files (read-only)

* `P00' program files

* `CRT' C64 cartridge image files


An utility (`c1541', *note c1541::) is provided to allow transfers and
conversions between these formats.

Notice that the use of the `X64' file format is depreciated now.

You can convert an `X64' file back into a `D64' file with the UNIX `dd'
command:

dd bs=64 skip=1 if=IMAGE.X64 of=IMAGE.D64

*Note File formats::. for a technical description of the supported file
formats.

2.11 Common problems
====================

This section tries to describe the most common known problems with VICE,
and how to resolve them.

2.11.1 Sound problems
---------------------

VICE should compile and run without major problems on many UNIX systems,
but there are some known issues related to the sound driver.  In fact,
the sound code is the least portable part of the emulator and has not
yet been thoroughly tested on all the supported platforms.

Linux, AIX and SGI systems should play sound without any problems; if
you are running Linux please use a 2.x kernel, as VICE needs some
features that were not implemented in older versions of the Linux sound
driver.

On the other hand, HP-UX and Solaris machines are known to cause
troubles.  If you think you can help debugging the code for these
systems, your help would be really appreciated.  We are having troubles
finding HP-UX and SUN consoles to work at...

Some problems have been reported with the proprietary version of the
Open Sound System for Linux.  With a Crystal sound card, sound output
was significantly delayed and, apparently, the allocated buffer size was
completely wrong.  This is not a VICE bug, but rather an OSS bug.

2.11.2 Shared memory problems
-----------------------------

If you cannot start VICE because you get errors about shared memory, try
to run it with the `+mitshm' command-line option (*note Video
options::).  This will completely disable usage of the MITSHM
extensions, that are normally used to speed up the emulation window
updates.  Of course, this will also result in a big loss in speed.

Reasons for this failure could be:

* IPC support has been disabled at the system level; some system
administrators disable this for security reasons.  If _you_ are the
system administrator, use a kernel that has IPC support compiled
in and enabled.

* You are attempting to run the emulator across the network (i.e.,
the emulator runs on one machine, and the output is displayed on
another machine that works as an X terminal) and for some reason
VICE does not recognize this fact.  In this case, you have found a
bug, so please report it to us.

If you want to avoid running the emulator with `+mitshm' every time,
run it once with `+mitshm' and then choose "Save settings" from the
right-button menu.

2.11.3 Printer problems
-----------------------

VICE supports the emulation of a printer either on the userport or as
IEC device 4. Unfortunately the Commodore IEC routines do not send all
commands to the IEC bus. For example an `OPEN 1,4' is not seen on the
IEC bus. Also a `CLOSE 1' after that is not seen. VICE can see from
printing that there was an `OPEN', but it cannot see when the close
was. Also a "finish print job" cannot be seen on the userport device.
To flush the printer buffer (write to `print.dump' or to the printer)
now a menu entry can be used. Disabling and re-enabling the printer
should work as well.

The printing services have not been extensively tested but apart from
the problem mentioned above it should work fine now.

2.11.4 PET keyboard problems
----------------------------

If you find that the German keyboard mapping (plus German charset) does
not print uppercase umlauts, then you are right.  The umlauts replace
the [, and ] characters in the charset. The keys that make these
characters do not have a different entry in the PET editor ROM tables
when shifted.  Thus it is not possible to get the uppercase umlauts in
the editor.  Nevertheless other programs are reported to change the
keyboard mapping table and thus allow the use of the shifted
(uppercase) umlauts.

Anyway, the VICE keyboard mappings are far from being perfect and we
are open to any suggestions.

3 Invoking the emulators
************************

The names of the available emulators are:

* `vsid', the SID player

* `x64', the fast C64 emulator

* `x64sc', the accurate C64 emulator

* `x64dtv', the C64DTV emulator

* `x128', the C128 emulator

* `xvic', the VIC20 emulator

* `xpet', the PET emulator

* `xplus4', the PLUS4 emulator

* `xcbm2', the CBM-II emulator (CRTC models)

* `xcbm5x0', the CBM-II emulator (VIC-II models)


You can run each of them by simply typing the name from a shell or by
configuring your window manager for example to use them to open disk
images.

If you want to look at the log output, or use the monitor in a port
which does not have a dedicated monitor UI yet (such as the XAW port),
you should always run them from a terminal window such as `xterm' or
`rxvt'.  For example, you could do

xterm -e x64

3.1 Command-line options used during initialization
===================================================

There are several options you can specify on the command line.  Some of
them are used to specify emulation settings and will be described in
detail later (*note Settings and resources:: for a complete list).  The
remaining options are used only to give usage information or to
initialize the emulator in some way:

`-help'
`-?'
List all the available command-line options and their meaning.

`-default'
Set default resources (*note Settings and resources::).  This will
override all the settings specified before, but not the settings
specified afterwards on the command line.

`-config <filename>'
Specify config file

`-logfile <name>'
Specify log file name

`-verbose'
Enable verbose log output.

`-keybuf <string>'
Put the specified string into the keyboard buffer.

`-console'
Console mode (for music playback)

`-chdir <directory>'
Change the working directory.

`-autostart IMAGE'
Autostart `IMAGE' (*note Command-line autostart::).

`-autoload <name>'
Attach and autoload tape/disk image <name>

`-basicload'
On autostart, load to BASIC start (without ',1')

`+basicload'
On autostart, load with ',1'

`-autostartwithcolon'
On autostart, use the 'RUN' command with a colon, i.e., 'RUN:'

`+autostartwithcolon'
On autostart, do not use the 'RUN' command with a colon; i.e.,
'RUN'

`-autostart-handle-tde'
`+autostart-handle-tde'
Handle/Do not handle True Drive Emulation on autostart

`+autostart-warp'
Enable/Disable warp mode during autostart

`-autostartprgmode'
Set autostart mode for PRG files

`-autostartprgdiskimage'
Set disk image for autostart of PRG files

`-autostart-delay-random'
`+autostart-delay-random'
Enable/Disable random delay on autostart

`-autostart-delay <value>'
Set initial autostart delay (0: use default)

`-1 NAME'
Attach `NAME' as a tape image file.

`-8 NAME'
`-9 NAME'
`-10 NAME'
`-11 NAME'
Attach `NAME' as a disk image to device 8, 9, 10 or 11.

`-attach8ro'
`-attach9ro'
`-attach10ro'
`-attach11ro'
Attach disk image for drive #8-11 read only

`-attach8rw'
`-attach9rw'
`-attach10rw'
`-attach11rw'
Attach disk image for drive #8-11 read write (if possible)


3.2 Autostarting programs from the command-line
===============================================

It is possible to let the emulator "autostart" a disk or tape image
file, by simply specifying its name as the _last_ argument on the
command line, for example

x64 lovelygame.x64.gz

will start the C64 emulator, attaching `lovelygame.x64.gz' as a disk
image and running the first program on it.  You can also specify the
name of the program on the fisk image by appending a colon (`:') the
name itself to the argument; for example

x64 "lovelygame.x64.gz:run me"

will run the program named `run me' on `lovelygame.x64.gz' instead of
the first one.

Using the command-line option `-autostart' is equivalent; so the same
result can be obtained with

x64 -autostart "lovelygame.x64.gz:run me"

If you specify a raw CBM or P00 file, the emulator will setup the file
system based drive emulation so that it is enabled and accesses the
directory containing the file first.  This is a very convenient way to
start multi-file programs stored in file system directories and not
requiring "true" drive emulation.

*Note Disk and tape images::. for more information about images and
autostart.

4 System files
**************

In order to work properly, the emulators need to load a few system
files:

* the "system ROMs", raw binary files containing copies of the
original ROMs of the machine you are emulating;

* the "keyboard maps", text files describing the keyboard layout;

* the "palette files", text files describing the colors of the
machine you are emulating.

* the "romset files", text files describing the different ROMs to
load.


The place where they will be searched for depends on the value of the
`Directory' resource, which is a colon (`:')-separated search path
list, like the UNIX `PATH' environment variable.  The default value is

PREFIX/lib/vice/EMU:$HOME/.vice/EMU:BOOTPATH/EMU

Where `PREFIX' is the installation prefix (usually `/usr/local'), `EMU'
is the name of the emulated machine (`C64', `C64DTV', `C128', `PET',
`PLUS4', `CBM-II' or `VIC20') and `BOOTPATH' is the directory where the
executable resides.  The disk drive ROMs are looked for in a directory
with `EMU' set to `DRIVES'. `$HOME' is the user's home directory.

For example, if you have the C64 emulator installed in

/usr/local/bin/x64

then the value will be

/usr/local/lib/vice/C64:$HOME/.vice/C64:/usr/local/bin/C64

And system files will be searched for under the following directories,
in the specified order:

1. `/usr/local/lib/VICE/C64'

2. `$HOME/.vice/C64'

3. `/usr/local/bin/C64'

System files can still be installed in a different directory if you
specify a complete path instead of just a file name.  For example, if
you specify `./kernal' as the kernal image name, the kernal image will
be loaded from the current directory.  This can be done by using
command-line options or by modifying resource values (*note Resource
files::).

4.1 ROM files
=============

Every emulator requires its own ROM set.  For the VIC20 and the C64, the
ROM set consists of the following files:

* `kernal',  the Kernal ROM (8 KBytes)

* `basic', the Basic ROM (8 KBytes)

* `chargen', the character generator ROM (4 Kbytes)


The C128 needs the following files:

* `kernal', the Kernal ROM (8 Kbytes)

* `basic', the Basic + Editor ROM (32 Kbytes)

* `chargen', the character generator ROM (4 Kbytes)


The C128, VIC20 and C64 emulators also need the following DOS ROMs for
the hardware-level emulation of the 1541, 1571, 1581, 2000 and 4000 disk
drives:

* `dos1541', the 1541 drive ROM (16 Kbytes)

* `dos1541II', the 1541-II drive ROM (16 Kbytes)

* `dos1571', the 1571 drive ROM (32 Kbytes)

* `dos1581', the 1581 drive ROM (32 Kbytes)

* `dos2000', the 2000 drive ROM (32 Kbytes)

* `dos4000', the 4000 drive ROM (32 Kbytes)


In addition to those all emulators can handle a parallel IEEE488
interface (the C64 and C128 via `$df**' extension, the VIC20 via
VIC1112 emulation) so they also need the DOS ROM for the IEEE disk
drives:

* `dos2031', the 2031 drive ROM (16 Kbytes) (DOS 2.6, Commodore ROM
images 901484-03 and 901484-05)

* `dos2040', the 2040 drive ROM (8 Kbytes) (DOS 1, Commodore ROM
images 901468-06, 901468-07)

* `dos3040', the 3040 drive ROM (12 Kbytes) (DOS 2, Commodore ROM
images 901468-11, 901468-12 and 901468-13)

* `dos4040', the 4040 drive ROM (12 Kbytes) (DOS 2, Commodore ROM
images 901468-14, 901468-15 and 901468-16)

* `dos1001', the 1001/8050/8250 drive ROM (16 Kbytes) (DOS 2.7,
Commodore ROM images 901887-01 and 901888-01)


Note that there are other DOS images on the internet. The DOS 2.5 images
might be used with the 8050, but it cannot handle the double sided
drives of the 1001 and 8250 and it is not supported by VICE.

The PET emulator uses an expanded setup, because there are three major
versions of the Basic and the Kernal, and many versions of the Editor
ROM. In addition there are cartridge ROM sockets.

The Kernal files contain the memory from range $F000-$FFFF, the Basic
ROMs either the range $C000-$DFFF or $B000-$DFFF.  To handle the
different screen sizes and keyboards, different so-called "editor-ROMs"
for the memory range $E000-$E800 are provided.  The PET ROMs have the
following names:

* `kernal1', the PET2001 Kernal ROM (4 KBytes) (Commodore ROM images
901447-06 and 901447-07)

* `kernal2', the PET3032 Kernal ROM (4 KBytes) (Commodore ROM image
901465-03)

* `kernal4', the PET4032/8032 Kernal ROM (4 KBytes) (Commodore ROM
image 901465-22)

* `basic1', the PET2001 Basic 1 ROM (8 KBytes) (Commodore ROM images
901447-09, 901447-02, 901447-03, 901447-04.bin.  The -09 ROM is
the revised -01 ROM)

* `basic2', the PET3032 Basic 2 ROM (8 KBytes) (Commodore ROM images
901465-01 and 901465-01)

* `basic4', the PET4032/8032 Basic 4 ROM (12 KBytes) (Commodore ROM
images 901465-23, 901465-20 and 901465-21.  The -23 ROM is a
revised -19 ROM)

* `edit1g', the PET2001 editor for graphics keyboards (2 KBytes)
(Commodore ROM image 901447-05)

* `edit2b', the PET3032 editor for business keyboards (2 KBytes)
(Commodore ROM image 901474-01)

* `edit2g', the PET3032 editor for graphics keyboards (2 KBytes)
(Commodore ROM image 901447-24)

* `edit4g40', the PET4032 editor for graphics keyboards (2 KBytes)
(Commodore ROM image 901498-01)

* `edit4b40', the PET4032 editor for business keyboards (2 KBytes)
(Commodore ROM image 901474-02)

* `edit4b80', the PET8032 editor for business keyboards (2 KBytes)
(Commodore ROM image 901474-04-?)

* `chargen', the character generator ROM (2k).  It has two sets with
128 chars each.  The second (inverted) half of each set is
computed from the first half by inverting it.  This is a PET
hardware feature.  (Commodore ROM image 901447-10)

* `chargen.de', the character generator ROM (2k). This version is a
patched German charset, with the characters [,  and ] replaced by
umlauts.  It has been provided by U. Guettich and he reports that
it is supported by some programs.

* `characters.901640-01.bin', the SuperPET character generator ROM
(4k).  The first half is the same as `chargen', the second half
contains, instead of an upper and lower case set, an ASCII
character set and an APL character set. For these sets, the screen
code is equal to the ASCII/APL code.

* `waterloo-[abcdf]000.901898-0[1-5].bin',
`waterloo-e000.901897-01.bin'.  The Waterloo system ROMs.

The PETs also have sockets for extension ROMs for the addresses
$9000-$9FFF, $A000-$AFFF and $B000-$BFFF (the last one for PET2001 and
PET3032 only).  You can specify ROM image files for those extensions
command line options `-petrom9', `-petromA' and `-petromB' resp.

An alternative would be to specify a long kernal ROM with the `-kernal'
option that includes the extension ROM areas.

Also, you can specify replacements for the basic ROM at $B000-$DFFF
with the `-petromBasic' option and for the editor ROM at $E000-$E7FF
with the `-petromEditor' option.

The CBM-II emulator again uses another setup.  For those models the
kernal used is the same for all.  However, for different amounts of
memory exist different versions of the BASIC ROMs.  The 128k RAM version
(C610, C710, B128) uses one bank of 64k for the BASIC text and another
one for all the variables.  The 256k RAM version uses one bank for text,
one for variables, one for arrays and one for strings.

Also the character generator ROMs have a format different from the
above.  The other character ROMs have 8 bytes of pixel data per
character.  Those ROMs have 16 bytes per character instead.  The C6x0
only uses the first 8 of it, but the C7x0 uses 14 lines per character
and needs those increased ROMs.  Both ROMs hold, like the PET, two
character sets with 128 characters each.  Again the second half of the
full (256 char) character set is computed by inverting.

* `kernal', the KERNAL (8k) for the business machines (6xx/7xx)

* `kernal.500', the KERNAL (8k) for the personal machine (510)
(901234-02)

* `basic.128', the CBM-II 128k BASIC (16k)

* `basic.256', CBM-II 256k BASIC (16k)

* `basic.500', C510 BASIC (16k) (901236-02 + 901235-02)

* `chargen.500', character generator ROM for the C5x0 (4k)
(901225-01)

* `chargen.600', character generator ROM for the C6x0 (4k)

* `chargen.700', character generator ROM for the C7x0 (4k)


4.2 Keymap files
================

"Keymap files" are used to define the keyboard layout, defining which
key (or combination of keys) must be mapped to each keysym.

In other words, the keyboard emulation works like this: whenever the
user presses or releases a key while the emulation window has the input
focus, the emulator receives an X-Window event with a value that
identifies that key.  That value is called a "keysym" and is unique to
that key.  The emulator then looks up that keysym in an internal table
that tells it which key(s) to press or release on the emulated keyboard.

This table is described by the keymap file, which is made up of lines
like the following:

KEYSYM ROW COLUMN SHIFTFLAG

Where:

* `KEYSYM' is a string identifying the keysym: you can use the `xev'
utility (shipped with the X Window system) to see what keysym is
bound to any key;

* `ROW' and `COLUMN' identify the key on the emulated keyboard;

* `SHIFTFLAG' can have one of the following values:

* `0': the key is never shifted;

* `1': the key is shifted;

* `2': the key is the left shift;

* `4': the key is the right shift;

* `8': the key can be (optionally) shifted by the user.



The `SHIFTFLAG' is useful if you want certain keys to be "artificially"
shifted by the emulator, and not by the user.  For example, <F2> is
shifted on the C64 keyboard, but you might want it to be mapped to the
unshifted <F2> key on the PC keyboard.  To do so, you just have to use
a line like the following:

F2 0 4 1

where `0' and `4' identify the key (row 0, column 4 on the keyboard
matrix), and `1' specifies that every time the user presses <F2> the
shift key on the C64 keyboard must be pressed.

There are also some special commands you can put into the keyboard file;
they are recognized because they start with an exclamation mark:

* `!CLEAR' clears the currently loaded keyboard map; it is necessary
to put this at the beginning of the file if you want the keymap
file to override all of the current internal settings;

* `!LSHIFT', `!RSHIFT', followed by a row and a column value,
specify where the left and right shift keys are located on the
emulated keyboard; for example, C64 default keymaps will specify

!LSHIFT 1 7
!RSHIFT 6 4


Any line starting with the `#' sign, instead, is completely ignored.
This is useful for adding comments within the keymap file.

VICE keymap files have the `.vkm' default extension, and every emulator
comes with a default positional mapping and a default symbolic mapping.

4.3 Palette files
=================

"Palette files" are used to specify the colors used in the emulators.
They are made up of lines like the following:

RED GREEN BLUE DITHER

where `RED', `GREEN' and `BLUE' are hexadecimal values ranging from 0
to FF and specifying the amount of red, green and blue you want for
each color and `DITHER' is a 4-bit hexadecimal number specifying the
pattern you want when rendering on a B/W display.

You have to include as many lines as the number of colors the emulated
machine has, and the order of the lines must respect the one used in the
machine (so the N'th line must contain the specifications for color N -
1 in the emulated machine).

Lines starting with the `#' sign are completely ignored.  This is
useful for adding comments (such as color names) within the palette
file.

For example, the default PET palette file (which has only two colors, 0
for background and 1 for foreground), looks like the following:

#
# VICE Palette file
#
# Syntax:
# Red Green Blue Dither
#

# Background
00 00 00 0

# Foreground
00 FF 00 F

4.4 Romset files
================

The Romset files are not used by default on all emulators.  You might
have recognized that the names of the ROM images are saved in
resources. Loading a Romset file now just means a `shortcut' to
changing all the resources with ROM image names and reloading the ROMs.

The PET and CBM-II emulators use this feature to change between the
different ROM versions available for those machines. E.g. the Romset
file for the PET 2001 is

KernalName="pet2001"
EditorName=
ChargenName="chargen"
RomModule9Name=
RomModuleAName=
RomModuleBName=

As you can see, the file even uses the same syntax as the resource
file, it is just a bit stripped down.

5 Basic operation
*****************

This section describes the basic things you can do once the emulator
has been fired up.

5.1 The emulation window
========================

When the emulator is run, the screen of the emulated machine is
displayed in a standard X Window which we will call the "emulation
window".  This window will be updated in real time, displaying the same
contents that a real monitor or TV set would.

Below the emulation window there is an area which is used to display
information about the state of the emulator; we will call this area the
"status bar".

On the extreme left of the status bar, there is a "performance meter".
This displays the current relative speed of the emulator (as a
percentage) and the update frequency (in frames per second).  All the
machines emulated are PAL, so the update frequency will be 50 frames
per second if your system is fast enough to allow emulation at the
speed of the real machine.

On the extreme right of the status bar, there is a "drive status
indicator".  This is only visible if the hardware-level ("True") 1541
emulation is turned on.  In that case, the drive status indicator will
contain a rectangle emulating the drive LED and will display the current
track position of the drive's read/write head.

5.2 Using the menus
===================

It is possible to execute some commands and change emulation parameters
while the emulator is running: when the pointer is over the emulation
window, two menus are available by pressing either the left or right
mouse buttons.  The left mouse button will open the "command menu" from
which several emulation-related commands can be executed; the right
mouse button will open the "settings menu" from which emulation
parameters can be changed.  The basic difference between the command and
the settings menu is that, while commands have only effect on the
current session, settings can be saved and later used with the "Save
settings" and "Load settings" right-button menu items, respectively.
"Restore default settings" restores the factory defaults.  *Note
Settings and resources::. for more information about how settings work
in VICE.

Sometimes commands can be reached via "shortcuts" or "hotkeys", i.e.,
it is possible to execute them by pressing a sequence of keys instead
of going through the menu with the mouse.  Where shortcuts exist, they
are displayed in parentheses at the right edge of the menu item.  In
VICE, all shortcuts must begin with the <Meta> or <Alt> key.  So, for
example, to attach a disk image to drive #8 (the corresponding menu
item displays "M-8"), you have to press the <Meta> (or <Alt>) and then
<8>.

Note that no other key presses are passed on to the emulated machine
while either <Meta> or <Alt> are held down.

5.3 Getting help
================

At any time, if you get stuck or do not remember how to perform a
certain action, you can use the "Browse manuals" command (left button
menu).  This will popup a browser and open the HTML version of this
documentation.  Notice that this requires VICE to be properly (and
fully) installed with a `make install'.

The browser can be specified via the `HTMLBrowserCommand' string
resource (*note Settings and resources:: for information about
resources).  Every `%s' in the string will be replaced with a URL to
the VICE HTML pages.

5.4 Using the file selector
===========================

In those situations where it is necessary to specify a file name, all
of the VICE emulators will pop up a file selector window allowing you
to select or specify a file interactively.

To the left of the file selector, there is a list of ancestor
directories: by clicking on them, you can ascend the directory tree.  To
the right, there is a list of the files in the current directory; files
can be selected by clicking on them.  If you click on a directory, that
directory becomes the current one; if you click on an ordinary file, it
becomes the active selection.

At the top, there is a "directory box", with the complete path of the
current directory, and a "file name box", with the name of the
currently selected file.  At the bottom there are two buttons: "OK"
confirms the selected file and "Cancel" abandons the file selector
without cancelling the operation.

It is also possible to specify what files you want to show in the file
selector by writing an appropriate shell-like pattern in the directory
box; e.g., `~/*.[dx]64' will only show files in the home directory whose
name ends with either `.d64' or with `.x64'.

5.5 Using disk and tape images
==============================

The emulator is able to emulate disk drives and (read-only) tape
recorders if provided with suitable "disk images" or "tape images".  An
"image" is a raw dump of the contents of the media, and must be
"attached" before the emulator can use it.  "Attaching" a disk or tape
image is like "virtually" inserting a diskette or a cassette into the
disk drive or the tape recorder: once an image is attached, the
emulator is able to use it as a storage media.

There are five commands (in the left button menu) that deal with disk
and tape images:

* Attach Disk Image

* Detach Disk Image

* Attach Tape Image

* Detach Tape Image

* Smart-attach a file


The first four commands are used to insert and remove the virtual disks
and cassettes from the respective units.  On the other hand, the last
commands tries to guess the type of the image you are attaching from
its name and size, and attaches it to the most reasonable device.

Supported formats are `D64' and `X64' for disk images (devices 8, 9 and
10) and `T64' for tape images.  Notice that `T64' support is
_read-only_, and that the cassette is automatically rewound when you
reach its end.

Another important feature is that raw Commodore BASIC binary files and
.P00 files can be attached as tapes.  As you can autostart a tape image
when it is attached (*note Autostart::), this allows you to autostart
these particular files as well.

You can attach a disk for which you do not have write permissions: when
this happens, the 1541 emulator will emulate a write-protected disk.
This is also useful if you want to prevent certain disk images from
being written to; in the latter case, just remove the write permission
for that file, e.g., by doing a `chmod a-w'.

5.5.1 Previewing the image contents
-----------------------------------

It is possible to examine the directory of a disk or tape image before
attaching it.  Just press the "Contents" button in the file selector
window and a new window will pop up with the contents of the selected
image.

Notice that this function automatically translates the directory from
PETSCII to ASCII; but, due to differences in the two encodings, it is
not always possible to translate all the characters, so you might get
funny results when "weird" characters such as the semi-graphical ones
are being used.

5.5.2 "Autostarting" an image
-----------------------------

If you want to reset the machine and run the first program on a certain
image without typing any commands at the Commodore BASIC prompt, you can
use the "Autostart" button in the file selector window after selecting
a proper disk or tape image file.

Notice that, if true drive emulation is turned on, it will be turned off
before running the program and then turned on again after it has been
loaded.  This way, you get the maximum possible speed while loading the
file, but you do not lose compatibility once the program itself is
running.

This method is not completely safe, because some autostarting methods
might cause the true drive emulation not to be turned on again.  In such
cases, the best thing to do is to disable kernal traps (which will cause
true drive emulation to be always kept turned on), or to manually load
the program with true drive emulation turned on.

5.5.3 Using compressed files
----------------------------

It is also possible to attach disk or tape images that have been
compressed through various algorithms; compression formats are
identified from the file extension.  The following formats are supported
(the expected file name extension is in parenthesis):

* GNU Zip (`.gz' or `.z');

* BZip version 2 (`.bz2');

* PkZip (`.zip');

* GNU Zipped TAR archives (`.tar.gz', `.tgz');

* Zoo (`.zoo').

PkZip, `tar.gz', `lha' and `zoo' support is _read-only_ and always uses
the _first_ `T64' or `D64' file in the archive.  So archives containing
multiple files will always be handled as if they contain only a single
file.

Windows and MSDOS don't contain the needful programs to handle
compressed archives. Get gzip and unzip for Windows at
ftp://ftp.freesoftware.com/pub/infozip/WIN32 and for MSDOS at
ftp://ftp.freesoftware.com/pub/infozip/MSDOS. Don't use pkunzip for
MSDOS, it doesn't work. The programs to use BZip2 archives may be found
at http://sourceware.cygnus.com/bzip2.  Just put the programs
(unzip.exe, gzip.exe, bzip2.exe) into a directory of your search path
(e.g. C:DOS or C:WINDOWSCOMMAND; have a look at the PATH variable).

5.5.4 Using Zipcode and Lynx images
-----------------------------------

Since version 0.15, the VICE emulators have been able to attach disks
packed with Zipcode or Lynx directly, removing the need to manually
convert them into `D64' or `X64' files with `c1541'.  This is achieved
by automatically invoking `c1541', letting it decode the file into a
temporary image and attaching the resulting temporary image read-only.
For this to work, the directory containing `c1541' must be in your
`PATH'.

This uses the `-unlynx' and `-zcreate' options of `c1541' (*note c1541
commands and options::); these commands are not very reliable yet, and
could fail with certain kinds of Lynx and Zipcode images (for example,
they cannot deal with `DEL' files properly).  So please use them with
caution.

Lynx files usually come as `.lnx' files which are unpacked into single
disk images.  On the other hand, Zipcode files do not have a particular
extension (although `.z64' is sometimes used), and represent a disk by
means of component files, named as follows:

* `1!NAME'

* `2!NAME'

* `3!NAME'

* `4!NAME'

If you attach as a disk image (or smart-attach) any one of these files,
the emulator will simply pick up the other three (by examining the
name) and then build a disk image using all four.

5.6 Resetting the machine
=========================

You can reset the emulated machine at any time by using the "Reset"
command from the command menu.  There are two types of reset:

* "soft reset", which simply resets the CPU and all the other chips;

* "hard reset", which also clears up the contents of RAM.

A "soft reset" is the same as a hardware reset achieved by pulling the
RESET line down; a "hard reset" is more like a power on/power off
sequence in that it makes sure the whole RAM is cleared.

It is possible that a soft reset may not be enough to take the machine
to the OS initialization sequence: in such cases, you will have to do a
hard reset instead.

This is especially the case for the CBM-II emulators.  Those machines
examine a memory location and if they find a certain "magic" value they
only do what you know from the C64 as `Run/Stop-Restore'.  Therefore,
to really reset a CBM-II use hard reset.

6 Settings and resources
************************

In the VICE emulators, all the settings are stored in entities known as
called "resources".  Each resource has a name and a value which may be
either an integer or a string.  Integer values are often used as
boolean values with the usual convention of using zero for "false" and
any other value for "true".

Resource values can be changed via the right-button menu (the
"settings" menu), via command-line options or via the "resource file".

The "resource file" is a human-readable file containing resource
values: it is called `vicerc' and is stored in the directory `.vice/'
in the user's home directory.  It is possible to dump the current
values of the resources into that file or load the values stored into
that file as the current values, at any time.  This is achieved with
the "Save settings" and "Load settings" right menu items.  A third menu
item, "Restore Default Settings", can be used to reset all the values
to the factory defaults.

A special resource, `SaveResourcesOnExit', if set to a non zero value,
causes the emulator to ask you if you want to save the current
(changed) settings before exiting, and can be toggled with the "Save
settings on exit" command from the right-button menu.

Notice that not all the resources can be changed from the menus; some of
them can only be changed by manually modifying the resource file or by
using command-line options.

6.1 Format of resource files
============================

A resource file is made up of several sections; sections have the
purpose of separating the resources of a certain emulator from the ones
of the other emulators.  A section starts with the name of an emulator
in brackets (e.g., `[C64]') and ends when another section starts or
when the file ends.

Every line in a section has the following format:

RESOURCE=VALUE

where `RESOURCE' is the name of a resource and `VALUE' is its assigned
value.  Resource names are case-sensitive and resource values are
either strings or integers.  Strings must start and end with a double
quote character (`"'), while integers must be given in decimal notation.

Here is an example of a stripped-down `.vice/vicerc' file:

[VIC20]
HTMLBrowserCommand="netscape %s"
SaveResourcesOnExit=0
FileSystemDevice8=1
FSDevice8ConvertP00=1
FSDevice8Dir="/home/ettore/cbm/stuff/vic20p00"
FSDevice8SaveP00=1
FSDevice8HideCBMFiles=1
[C64]
HTMLBrowserCommand="netscape %s"
SaveResourcesOnExit=1
FileSystemDevice8=1
FSDevice8ConvertP00=1
FSDevice8Dir="/home/ettore/cbm/stuff/c64p00"
FSDevice8SaveP00=1
FSDevice8HideCBMFiles=1

Notice that, when resource values are saved with "Save settings", the
emulator only modifies its own section, leaving the others unchanged.

6.2 Using command-line options to change resources
==================================================

Resources can also be changed via command-line options.

Command-line options always override the defaults from `.vice/vicerc',
and their assignments last for the whole session.  So, if you specify a
certain command-line option that changes a certain resource from its
default value and then use "Save Settings", the value specified with
the command-line option will be saved back to the resource file.

Command-line options can begin with with a minus sign (`-') or with a
plus sign (`+').  Options beginning with a minus sign may require an
additional parameter, while the ones beginning with the plus sign never
require one.

Moreover, options beginning with a plus sign always have a counterpart
with the same name, but with a minus sign; in that case, the option
beginning with a minus sign is used to _enable_ a certain feature,
while the one beginning with a plus sign is used to _disable_ the same
feature (this is an X11 convention).  For example, `-mitshm' enables
support of MITSHM, while `+mitshm' disables it.

6.3 Autostart settings
======================

6.3.1 Autostart resources
-------------------------

`AutostartPrgDiskImage'
String specifying the filename of the disk image used when
autostarting a prg file and "copy to D64" is enabled.

`AutostartBasicLoad'
Boolean, if true load to basic start using ,8 when autostarting.

`AutostartRunWithColon'
Boolean, if true put a colon after the load command when
autostarting.

`AutostartHandleTrueDriveEmulation'
Boolean, if true handle (enable/disable) True Drive Emulation on
autostart.

`AutostartWarp'
Boolean, if true temporarily enable warp mode when autostarting

`AutostartPrgMode'
Integer specifying the autostart mode for prg files. (0: virtual
filesystem, 1: inject to RAM, 2: copy to D64)

`AutostartDelayRandom'
Boolean, enables a short random delay on autostart.

`AutostartDelay'
Integer specifying the maximum delay in frames.


6.4 Performance settings
========================

It is possible to control the emulation speed by using the "Maximum
speed" menu item in the right-button menu.  The default setting is
`100', which causes the emulation to never run faster than the real
machine.  A higher value allows the emulator to run faster, a lower one
may force it to run slower.  The setting "No limit" means to run as
fast as possible, without limiting speed.

It is also possible to control the emulator's rate of frame update using
the "Refresh rate" setting; the value ranges from "1/1" (update 1/1 of
the frames of the real machine, that is 50 frames per second) to "1/10"
(update 1 every 10 frames) and can be changed via the "Refresh Rate"
submenu.  The "Auto" setting means to dynamically adapt the refresh
rate to the current speed of the host machine, making sure the maximum
speed specified by the via "Maxium speed" is always reached if
possible.  In any case, the refresh rate will never be worse than 1/10
if this option is specified.

Note that you cannot simultaneously specify "Auto" as the refresh rate
and "No limit" as the maximum speed..

Moreover, a special "warp speed" mode is provided and can be toggled
with the "Enable Warp Mode" menu item.  If this mode is enabled, it
will cause the emulator to disable any speed limit, turn sound emulation
off and use a 1/10 refresh rate, so that it will run at the maximum
possible speed.

6.4.1 Performance resources
---------------------------

`Speed'
Integer specifying the maximum relative speed, as a percentage.
`0' stands for "no limit".

`RefreshRate'
Integer specifying the refresh rate; a value of `n' specifies a
refresh rate of 1/`n'.  A value of `0' enables automatic frame
skipping.

`WarpMode'
Booolean specifying whether "warp mode" is turned on or not.


6.4.2 Performance command-line options
--------------------------------------

`-speed VALUE'
Specifies the maximum speed as a percentage.  `0' stands for "no
limit".  (Same as setting the `Speed' resource.)

`-refresh VALUE'
Specifies refresh rate; a value of `n' specifies a refresh rate of
1/`n'.  A value of `0' enables automatic frame skipping.  (Same as
setting the `RefreshRate' resource.)

`-warp'
`+warp'
Enables/disables warp mode (`WarpMode=1', `WarpMode=0').


6.5 Video settings
==================

The following right-button menu items control the video output.  On
emulators that include two video chips (like `x128') all options but
XSync exist twice, once for each chip.  XSync is shared between the
video chips.

* "Video Cache" enables a video cache that can speed up the emulation
when little graphics activity is going on; it is especially useful
when you run the emulator on a networked X terminal as it can
reduce the network bandwidth required.  However, this setting can
actually make the emulator slower when there is little graphics
activity and the amount of work needed to maintain the cache is
greater than the amount of work that would be wasted by not using
it (if any).

* "Double Size" toggles "double-size mode", which makes the
emulation window twice as big.  When emulating a 80-column PET,
only the height is doubled, so that the aspect ratio is closer to
that of the real thing.

* "Double Scan" toggles "double-scan mode", which causes the
emulator to draw only odd lines when running in double-size mode
(this saves some CPU time and also makes the emulation window look
more like an old monitor).

* `Use XSync()" causes the emulator to call the X11 function
`XSync()' before updating the emulation window: this might be
necessary on low-end systems to prevent it from consuming so many
system resources that it becomes impossible for the user to
interact with it.


6.5.1 using openGL Rastersynchronization under X11
--------------------------------------------------

Warning: To get full retro experience with synchronization to the
vertrical raster retrace messing with X11 modelines (resolution and
refresh frequencies) is necessary. This description is a suggestion -
Follow this instructions at your own risk!

The following was tested under Ubuntu Linux (8.04) featuring Xorg
Xserver 1:7.3+10ubuntu and mesa openGL including HW support (NVIDIA
driver) supporting glx version 1.4 supplying GLX_SGI_video_sync.

It is assumed that this works also on other systems supporting the
required extensions.

Preconditions:
* openGL extension GLX_SGI_video_sync in your X11 setup.    The
availability of the extension is checked at startup.

* XRandR extension to switch proper modes (50Hz for PAL, 60Hz for
NTSC) is mandatory, proper modelines in your /etc/X11/xorg.conf
must be present.

If your systems lacks 50 or 60Hz modes you might try using `gtf'
(typcally shipped with Xorg, xserver) - see related man page.

You might need to add the output such as:
# 800x600 # 50.00 Hz (GTF) hsync: 30.90 kHz; pclk: 31.15 MHz
Modeline "800x600_50.00" 31.15 800 824 904 1008 600 601 604 618 -HSync +Vsync
to you Monitor Section of /etc/X11/xorg.conf and add the resolution to
the `Screen' section.

Sometimes some consistency checks within the display driver drop this
resolutions again.  To drop e.g. the autodetection features in the
NVIDIA driver you might add `Option "UseEDID" "FALSE"' in section
`Device'.

XRandR cannot cope properly with the DynamicTwinView feature of the
proprietary nvidia driver. You might need

`Option         "DynamicTwinView" "False"'

to get proper results (in Screen or Device section of you xorg.conf).

ATTENTION: Disabling such features might allow X11 to access your HW in
a way that it gets damaged! You are at your own risk!

Enable fullscreen (not necessary, but makes sense):
* choose your preferred resolution/refresh XRandR Resolutions and
enable XRandR as fullscreen device (50Hz/PAL or 60Hz/NTSC mode).

* Activate fullscreen with `Alt-D'.

* choose `OpenGL Rastersynchronization' in the video chip menu
(VIC-II Settings, VIC Setting, etc.)

Note that:
* the current implementation is dropping synchronization silently in
case the display frequency isn't aligned (50Hz for PAL, 60Hz for
NTSC).

* On some systems the XRandR system isn't informed about desktop
display frequency changes if you switch resolutions via hotkeys
like CTRL-Alt-+ (Numpad), which is possible e.g. with the X11
implementation of Xorg.

In that case you can override/tell the current frequency via menu:
Settings->VICII Settings->Desktop Refreshrate (e.g. in x64) (this
shouldn't be necessary if you use fullscreen via XRandR.

6.5.2 Video resources
---------------------

The following resources affect the screen emulation.

`UseXSync'
Boolean specifying whether `XSync()' is called after updating the
emulation window.

`MITSHM'
Integer specifying whether VICE should try to use the shared memory
extensions (MITSHM) when starting up.  The shared memory
extensions make things a lot faster but might not be available on
your system.  You will not be able to use these extensions if you
are sitting at an X terminal while running the emulator on a
remote machine across a network.  Valid values are: 0 = do not use
MITSHM, 1 = do use MITSHM, -1 = try to autodetect availability on
startup (default).  The last is a simple test if the emulator runs
across a network and if so disables MITSHM (If you have problems
with this test please report it).

`PrivateColormap'
Boolean specifying whether VICE should install a private colormap
at startup.  This makes sense for 8-bit displays that could run
out of colors if other color-hungry applications are running at
the same time.

`DisplayDepth'
Integer specifying the depth of the host display.  The value `0'
(the default) causes the emulator to autodetect it.

`UseFullscreen'
Boolean specifying whether fullscreen mode is currently in use.

`HwScalePossible'
Boolean that indicates whether hardware scaling is possible or not.

`openGL_sync'
Boolean, if true enable Open-GL frame sync.

`openGL_no_sync'
Boolean, if true Open-GL sync is not available.

`KeepAspectRatio'
Boolean specifying whether the aspect ratio of the output window
should be preserved. (0=free scaling, 1=scale with fixed aspect
ratio)

`TrueAspectRatio'
Boolean specifying whether to use the true (non square pixels)
aspect ratio.

`Window0Width'
`Window0Height'
`Window0Xpos'
`Window0Ypos'
Integers specifying the position and size of the (first) emulator
window.

`Window1Width'
`Window1Height'
`Window1Xpos'
`Window1Ypos'
Integers specifying the position and size of the (second) emulator
window.


6.5.3 Video command-line options
--------------------------------

`-xsync'
`+xsync'
Enable/disable usage of `XSync()' when updating the emulation
window (`UseXSync=1', `UseXSync=0').

`-mitshm'
`+mitshm'
Enable/disable usage of the MITSHM extensions (`MITSHM=1',
`MITSHM=0').

`-install'
`+install'
Enable/disable installation of a private colormap
(`PrivateColormap=1', `PrivateColormap=0').

`-displaydepth DEPTH'
Specify the display depth (`DisplayDepth').

`-fullscreen'
`+fullscreen'
Enable/disable fullscreen mode


6.6 Keyboard settings
=====================

It is possible to specify whether the "positional" or "symbolic"
keyboard mapping should be used with the "Keyboard mapping type"
submenu (*note Keyboard emulation:: for an explanation of positional
and symbolic mappings).

The keyboard settings submenu also allows you to:

* Load custom-made positional and symbolic keymap files ("Set
symbolic keymap file" and "Set positional keymap file").

* Dump the current keymap to a user-defined keymap file ("Dump to
keymap file").

6.6.1 Keyboard resources
------------------------

`KeymapIndex'
Integer identifying which keymap is being used; `0' indicates
symbolic mapping, `1' positional mapping.  For the PET the even
values represent symbolic mapping, odd positional.  Then add `0'
for UK business keyboard or `2' for graphics keyboard.

`KeymapSymFile'
String specifying the name of the keymap file for the symbolic
mapping (*note Keyboard emulation::, all but PET and CBM-II).

`KeymapSymDeFile'
String specifying the name of the keymap file for the symbolic
mapping (de)

`KeymapPosFile'
String specifying the name of the keymap file for the positional
mapping (*note Keyboard emulation::, all but PET and CBM-II).

`KeymapBusinessUKSymFile'
`KeymapBusinessUKPosFile'
String specifying the name of the keymap file for the symbolic and
positional mapping for the UK business keyboard (*note Keyboard
emulation::, PET and CBM-II).

`KeymapGraphicsSymFile'
`KeymapGraphicsPosFile'
String specifying the name of the keymap file for the symbolic and
positional mapping for the graphics keyboard (*note Keyboard
emulation::, PET only).

`KeymapBusinessDESymFile'
`KeymapBusinessDEPosFile'
String specifying the name of the keymap file for the symbolic and
positional mapping for the German business keyboard.  (*note
Keyboard emulation::, PET only).


6.6.2 Keyboard command-line options
-----------------------------------

`-keymap N'
Specifies which keymap is being used; `0' indicates symbolic
mapping, `1' positional mapping (as for the `KeymapIndex'
resource).

`-symkeymap NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the symbolic keymap file (`KeymapSymFile').

`-poskeymap NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the positional keymap file (`KeymapPosFile').

`-symdekeymap NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the symbolic keymap file (`KeymapSymDeFile').

`-buksymkeymap NAME'
`-bukposkeymap NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the symbolic/positional keymap file for the UK
business keyboard (`KeymapBusinessUKSymFile',
`KeymapBusinessUKPosFile', PET and CBM-II).

`-grsymkeymap NAME'
`-grposkeymap NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the symbolic/positional keymap file for the
graphics keyboard (`KeymapGraphicsSymFile',
`KeymapGraphicsPosFile', PET only).

`-bdesymkeymap NAME'
`-bdeposkeymap NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the symbolic/positional keymap file for the
German business keyboard (`KeymapBusinessDESymFile',
`KeymapBusinessDEPosFile', PET only).


6.7 Joystick settings
=====================

6.7.1 Joystick resources
------------------------

`JoyDevice1'
`JoyDevice2'
`JoyDevice3'
`JoyDevice4'
Integer specifying which joystick device the emulator should use
for joystick emulation for ports 1 - 4, respectively (0=None,
1=Numpad, 2=Custom keys, 3=Analog joystick 1, 4=Analog joystick 2,
5=Digital joystick 1, 6=Digital joystick 2 on Unix) The available
joysticks might differ depending on operating system and joystick
support in the OS (Linux joystick module must be available for
example).

`JoyOpposite'
Boolean, if true allow (usually impossible) bitcombinations for
opposite directions.

`ExtraJoy'
Boolean, enables extra joysticks if true.

`ExtraJoyType'
Integer specifying the type of adapter used for the extra
joysticks. (0=Classical Games/ Protovision, 1=PET, 2=Hummer,
3=OEM, 4=Digital Excess/Hitmen, 5=Kingsoft, 6=Starbyte)

`Mouse'
Boolean, enables mouse emulation

`Mousetype'
Integer that specifies the type of emulated mouse. (0=1351,
1=NEOS, 2=Amiga, 3=Paddles, 4=Atari CX-22, 5=Atari ST, 6=Smart)

`Mouseport'
Integer that specifies the joystick port the emulated mouse is
connected to.  (1=port 1, 2=port 2)

`Lightpen'
Boolean, enables lightpen emulation

`LightpenType'
Integer specifying the type of lightpen. (0=Pen with button Up,
1=Pen with button Left,  2=Datel Pen, 3=Magnum Light Phaser,
4=Stack Light Rifle)

`KeySet1NorthWest'
`KeySet1North'
`KeySet1NorthEast'
`KeySet1East'
`KeySet1SouthEast'
`KeySet1South'
`KeySet1SouthWest'
`KeySet1West'
`KeySet1Fire'
Integers specifying the keycodes for keyset 1.

`KeySet2NorthWest'
`KeySet2North'
`KeySet2NorthEast'
`KeySet2East'
`KeySet2SouthEast'
`KeySet2South'
`KeySet2SouthWest'
`KeySet2West'
`KeySet2Fire'
Integers specifying the keycodes for keyset 2.

`KeySetEnable'
Boolean that specifies whether user defined keysets are enabled.


6.7.2 Joystick command-line options
-----------------------------------

`-joydev1 <0-8>'
`-joydev2 <0-8>'
Set the device for joystick emulation of port 1 and 2, respectively
(`JoyDevice1', `JoyDevice2').

`-extrajoydev1 <0-8>'
`-extrajoydev2 <0-8>'
Set device for extra joystick port 1 and 2.

`-mouse'
`+mouse'
Enable/Disable mouse grab

`-mousetype <value>'
Select the mouse type (0 = 1351, 1 = NEOS, 2 = Amiga, 3 = Paddles,
4 = CX-22, 5 = ST, 6 = Smart))

`-mouseport <value>'
Select the joystick port the mouse is attached to

`-lightpen'
`+lightpen'
Enable/Disable lightpen emulation

`-lightpentype <type>'
Set lightpen type


6.8 Sound settings
==================

The following menu items control sound output:

* "Enable sound playback" turns sound emulation on and off.

* "Sound synchronization" specifies the method for syncronizing the
sound playback.  Possible settings are:
* "Flexible", i.e., the audio renderer flexibly adds/removes
samples to the output to smoothly adapt the playback to
slight changes in the speed of the emulator.

* "Adjusting" works like "flexible", but supports bigger
differences in speed.  For example, if the emulation speed
drops down from from 100% to 50%, audio slows down by the
same amount too.

* "Exact", instead, makes the audio renderer output always the
same sounds you would hear from the real thing, without
trying to adapt the ratio; to compensate the tolerances in
speed, some extra frames will be skipped or added.

* "Sample rate" specifies the sampling frequency, ranging from 8000
to 48000 Hz (not all the sound cards and/or sound drivers can
support all the frequencies, so actually the nearest candidate
will be chosen).

* "Buffer size" specifies the size of the audio buffer; the bigger
the buffer, the longer the delay with which sounds are played.
You should pick the smallest value your machine can handle without
problems.

* "Sound suspend time", will cause the audio playback to pause for
the specified number of seconds whenever some clicking happens.
If "Keep going" is selected, no pausing is done.


6.8.1 Sound resources
---------------------

`Sound'
Boolean specifying whether audio emulation is turned on.

`SoundSpeedAdjustment'
Integer specifying what speed adjustment method the audio renderer
should use.  Possible values are:
* `0': "flexible"

* `1': "adjusting"

* `2': "exact"

`SoundSampleRate'
Integer specifying the sampling frequency, ranging from 8000 to
48000 Hz (not all the sound cards and/or sound drivers can support
all the frequencies, so actually the nearest candidate will be
chosen).

`SoundBufferSize'
Integer specifying the size of the audio buffer, in milliseconds.

`SoundSuspendTime'
Integer specifying the pause interval when audio underflows
("clicks") happen.  `0' means no pause is done.

`SoundDeviceName'
String specifying the audio driver.

Implemented drivers are:

* `aix', for the IBM AIX sound driver.

* `uss', for the Linux/FreeBSD Universal Sound System driver
(`SoundDeviceArg' specifies the audio device, `/dev/dsp' by
default);

* `sgi', for the Silicon Graphics audio device (`SoundDeviceArg'
specifies the audio device, `/dev/audio' by default);

* `sun', for the Solaris audio device (unfinished;
`SoundDeviceArg' specifies the audio device, `/dev/audio' by
default).

* `hpux', for the HP-UX audio device (unfinished;
`SoundDeviceArg' specifies the audio device, `/dev/audio' by
default).

* `sdl', for the Simple DirectMedia Layer audio driver.

* `esd', for EsounD, the Enlightened Sound Daemon;
`SoundDeviceArg' specifies the ESD server (`host:port') to
connect, empty by default.

* `dummy', fully emulating the SID, but not actually playing
samples.

* `dump', writing all the write accesses to the registers to a
file (specified by `SoundDeviceArg', default value is
`vicesnd.sid');

* `speed', like `dummy' but also calculating samples (mainly
used to evaluate the speed of the sample generator);

* `fs', writing samples to a file (specified by
`SoundDeviceArg'; default is `vicesnd.raw');

These drivers will actually be present only if the VICE
configuration script detected the corresponding devices at the
time of compilation.

`SoundDeviceArg'
String specifying an additional parameter for the audio driver (see
`SoundDeviceName').

`SoundRecordDeviceName'
String specifying the filename used for sound recording.

`SoundRecordDeviceArg'
String specifying additional arguments for sound recording.

`SoundFragmentSize'
Enum specifying the fragment size (0: small, 1: medium, 2: large)

`SoundVolume'
Integer specifying the master volume in percent. [100] (0..100)s

`SoundOutput'
Enum specifying how the type of sound output. Output is selectable
between 'system' (system decides to use mono or stereo output
based on the presence of a stereo sid), 'always mono' (output is
always mono, stereo streams are mixed into a mono stream) or
'always stereo' (output is always stereo, mono streams are
multiplexed to a stereo stream). (0=system, 1=mono, 2=stereo)


6.8.2 Sound command-line options
--------------------------------

`-sound'
`+sound'
Turns sound emulation on (`Sound=1') and off (`Sound=0').

`-soundsync N'
Specify `N' as the sound speed adjustment method
(`SoundSpeedAdjustment').

`-soundrate RATE'
Specifies the sound playback sample rate (`SoundSampleRate').

`-soundoutput <output mode>'
Sound output mode: (0: system decides mono/stereo, 1: always mono,
2: always stereo)

`-soundbufsize SIZE'
Specifies the size of the audio buffer in milliseconds
(`SoundBufferSize').

`-soundfragsize <value>'
Set sound fragment size (0 = small, 1 = medium, 2 = large)

`-sounddev NAME'
Specifies the name of the audio device (`SoundDeviceName').

`-soundarg ARG'
Specifies an additional parameter for the audio device
(`SoundDeviceArg').

`-soundrecdev <name>'
Specify recording sound driver

`-soundrecarg <args>'
Specify initialization parameters for recording sound driver


6.9 Tape settings
=================

These settings are used to control the hardware-level emulation of the
Tape drive.

6.9.1 Tape resources
--------------------

`DatasetteResetWithCPU'
Boolean specifying whether to reset (rewind) the tape when
resetting the CPU.

`DatasetteZeroGapDelay'
Integer specifying the delay in cycles for a zero in the tap.

`DatasetteSpeedTuning'
Integer specifying the number of cycles added to each gap in the
tap.


6.9.2 Tape command-line options
-------------------------------

`-dsresetwithcpu'
`+dsresetwithcpu'
Enable/Disable automatic Datasette-Reset

`-dszerogapdelay <value>'
Set delay in cycles for a zero in the tap

`-dsspeedtuning <value>'
Set number of cycles added to each gap in the tap


6.10 Drive settings
===================

These settings are used to control the hardware-level emulation of the
Disk drives.  When hardware-level emulation is turned on, only drives 8
and 9 are being emulated.

The following settings affect both drives:

* "Enable true drive emulation" enables the (slow) hardware-level
emulation of the drives for maximum compatibility.  This must be
turned on for any of the following settings to have effect.

* "Drive sync factor" specifies the speed of the drive's CPU.  This
can be used to help loading certain programs that have trouble
with the default PAL setting (for example, programs designed for
NTSC machines).  The ratio is calculated as follows:

sync_factor = 65536 * clk_drive / clk_machine

where `clk_drive' and `clk_machine' are clock speeds in MHz.  The
menu lets you choose between the PAL and NTSC values, and also lets
you specify whatever value you want.  Be careful when changing it,
though, because a wrong value can break things and even corrupt
disk images.


The following settings, instead, are specific of each drive:

* "Drive model" specifies the model of the drive being emulated.
*Warning:* This will reset the drive.

* "Enable parallel cable" enables emulation of a SpeedDOS parallel
cable; if you switch this option on and replace the original
Commodore ROMs with SpeedDOS-compatible ones, you can speed up
loading/saving times.

* "Idle method" specifies which method the drive emulation should
use to save CPU cycles in the host CPU.  There are three methods:

* "Skip cycles": Each time the serial line is accessed by the
C64, the drive executes all the cycles since the last time it
ran.  If the number of elapsed cycles is larger than a
certain value, the drive discards part of them.

* "Trap idle": The disk drive is still emulated upon serial line
accesses as with the previous option, but it is also always
emulated at the end of each screen frame.  If the drive gets
into the DOS idle loop, only pending interrupts are emulated
to save time.

* "No traps": Like "Trap idle", but without any traps at all.
So basically the drive works exactly as with the real thing,
and nothing is done to reduce the power needs of the drive
emulation.

The first option ("Skip cycles") is usually best for performance,
as the drive is emulated as little as possible; on the other hand,
you may notice sudden slowdowns (when the drive executes several
cycles at once) and the LED status is never updated (because it
would not be possible to do correctly so).  Moreover, if the drive
tries to get in sync with the computer in some weird way and the
computer does not access the serial line for a long time, it is
possible that some cycles are discarded and the sync is lost.
Notice that this hack will have no effect on performance if a
program continuously reads from the IEC port, as the drive will
have to be fully emulated in any case (some stupid programs do
this, even when they don't actually need to use the drive).

The second option ("Trap idle") is usually a bit slower, as at
least interrupts are always emulated, but ensures the LED state is
always updated correctly and always keeps the drive and the
computer in sync.  On the other hand, if a program installs a
non-standard idle loop in the drive, the drive CPU has to be
emulated even when not necessary and the global emulation speed is
then _much_ slower.

* "40-track image support" specifies how 40-track ("extended") disk
images should be supported.  There are three possible ways:

* "Never extend" never extends disk images at all (so if a
program tries to write tracks beyond the 35th, it is not
allowed to do so);

* "Ask on extend" prompts the user as soon as a program tries
to write tracks beyond the 35th, and the user can then choose
whether he wants the disk image to be extended or not;

* "Extend on access" simply extends the disk image as soon the
program needs it, without prompting the user.


6.10.1 Drive resources
----------------------

`RawDriveDriver'
String specifying the name of the device to be used for raw block
access.

`DriveTrueEmulation'
Boolean controlling whether the "true" drive emulation is turned
on.

`DriveSoundEmulation'
Boolean controlling whether the drive noise emulation is turned on.

`Drive8Type'
`Drive9Type'
`Drive10Type'
`Drive11Type'
Integers specifying the model number for drives 8 to 11.  Possible
values are `1541', `1542' (1541-II), `1570', `1571', `1573'
(1571CR), `1551', `1581', `1001', `2000', `2031', `2040', `3040',
`4000', `4040', `8050', `8250'.

`Drive8ParallelCable'
`Drive9ParallelCable'
`Drive10ParallelCable'
`Drive11ParallelCable'
integer controlling what type of parallel cable is emulated for
drives 8 to 11.  (0: none, 1: speed-DOS, 2: Professional DOS, 3:
Formel64)

`Drive8ProfDOS'
`Drive9ProfDOS'
`Drive10ProfDOS'
`Drive11ProfDOS'
Booleans controlling whether Professional DOS is emulated or not
for drives 8 to 11.

`Drive8RAM2000'
`Drive8RAM4000'
`Drive8RAM6000'
`Drive8RAM8000'
`Drive8RAMA000'
`Drive9RAM2000'
`Drive9RAM4000'
`Drive9RAM6000'
`Drive9RAM8000'
`Drive9RAMA000'
`Drive10RAM2000'
`Drive10RAM4000'
`Drive10RAM6000'
`Drive10RAM8000'
`Drive10RAMA000'
`Drive11RAM2000'
`Drive11RAM4000'
`Drive11RAM6000'
`Drive11RAM8000'
`Drive11RAMA000'
Booleans controlling whether a RAM block is emulated at the
respective block or not for drives 8 to 11.

`Drive8ExtendImagePolicy'
`Drive9ExtendImagePolicy'
`Drive10ExtendImagePolicy'
`Drive11ExtendImagePolicy'
Integer specifying the policy for 40-track support for drives 8 to
11.  Possible values are `0' (never extend), `1' (ask on extend),
`2' (extend on access).

`Drive8IdleMethod'
`Drive9IdleMethod'
`Drive10IdleMethod'
`Drive11IdleMethod'
Integers specifying the idling method for the drive CPU.  Possible
values are `0' (none), `1' (skip cycles), `2' (trap idle).  *Note
Drive settings::.

`DosName1541'
`DosName1541ii'
`DosName1570'
`DosName1571'
`DosName1571cr'
`DosName1581'
`DosName2000'
`DosName4000'
`DosName2031'
`DosName2040'
`DosName3040'
`DosName4040'
`DosName1001'
`DosName1551'
Strings specifying the names of the ROM images for the drive
emulation.

`DriveProfDOS1571Name'
String specifying the filename of the 1571 professional DOS ROM
image.


6.10.2 Drive command-line options
---------------------------------

`-truedrive'
`+truedrive'
Turns true drive emulation on (`DriveTrueEmulation=1') and off
(`DriveTrueEmulation=0'), respectively.

`-drivesound'
`+drivesound'
Turns drive sound emulation on (`DriveSoundEmulation=1') and off
(`DriveSoundEmulation=0'), respectively.

`-drive8type TYPE'
`-drive9type TYPE'
`-drive10type TYPE'
`-drive11type TYPE'
Specifies the drive types for drives 8-11, respectively.  Possible
values for `TYPE' are `1541', `1542' (meaning 1541-II), `1551',
`1570', `1571', `1573' (meaning 1571cr), `1581', `2000', `4000',
`2031', `2040', `3040', `4040', `1001', `8050' and `8250'.

`-parallel8 <type>'
`-parallel9 <type>'
`-parallel10 <type>'
`-parallel11 <type>'
Set parallel cable type (0: none, 1: standard, 2: Dolphin DOS)

`-drive8idle NUM'
`-drive9idle NUM'
`-drive10idle NUM'
`-drive11idle NUM'
Specifies `NUM' as the idling method for drives 8-11 (0: no traps,
1: skip cycles, 2: trap idle), respectively (`Drive8IdleMethod',
`Drive9IdleMethod'), `Drive10IdleMethod'), `Drive11IdleMethod').

`-drive8extend NUM'
`-drive9extend NUM'
`-drive10extend NUM'
`-drive11extend NUM'
Specifies `NUM' as the track 40 extend policy in drives 8 and 9,
respectively (`Drive8ExtendImagePolicy',
`Drive9ExtendImagePolicy').

`-dos1541 <name>'
`-dos1541II <name>'

`-dos1551 <name>'
`-dos1570 <name>'
`-dos1571 <name>'
`-dos1571cr <name>'
`-dos1581 <name>'
`-dos2000 <name>'
`-dos4000 <name>'
`-dos2031 <name>'
`-dos2040 <name>'
`-dos3040 <name>'
`-dos4040 <name>'
`-dos1001 <name>'
Specify the ROM names for the 1541, 1541II, 1551, 1570, 1571,
1571cr, 1581, 2000, 4000, 2031, 2040, 3040, 4040 and 1001
emulation respectively.

`-drive8ram2000, +drive8ram2000'
`-drive9ram2000, +drive9ram2000'
`-drive10ram2000, +drive10ram2000'
`-drive11ram2000, +drive11ram2000'
Enable/Disable 8KB RAM expansion at $2000-$3FFF

`-drive8ram4000, +drive8ram4000'
`-drive9ram4000, +drive9ram4000'
`-drive10ram4000, +drive10ram4000'
`-drive11ram4000, +drive11ram4000'
Enable/Disable 8KB RAM expansion at $4000-$5FFF

`-drive8ram6000, +drive8ram6000'
`-drive9ram6000, +drive9ram6000'
`-drive10ram6000, +drive10ram6000'
`-drive11ram6000, +drive11ram6000'
Enable/Disable 8KB RAM expansion at $6000-$7FFF

`-drive8ram8000, +drive8ram8000'
`-drive9ram8000, +drive9ram8000'
`-drive10ram8000, +drive10ram8000'
`-drive11ram8000, +drive11ram8000'
Enable/Disable 8KB RAM expansion at $8000-$9FFF

`-drive8rama000, +drive8rama000'
`-drive9rama000, +drive9rama000'
`-drive10rama000, +drive10rama000'
`-drive11rama000, +drive11rama000'
Enable/Disable 8KB RAM expansion at $A000-$BFFF

`-drive8profdos, +drive8profdos'
`-drive9profdos, +drive9profdos'
`-drive10profdos, +drive10profdos'
`-drive11profdos, +drive11profdos'
Enable/Disable Professional DOS

`-profdos1571 <name>'
Specify name of Professional DOS 1571 ROM image


6.11 Peripheral settings
========================

VICE is able to support some special peripherals:

* "file system devices", pseudo-drives accessing the Unix file
system;

* printers.

These features depend on some "kernal traps" that replace the existing
routines in the original Commodore operating system with custom-made C
routines.

6.11.1 Settings for file system devices
---------------------------------------

These settings deal with the drive-like peripherals connected to the bus
of the emulated machine.  The first setting relates to the parallel
IEEE488 interface. With this interface a special engine is used to
listen to the bus lines to translates them to the filesystem code. Thus
the PET will always detect a drive for example, but it can also use
drives 10 and 11 even together with true disk drive emulation.

* "Enable virtual devices", enables the peripheral access via the
fast disk emulation (either kernal traps or IEEE488 interface).
Both, filesystem and disk image access via fast drive emulation,
are affected.

Four peripherals, numbered from 8 to 11, are accessible; each of them
provides the following settings:

* "File system access", if enabled, allows the device to emulate a
drive accessing a file system directory; note that when a disk
image is attached to the same drive, the directory is no longer
visible and the attached disk is used instead.

* "File system directory" specifies the directory to be accessed by
the drive.

* "Convert P00 file names", if enabled, allows access to P00 files
using their built-in name instead of the Unix one.

* "Create P00 files on save", if enabled, creates P00 files (instead
of raw CBM files) whenever a program creates a file.

Note that, by default, all drives except 11 create P00 files on save,
while drive 11 creates raw CBM files. Those files come without any
header, but also with the filename restrictions given by the operating
system VICE runs on.

6.11.1.1 Resources for file system devices
..........................................

`IECDevice8'
`IECDevice9'
`IECDevice10'
`IECDevice11'
Booleans that specify whether IEC device emulation for device #8
to #11 is enabled.

`FileSystemDevice8'
`FileSystemDevice9'
`FileSystemDevice10'
`FileSystemDevice11'
Enum specifying the device type for device 8-11 (0: NONE, 1:
FILESYSTEM, 2: OPENCBM (Real), 3: BLOCK DEVICE (Raw))

`FSDevice8ConvertP00'
`FSDevice9ConvertP00'
`FSDevice10ConvertP00'
`FSDevice11ConvertP00'
Booleans specifying whether on-read support for P00 files is
enabled on drives 8, 9, 10 and 11 respectively (on by default).

`FSDevice8SaveP00'
`FSDevice9SaveP00'
`FSDevice10SaveP00'
`FSDevice11SaveP00'
Booleans specifying whether the drives should create P00 files
instead of plain CBM ones (on by default for drives 8-10, off for
11).

`FSDevice8HideCBMFiles'
`FSDevice9HideCBMFiles'
`FSDevice10HideCBMFiles'
`FSDevice11HideCBMFiles'
Booleans specifying whether non-P00 files should be invisible to
programs running in the emulator (do not hide by default).

`FSDevice8Dir'
`FSDevice9Dir'
`FSDevice10Dir'
`FSDevice11Dir'
Strings specifying the directories to which drives 8, 9, 10 and 11
have access.


6.11.1.2 Command-line options for file system devices
.....................................................

`-iecdevice8'
`+iecdevice8'
Enable/Disable IEC device emulation for device #8

`-iecdevice9'
`+iecdevice9'
Enable/Disable IEC device emulation for device #9

`-iecdevice10'
`+iecdevice10'
Enable/Disable IEC device emulation for device #10

`-iecdevice11'
`+iecdevice11'
Enable/Disable IEC device emulation for device #11

`-device8 <type>'
`-device9 <type>'
`-device10 <type>'
`-device11 <type>'
Set device type for device 8-11 (0: NONE, 1: FILESYSTEM, 2:
OPENCBM (Real), 3: BLOCK DEVICE (Raw))

`-fs8 PATH'
`-fs9 PATH'
`-fs10 PATH'
`-fs11 PATH'
Specify the paths for the file system access on drives 8, 9, 10
and 11, respectively (`FSDevice8Dir', `FSDevice9Dir',
`FSDevice10Dir' and `FSDevice11Dir').

`-flipname <name>'
Specify name of the flip list file image


6.11.2 Printer settings
-----------------------

The VICE emulators can emulate printers connected to either the IEC
buffer or the user port.  Emulation can be achieved by redirecting the
printer output to a file or by piping it through an external process.
This is defined by so-called "printer device file names"; a printer
device file name can be either a simple path, or a command name
preceeded by a pipe symbol `|'.

For example, printer device `filename' will cause the output to be
appended to the file `filename', while printer device `|lpr' will cause
the `lpr' command to be executed and be fed the printer output.  The
printer output will not be converted but saved as printed by the
emulated machine.

Up to three printer devices may be specified through the following
resources:

* device 1, whose default value is `print.dump';

* device 2, whose default value is `|lpr'.

* device 3, whose default value is `|petlp -F PS|lpr';

So, basically, by default printer device 1 will dump printer output to
`print.dump'; printer device 2 will print it via `lpr' directly to the
printer and device 3 will print it via `petlp' (a not-yet-complete
utility that will produce Postscript output from the Commodore printer
code) and then to the printer via `lpr'.

6.11.2.1 Printer resources
..........................

`IECDevice4'
`IECDevice5'
Booleans that specify whether IEC device emulation for device #4
and #5 is enabled.

`PrinterTextDevice1'
`PrinterTextDevice2'
`PrinterTextDevice3'
Strings specifying the printer devices (*note Printer settings::).

`Printer4TextDevice'
`Printer5TextDevice'
Integer (ranging from 0 to 2, for device 1-3) specifying what
printer device (*note Printer settings::) the IEC printer is using.

`Printer4'
`Printer5'
Integer specifying how the IEC printer (device 4-5) is being
emulated.  (0: NONE, 1: FS, 2: REAL)

`Printer4Driver'
`Printer5Driver'
String (ascii, mps803, nl10) specifying the IEC printer output
driver.

`Printer4Output'
`Printer5Output'
String specifying the IEC printer output device.

`PrinterUserport'
Boolean specifying if the user-port printer is being emulated.

`PrinterUserportTextDevice'
Integer (ranging from 0 to 2, for device 1-3) specifying what
printer device the user-port printer is using.

`PrinterUserportDriver'
String specifying the user-port printer output driver.

`PrinterUserportOutput'
String specifying the user-port printer output device.


6.11.2.2 Printer command-line options
.....................................

`-iecdevice4'
`+iecdevice4'
Enable/Disable IEC device emulation for device #4

`-iecdevice5'
`+iecdevice5'
Enable/Disable IEC device emulation for device #5

`-device4 <type>'
`-device5 <type>'
Set device type for device 4-5 (0: NONE, 1: FS, 2: REAL)

`-prtxtdev1 <name>'
`-prtxtdev2 <name>'
`-prtxtdev3 <name>'
Specify name of printer text device or dump file

`-pr4txtdev <0-2>'
`-pr5txtdev <0-2>'
Specify printer text output device for IEC printer #4-5

`-pr4output <name>'
`-pr5output <name>'
Specify name of output device for device #4-5 Specify name of
output device for device #5-5

`-pr4drv <name>'
`-pr5drv <name>'
Specify name of printer driver for device #4-5 Specify name of
printer driver for device #5-5

`-pruser'
`+pruser'
Enable/disable emulation of the userport printer emulation
(`PrUser=1', `PrUser=0').

`-prusertxtdev <0-2>'
Specify printer text output device for userport printer

`-pruseroutput <name>'
Specify name of output device for the userport printer

`-pruserdrv <name>'
Specify name of printer driver for the userport printer


6.11.3 Disabling kernal traps
-----------------------------

If you have compatibility problems, you can completely disable Kernal
traps with the "Disable kernal traps" option.  This will of course
disable all the features that depend on it, such as the fast 1541
emulation (so you will have to turn true 1541 emulation on if you want
to be able to read or write disk images) and tape support.

6.11.3.1 Resources to control Kernal traps
..........................................

`VirtualDevices'
Boolean specifying whether all the mechanisms for virtual device
emulation should be enabled. Serial IEC devices use kernal traps,
parallel IEEE488 devices use an own IEEE488 engine. Both are
switched on and off with this resource.


6.11.3.2 Command-line options to control Kernal traps
.....................................................

`-virtualdev'
`+virtualdev'
Enable (`VirtualDevices=1') or disable (`VirtualDevices=0')
virtual devices.


6.12 RS232 settings
===================

The VICE emulators can emulate the RS232 device most of the machines
have.  The C64, C128 and VIC20 emulators emulate the userport RS232
interface at 300 and 1200 baud.  The C64 and C128 can also use the 9600
baud interface by Daniel Dallmann, using the shift registers of the two
CIA 6526 chips.  The PET can have a 6551 ACIA RS232 interface when
running as a SuperPET, and the CBM-II has such an ACIA by default.  The
C64 and C128 emulators can emulate an ACIA 6551 (also known as Datapump
for example) as extension at `$de**'.

Emulation can be achieved by either:

* connecting a real UNIX serial device;

* dumping to a file;

* piping through a process.

It is possible to define up to four UNIX serial devices, and then decide
which interface should be connected to which device.  This is done by
so-called "rs232 device file names"; an rs232 device file name can be
either a simple path, or a command name preceeded by a pipe symbol `|'.
If the path specifies a special device (e.g. `/dev/ttyS0') it is
recognized by VICE and the emulator can set the baudrate.

For example, rs232 device `filename' will cause the output to be
written (not appended) to the file `filename', while printer device
`|lpr' will cause the `lpr' command to be executed and be fed the rs232
output.  The rs232 output will not be converted but saved as sent by
the emulated machine.  The same holds true for the rs232 input.  If the
command writes data to the standard output it will be caught by VICE
and sent back to the emulator.  Also the data sent by the pseudo device
will be sent back to VICE.

For example you can setup a null-modem cable between two serial ports
of your PC, setup one port for login and use the other in VICE.  Then
you can login from your emulator via the RS232 emulation and the
null-modem cable to your machine again.

You can not simply run a shell from VICE, as the shell will notice that
it does not run on its own pseudo terminal and will thus buffer its
output.  You need to write some program that opens an own pseudo
terminal and runs the shell from there (not yet finished).

Up to four RS232 devices may be specified through the following
resources:

* device 1, whose default value is `/dev/ttyS0';

* device 2, whose default value is `/dev/ttyS1';

* device 3, whose default value is `rs232.dump';

* device 4, whose default value is `|lpr'.

For the first two devices you can change the baudrate the tty device is
set to by specifying it on the commandline or in the menu.  This
baudrate is 9600 by default for the latter two, but can be changed only
by resources (The baudrate is independent from the baudrate the emulator
actually expects).

6.12.1 RS232 resources
----------------------

`RsDevice1'
`RsDevice2'
`RsDevice3'
`RsDevice4'
Strings specifying the RS232 devices (*note RS232 settings::).

`RsDevice1Baud'
`RsDevice2Baud'
`RsDevice3Baud'
`RsDevice4Baud'
Integer specifying the RS232 baudrate devices if the device file
points to a special device (like `/dev/ttyS0'; *note RS232
settings::).

`Acia1Dev'
Integer (ranging from 0 to 3, for device 1-4) specifying what
RS232 device (*note RS232 settings::) the ACIA is using (all
except VIC20).

`Acia1Irq'
Integer specifying which interrupt to use. 0 = none, 1 = IRQ, 2 =
NMI (C64 and C128 only)

`RsUserEnable'
Boolean specifying if the user-port RS232 interface is being
emulated (C64, C128 and VIC20).

`RsUserBaud'
Integer specifying the baudrate of the user-port RS232 interface
(C64, C128 and VIC20).

`RsUserDev'
Integer (ranging from 0 to 3, for device 1-4) specifying what
RS232 device the user-port interface is using (C64, C128 and
VIC20).


6.12.2 RS232 command-line options
---------------------------------

`-rsdev1 NAME'
`-rsdev2 NAME'
`-rsdev3 NAME'
`-rsdev4 NAME'
Specify `NAME' as RS232 devices 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively
(`RsDevice1', `RsDevice2' `RsDevice3' and `RsDevice4').

`-rsdev1 BAUDRATE'
`-rsdev2 BAUDRATE'
`-rsdev3 BAUDRATE'
`-rsdev4 BAUDRATE'
Specify `BAUDRATE' as baudrate for the RS232 devices if the device
name specifies a special device (like `/dev/ttyS0' for example,
*note RS232 settings::; `RsDevice1Baud', `RsDevice2Baud'
`RsDevice3Baud' and `RsDevice4Baud').

`-myaciadev <0-3>'
Specify RS232 device the ACIA should work on

`-rsuser'
`+rsuser'
Enable or disable emulation of the userport RS232 emulation
(`RsUser'; C64, C128 and VIC20)

`-rsuserbaud <baud>'
Set the baud rate of the RS232 userport emulation.

`-rsuserdev <0-3>'
Specify device for the userport RS232 emulation (`RsUserDev'; C64,
C128 and VIC20).


6.12.3 RS232 usage example
--------------------------

Here we give you a simple example how to set up an emulated C64 using
the modem connected to your PC. The following list shows each step.

`Attach your modem to your PC at a serial port.'
Normally you should set it up to use the modem as "/dev/modem".

`start VICE'

`Setup VICE to use your modem as "serial device 1"'
Go to the RS232 settings menu and change "Serial 1 device" to
"/dev/modem" (or the device where you attached your modem to) Then
go to the RS232 settings menu and change "Serial 1 baudrate" to
the baudrate your modem should run at.    Watch out, e.g. on Linux
there is an additional multiplier   to multiply with the baudrate
(so e.g. 19200 gives 115200 or so baud)   See the "setserial"
manpage on Linux for example.    However, most modems should be
able to autodetect the speed to   the computer as well.

`Select the RS232 emulation your programs use'
If you want to use the Userport emulation, go to the RS232
settings and   change "Userport RS232 Device" to   "Serial 1". If
you want ACIA emulation (swiftlink or what's it called?)    then
change "ACIA $DE** device" to "Serial 1".

`Enable the emulation'
Go to the RS232 settings and select either "ACIA $DE** emulation"
or Userport 300/1200 baud or CIA 9600 baud emulation.

`Load your program and start it.'
If it is able to detect an   RS232 cartridge like swiftlink or so,
try to detect the ACIA emulation   if enabled.    Otherwise just
set the baudrate to either 300, 1200 or 9600 according   to what
you enabled in the VICE menu for the userport.


6.13 Monitor settings
=====================

This section lists command-line options specific to the built-in
monitor.

6.13.1 Monitor resources
------------------------

`KeepMonitorOpen'
Boolean, if true the monitor window may stay open when the
emulation is running, eg to look at trace-point output. (Not all
ports/UIs support this, in that case this setting has no effect.)

`MonitorServer'
Boolean specifying whether the remote monitor server is enabled.

`MonitorServerAddress'
String specifying the address the remote monitor server listens to
(ip4://127.0.0.1:6510)


6.13.2 Monitor command-line options
-----------------------------------

`-moncommands FILENAME'
Execute the commands from the file `FILENAME' in the monitor after
starting up. This command line switch is mainly thought to load
labels and to set breakpoints.  Not all other commands are useful
to be executed in this way, some may even lead to strange effects.

`-initbreak <address>'
Set an initial breakpoint for the monitor. Addresses with prefix
"0x" are hexadecimal.

`-remotemonitor'
`+remotemonitor'
Enable/Disable remote monitor

`-remotemonitoraddress <name>'
The local address the remote monitor should bind to


6.14 Machine settings
=====================

6.14.1 Machine resources
------------------------

`MachineVideoStandard'
Integer that specifies that video standard of the emulated
machine. (-1: PAL, -2: NTSC, -3: NTSC (old), -4: PAL-N)


6.14.2 Machine command-line options
-----------------------------------

`-pal'
Use PAL sync factor

`-ntsc'
Use NTSC sync factor

`-ntscold'
Use old NTSC sync factor

`-paln'
Use PAL-N sync factor


6.15 Memory settings
====================

6.15.1 Memory resources
-----------------------

`RAMInitStartValue'
Integer specifying the value for the very first RAM address after
powerup

`RAMInitValueInvert'
Integer specifying the length of the memory block initialized with
the same value

`RAMInitPatternInvert'
Integer specifying the length of the memory block initialized with
the same pattern


6.15.2 Memory command-line options
----------------------------------

`-raminitstartvalue <value>'
Set the value for the very first RAM address after powerup

`-raminitvalueinvert <num of bytes>'
Length of memory block initialized with the same value

`-raminitpatterninvert <num of bytes>'
Length of memory block initialized with the same pattern


6.16 Miscellaneous settings
===========================

This section lists generic resources that do not fit in the other
categories.

6.16.1 Miscellaneous resources
------------------------------

`Directory'
String specifying the search path for system files.  It is defined
as a sequence of directory names, separated by colons (`:'), just
like the `PATH' variable in the shell.  The special string `$$'
stands for the default search path, which is initialized at
startup to the following value:

LIBDIR/EMUID:$HOME/.vice/EMUID:BOOTPATH/EMUID:LIBDIR/DRIVES:$HOME/.vice/DRIVES:BOOTPATH/DRIVES

where:

* `LIBDIR' is the VICE installation directory (usually
`/usr/local/lib/vice', `/usr/lib/vice' or `/opt/vice/lib');

* `EMUID' is the emulation identification string (`C64',
`C128', `VIC20' or `PET');

* `BOOTPATH' is the directory where the binary lies (usually
`/usr/local/bin', `/usr/bin' or `/opt/vice/bin').

* `DRIVES' is the directory called "DRIVES", where the disk
drive ROMs are.  (The disk drive ROMs are used by all
emulators, so there is an extra directory for them.)

Notice that the middle entry points to a default location in the
user's home directory. Here private ROM versions (e.g.  speeddos
or JiffyDos) can be stored for example.

*Note System files::. for a description of the method used to load
the emulator's system files.

`HTMLBrowserCommand'
String specifying the command to run the help browser.  The help
browser can be any HTML browser, and every `%s' in the string is
replaced with the name of the toplevel file of the VICE
documentation.  For example, the default value `netscape %s' runs
Netscape Navigator.

`SaveResourcesOnExit'
Boolean specifying whether the emulator should save changed
settings before exiting.  If this is enabled, the user will be
always prompted first, in case the settings have changed.

`DoCoreDump'
Boolean specifying whether the emulator should dump core when it
gets a signal.

`NetworkServerName'
String specifying the name of the remote server.

`NetworkServerBindAddress'
String specifying the IP of the remote server.

`NetworkServerPort'
Integer specifying the port used for network play.

`NetworkControl'
Integer specifying whether the emulator is running as server or
client (0: client, 1: server)

`LogFileName'
String specifying the filename of the current log file.

`FliplistName'
String specifying the filename of the current flip list. (Drive 8
only)

`ConfirmOnExit'
Boolean specifying whether to show a confirmation dialog on exit.

`AttachDevice8Readonly'
`AttachDevice9Readonly'
`AttachDevice10Readonly'
`AttachDevice11Readonly'
Booleans that specify whether to attach images on drives 8 to 11
read-only.

`RomsetArchiveName'
String specifying the filename of the ROM set archive (.vra) file
["default"]

`RomsetArchiveActive'
String specifying the active configuration of the current ROM set
archive [""]

`RomsetFileName'
String specifying the filename of the ROM set resource file
["default"]

`RomsetSourceFile'
Boolean specifying the type of currently used ROM set (0: .vra
Archive, 1: resource file) [1]


6.16.2 Miscellaneous command-line options
-----------------------------------------

`-directory SEARCHPATH'
Specify the system file search path (`Directory').

`-htmlbrowser COMMAND'
Specify the command to run the HTML browser for the on-line help
(`HTMLBrowserCommand').

`-saveres'
`+saveres'
Enable/disable automatic saving of settings on exit
(`SaveResourcesOnExit=1', `SaveResourcesOnExit=0').

`-confirmexit'
Confirm quiting VICE

`+confirmexit'
Never confirm quiting VICE

`-core'
Enable generation of core dumps (`DoCoreDump=1')

`+core'
Disable generation of core dumps (`DoCoreDump=0')


7 Machine-specific features
***************************

7.1 C64/128-specific commands and settings
==========================================

This section lists the settings and commands that are C64/128 specific
and thus are not present in the other emulators.

7.1.1 Using cartridges
----------------------

The cartridge system is organized in "Slots" to allow more than one
cartridge connected at a time, like it can be done using an expansion
port expander on a real C64 (see below).

Generally a cartridge can be enabled by attaching its respective
cartridge image, or using the respective menu option for cartridges
that do not require an image.

x64, x64sc and x128 allow you to attach the following kinds of images:

* `.crt' images, as used by the CCS64 emulator by Per Håkan Sundell

* raw `.bin' images, with or without load address

"Cartridge images" are like disk images, but contain the contents of
cartridge ROM and/or RAM images instead of disk images.

To attach cartridges, use the "Attach a cartridge image" submenu. When
using `.crt' images, this will work for every cartridge which is
supported. For raw `.bin' images you might have to use command line
options.

When you have successfully attached a cartridge image, you should then
reset the machine to make sure the cartridge initializes itself. (Or
enable the "reset on cartridge change" option).

Of course, it is also possible to detach a currently attached cartridge
image ("Detach cartridge image").

If you are using a freezer cart like an Action Replay cartridge, you can
emulate the cartridge's freeze button with the "Cartridge freeze"
command.

The imaginary expansion port expander is organized in 4 slots, the
cartridges are associated with them like this:

7.1.1.1 Slot 0
..............

All carts that have a passthrough connector go here. Once a "Slot 0"
cartridge is enabled all further cartridges are connected to its
respective passthrough port.

Only one cartridge of this type can be active at a time.

"Slot 0" carts have individual "enable" switches, enabling means
enabling permanently.

The following cartridges are emulated in this slot:

* IEEE-488 Interface
(`http://www.funet.fi/pub/cbm/schematics/cartridges/c64/ieee-488/eprom.bin')

* Magic Voice

* MMC64

7.1.1.2 Slot 1
..............

Mostly RAM based cartridges which for one reason or the other might
make sense to be enabled together with one of the "Main Slot"
cartridges go here.

Only one cartridge of this type can be active at a time.

"Slot 1" carts have individual "enable" switches, enabling means
enabling permanently

The following cartridges are emulated in this slot:

* Double Quick Brown Box (DQBB)

* Expert Cartridge

* ISEPIC

* RamCart

7.1.1.3 Main Slot
.................

All other cartridges which are not pure i/o extensions go here.

Only one cartridge of this type can be active at a time.

Cartridges in the "Main Slot" must be explicitly set as default to
enable them permanently.

The following cartridges are emulated in this slot:

* generic 4K, 8K and 16K game- and ultimax cartridges

* Action Replay V5

* Action Replay MK2

* Action Replay MK3

* Action Replay MK4

* Atomic Power

* C64 Games System

* Capture

* Comal 80

* Dela EP64

* Dela EP7x8

* Dela EP256

* Diashow-Maker

* Dinamic

* EasyFlash

* Epyx FastLoad

* EXOS

* The Final Cartridge

* The Final Cartridge III

* Final Cartridge Plus

* Freeze Frame

* Freeze Machine

* Fun Play

* Game Killer

* IDE64 (`http://www.ide64.org/')

* KCS Power Cartridge

* MACH 5

* Magic Desk

* Magic Formel

* Mikro Assembler

* MMC Replay

* Ocean

* Prophet64

* REX 256k EPROM Cart

* REX Utility

* Retro Replay

* ROSS

* Simons' BASIC

* Snapshot 64

* Stardos

* Structured BASIC

* Super Explode V5.0

* Super Games

* Super Snapshot V4

* Super Snapshot V5

* Warp Speed

* Westermann Learning

* Zaxxon

7.1.1.4 I/O Slot
................

All carts that are pure I/O extensions go here.

Any number of "I/O Slot" Carts may be active at a time.

"I/O Slot" carts have individual "enable" switches, enabling means
enabling permanently.

The following cartridges are emulated in this slot:

* ACIA (Swiftlink, Turbo232)

* DigiMAX

* Ethernet (The Final Ethernet, RR-Net)

* GEO-RAM

* MIDI (Passport/Syntech, Datel/Siel/JMS/C-Lab, Maplin, Namesoft,
Sequential)

* RAM Expansion Module (REU)

* SFX Sound Expander

* SFX Sound Sampler

7.1.1.5 Expected behaviour
..........................

When the emulator is run without arguments, all settings from the
config file should be applied and arguments override settings from the
config file.

When saving the settings to the config file it is expected that on the
next run of the emulator all settings will be in the same state as they
were when saved.

There is an exception to this rule: the cartridge in the "Main Slot"
must be explicitly set as default before it gets saved to the config
file.

`+cart' should disable ALL cartridges, including eventually activated
REU, Swithlink and all similar expansionport devices.

`-cartXYZ' options should generally attach AND activate a cart of type
XYZ.  As a consequence, attaching carts this way which are NOT in the
"Main Slot" will also enable the cart permanently.

7.1.1.6 Common problems
.......................

If attaching a cartridge does not work as expected, this may be because
of various reasons:

* Not seldomly the CRT type is incorrectly set in `.crt' files found
"in the wild".  Make sure this is not the case (if in doubt use
`cartconv' to verify and/or fix).

* You may have unintentionally enabled more than one cartridge at
once, for example by saving the settings with REU enabled, and
then later attaching a game cartridge from the command-line. The
cartridge system will allow certain combinations, but (as on the
real thing) not all do (can) actually work. To make sure this is
not the case, either detach all cartridges from the menus, or use
`+cart' on the command-line.

* The cartridge image might be broken. Try one from a different
source. If you are sure the dump is ok (for example because you
dumped it yourself) then make sure it is in proper linear order
(on some cartridges, for example "capture", address and/or data
lines at the eprom are shuffled around so a dump made with an
eprom burner can not be used as is).

* Last not least you might have encountered a bug in the emulation.
If you suspect this is the case, and you can still reproduce the
bug after checking the things above, please file a bug report
including the following information:

* attach your vicerc and a reference to the cartridge binaries

* if you can, comment in the respective DEBUGXYZ macros
prominently defined at the top of these files:
src/c64/cart/c64cart.c src/c64/cart/c64cartmem.c
src/c64/c64io.c src/c64/c64export.c and then recompile. this
will add debug output that might make it much easier to
locate certain problems.


7.1.1.7 IEEE-488 interface
..........................

To be able to use an IEEE drive, you need to enable IEEE emulation for
the emulator. To do this, follow the following steps:

Download the IEEE 488 ROM image from the CBM archives (formerly known
as FUNET) Attach that image with File/Attach cartridge image/IEEE488
interface image.

Make sure you have a one-drive system only (that is, go to
Settings/Peripheral Setting, uncheck "use IEC device" for all devices,
go to Settings/Drive Settings and select "Floppy type" as "none" for
all drives other than drive 8.

After this, all drives can be selected in x64 and x128.

7.1.1.8 The Final Cartridge 3
.............................

The Final Cartridge 3 detects whether a mouse is connected when it
starts and disables mouse support if it doesnt detect one. So to make
mouse emulation work you must either enable it on the command line, or
reset the cartridge after enabling it from the user interface.

7.1.2 C64 cartridge settings
----------------------------

7.1.2.1 C64 cartridge resources
...............................

`IOCollisionHandling'
Integer specifying the way the I/O collisions should be handled,
(0: error message and detach all involved carts, 1: error message
and detach last attached involved carts, 2: warning in log and
'AND' the valid return values)

`CartridgeReset'
Boolean specifying whether the machine should be resetted when a
cartridge is changed.

`CartridgeType'
Integer specifying the type of cartridge emulated in the "main"
slot

`CartridgeFile'
String specifying the filename of the image for the cartridge
emulated in the "main" slot

`DQBB'
Boolean specifying whether the Double Quick Brown Box should be
emulated or not.

`DQBBfilename'
String specifying the filename of the DQBB RAM image.

`DQBBImageWrite'
Boolean, if true write back the DQBB image file automatically,
incase the RAM contents changed, when detaching or quitting the
emulator.

`EasyFlashJumper'
Boolean specifying whether the Easy Flash jumper is set.

`EasyFlashWriteCRT'
Boolean, if true write back the Easy FLash image file
automatically, incase the contents changed, when detaching or
quitting the emulator.

`ExpertCartridgeEnabled'
Boolean specifying whether the Expert Cartridge should be emulated
or not.

`Expertfilename'
String specifying the filename of the Expert Cartridge RAM image.

`ExpertImageWrite'
Boolean, if true write back the Expert Cartridge image file
automatically, incase the RAM contents changed, when detaching or
quitting the emulator.

`ExpertCartridgeMode'
Enum specifying the state of the expert cartridge switch (0=off
1=prg 2=on)

`IDE64Config'
String encoded content of IDE64 DS1302 RAM, used to store IDEDOS
setup parameters. Not meant to be directly manipulated as content
depends on the version of IDEDOS used.

`IDE64version4'
Boolean specifying whether the emulated card version is V4.1 or
V3.4. This is automatically detected most of the time for .crt
cartridge images.

`IDE64RTCOffset'
Integer in seconds which gives the difference between the local
time and the time of the emulated DS1302 RTC.

`IDE64Image1'
`IDE64Image2'
`IDE64Image3'
`IDE64Image4'
String specifying the full path to the four harddisk images. If a
file is non-existing the drive is not emulated.  Some older IDEDOS
versions only support the first two harddisks.

`IDE64Cylinders1'
`IDE64Cylinders2'
`IDE64Cylinders3'
`IDE64Cylinders4'
Number of cylinders for the four harddisk images. Valid range is
1-65535.

`IDE64Heads1'
`IDE64Heads2'
`IDE64Heads3'
`IDE64Heads4'
Number of heads for the four harddisk images. Valid range is 1-16.

`IDE64Sectors1'
`IDE64Sectors2'
`IDE64Sectors3'
`IDE64Sectors4'
Number of sectors for the four harddisk images. Valid range is
1-63.

`IDE64AutodetectSize1'
`IDE64AutodetectSize2'
`IDE64AutodetectSize3'
`IDE64AutodetectSize4'
Boolean specifying whether the disk geometry should be auto
detected based on the disk image for the respective harddisk, or
the cylinder/head/sector resources above should be used.

`IEEE488'
Boolean specifying whether the IEEE488 interface should be
emulated or not.

`IEEE488Image'
String specifying the filename of the IEEE488 ROM image

`IsepicCartridgeEnabled'
Boolean specifying whether ISEPIC should be emulated or not.

`Isepicfilename'
String specifying the filename of the ISEPIC RAM image.

`IsepicSwitch'
Boolean specifying the status of the ISEPIC switch (0: off, 1: on)

`IsepicImageWrite'
Boolean, if true write back the ISEPIC image file automatically,
incase the RAM contents changed, when detaching or quitting the
emulator.

`MagicVoiceCartridgeEnabled'
Boolean specifying whether the Magic Voice should be emulated or
not.

`MagicVoiceImage'
String specifying the filename of the Magic Voice ROM image

`MMC64'
Boolean specifying whether the MMC64 should be emulated or not.

`MMC64BIOSfilename'
String specifying the filename of the MMC64 Flash ROM image.

`MMC64_bios_write'
Boolean, if true write back the MMC64 Flash ROM image file
automatically, incase the contents changed, when detaching or
quitting the emulator.

`MMC64_flashjumper'
Boolean that specifies whether the MMC64 flash jumper is set.

`MMC64_revision'
Integer that specifies the MMC64 hardware revision (0=Rev. A,
1=Rev. B)

`MMC64imagefilename'
String specifying the filename of the SD-Card image used by the
MMC64 emulation.

`MMC64_RO'
Boolean, if true the SD-Card image is mounted read-only.

`MMC64_sd_type'
Integer that specifies the reported type for the emulated SD-Card.
(0=Auto, 1=MMC, 2=SD, 3=SDHC)

`MMCRCardImage'
String that specifies the filename of the SD-Card image used by
the MMCR emulation.

`MMCREEPROMImage'
String that specifies the filename of the MMCR EEPROM image.

`MMCRRescueMode'
Boolean that specifies if the rescue mode (both buttons pressed
during powerup) of the MMCR is active.

`MMCRImageWrite'
Boolean, if true write back the MMCR Flash ROM image file
automatically, incase the contents changed, when detaching or
quitting the emulator.

`MMCRCardRW'
Boolean that specifies if the SD-Card image used by the MMCR
emulation is writeable.

`MMCRSDType'
Integer that specifies the reported type for the emulated SD-Card.
(0=Auto, 1=MMC, 2=SD, 3=SDHC)

`MMCREEPROMRW'
Boolean that specifies if the MMCR EEPROM image is writeable.

`RAMCART'
Boolean specifying whether the RAMCart should be emulated or not.

`RAMCARTfilename'
String specifying the filename of the RAMCart RAM image.

`RAMCARTImageWrite'
Boolean, if true write back the RAMCart image file automatically,
incase the RAM contents changed, when detaching or quitting the
emulator.

`RAMCART_RO'
Boolean, if true the RAMCart contents are read only

`RAMCARTsize'
Integer specifying the size of the RAMCart in KB (64, 128)

`RRrevision'
Integer specifying the RR hardware revision (0=retro replay,
1=nordic replay)

`RRFlashJumper'
Boolean specifying whether the RR flash jumper is set or not.

`RRBankJumper'
Boolean specifying whether the RR bank jumper is set or not.

`RRBiosWrite'
Boolean, if true write back the RR Flash ROM image file
automatically, incase the contents changed, when detaching or
quitting the emulator.

7.1.2.2 C64 cartridge command-line options
..........................................

`-iocollision <method>'
Select the way the I/O collisions should be handled, (0: error
message and detach all involved carts, 1: error message and detach
last attached involved carts, 2: warning in log and 'AND' the
valid return values

`+cart'
Disable all cartridges (which would eventually be enabled in the
config file).

`-cartreset'
`+cartreset'
Reset/Do not reset machine if a cartridge is attached or detached

`-cart8 <name>'
Attach generic 8KB cartridge image

`-cart16 <name>'
Attach generic 16KB cartridge image

`-cartultimax <name>'
Attach generic 16kB Ultimax cartridge image

`-cartcrt <name>'
Attach CRT cartridge image

`-cartap <name>'
Attach raw 32KB Atomic Power cartridge image

`-cartar2 <name>'
Attach raw 16kB Action Replay MK2 cartridge image

`-cartar3 <name>'
Attach raw 16KB Action Replay MK3 cartridge image

`-cartar4 <name>'
Attach raw 32KB Action Replay MK4 cartridge image

`-cartar5 <name>'
Attach raw 32KB Action Replay cartridge image

`-cartcap <name>'
Attach raw 8kB Capture cartridge image

`-cartcomal <name>'
Attach raw 64kB Comal 80 cartridge image

`-cartdep256 <name>'
Attach raw Dela EP256 cartridge image

`-cartdep64 <name>'
Attach raw Dela EP64 cartridge image

`-cartdep7x8 <name>'
Attach raw Dela EP7x8 cartridge image

`-cartdin <name>'
Attach raw 128kB Dinamic cartridge image

`-cartdsm <name>'
Attach raw 8kB Diashow-Maker cartridge image

`-cartdqbb <name>'
Attach raw 16kB Double Quick Brown Box cartridge image

`-dqbb'
`+dqbb'
Enable/Disable Double Quick Brown Box

`-dqbbimage <name>'
Specify Double Quick Brown Box filename

`-dqbbimagerw'
`+dqbbimagerw'
Allow/Disallow writing to DQBB image

`-carteasy <name>'
Attach raw EasyFlash cartridge image

`-easyflashjumper'
`+easyflashjumper'
Enable/Disable EasyFlash jumper

`-easyflashcrtwrite'
`+easyflashcrtwrite'
Allow/Disallow writing to EasyFlash .crt image

`-cartepyx <name>'
Attach raw 8KB Epyx FastLoad cartridge image

`-cartexos <name>'
Attach raw 8kB EXOS cartridge image

`-cartexpert <name>'
Attach raw 8kB Expert Cartridge image

`-expert'
`+expert'
Enable/Disable the Expert Cartridge

`-expertimagename <name>'
Set Expert Cartridge image name

`-expertimagerw'
`+expertimagerw'
Allow/Disallow writing to Expert Cartridge image

`-cartf64 <Name>'
Attach raw 32kB Formel 64 image

`-cartfc1 <name>'
Attach raw 16kB Final Cartridge image

`-cartfc3 <name>'
Attach raw 64kB Final Cartridge III image

`-cartfcplus <name>'
Attach raw 32kB Final Cartridge Plus image

`-cartff <name>'
Attach raw 8kB Freeze Frame image

`-cartfm <name>'
Attach raw 32kB Freeze Machine image

`-cartfp <name>'
Attach raw 128kB Fun Play/Power Play cartridge image

`-cartgk <name>'
Attach raw 8KB Game Killer cartridge image

`-cartgs <name>'
Attach raw 512kB Game System cartridge image

`-cartide64 <name>'
Attach raw 64KB or 128KB IDE64 cartridge image

`-IDE64image1 <name>'

`-IDE64image2 <name>'

`-IDE64image3 <name>'

`-IDE64image4 <name>'
Specify path to the image files for IDE64 harddisks

`-IDE64cyl1 <value>'

`-IDE64cyl2 <value>'

`-IDE64cyl3 <value>'

`-IDE64cyl4 <value>'
Set number of cylinders for the IDE64 harddisk emulation (1-65535)

`-IDE64hds1 <value>'

`-IDE64hds2 <value>'

`-IDE64hds3 <value>'

`-IDE64hds4 <value>'
Set number of heads for the IDE64 harddisk emulation (1-16)

`-IDE64sec1 <value>'

`-IDE64sec2 <value>'

`-IDE64sec3 <value>'

`-IDE64sec4 <value>'
Set number of sectors for the IDE64 harddisk emulation (1-63)

`-IDE64autosize1'
`+IDE64autosize1'

`-IDE64autosize2'
`+IDE64autosize2'

`-IDE64autosize3'
`+IDE64autosize3'

`-IDE64autosize4'
`+IDE64autosize4'
Autodetect geometry of formatted images or do not autodetect and
use specified geometry

`-IDE64version4'
`+IDE64version4'
Emulate version 4 hardware/Emulate pre version 4 hardware

`-cartieee <name>'
Attach CBM IEEE-488 cartridge image

`-ieee488'
`+ieee488'
Enable (`IEEE488=1') or disable (`IEEE488=0') emulation of the
IEEE488 interface.

`-ieee488image <name>'
Set IEEE488 interface image name

`-isepic'
`+isepic'
Enable/Disable the ISEPIC cart

`-cartisepic <name>'
Attach raw 2kB ISEPIC cartridge image

`-isepicimagename <name>'
Set ISEPIC image name

`-isepicimagerw'
`+isepicimagerw'
Allow/Disallow writing to ISEPIC image

`-cartkcs <name>'
Attach raw 16kB KCS Power cartridge image

`-cartks <name>'
Attach raw 24kB Kingsoft cartridge image

`-cartmach5 <name>'
Attach raw 8kB MACH 5 cartridge image

`-cartmd <name>'
Attach raw 32/64/128kB Magic Desk cartridge image

`-cartmf <name>'
Attach raw Magic Formel cartridge image

`-cartmikro <name>'
Attach raw 8kB Mikro Assembler cartridge image

`-mmc64'
`+mmc64'
Enable/Disable the MMC64 expansion

`-cartmmc64 <name>'
Attach raw 8kB MMC64 cartridge image

`-mmc64bios <name>'
Specify name of MMC64 BIOS image

`-mmc64image <name>'
Specify name of MMC64 image

`-mmc64readonly'
Set the MMC64 card to read-only

`-mmc64readwrite'
Set the MMC64 card to read/write

`-mmc64bioswrite'
Save the MMC64 bios when changed

`-cartmmcr <name>'
Attach raw 512kB MMC Replay cartridge image

`-mmcrrescue'
`+mmcrrescue'
Enable/Disable MMC Replay rescue mode

`-mmcrimagerw'
`+mmcrimagerw'
Allow/Disallow writing to MMC Replay image

`-mmcrcardimage <filename>'
Specify MMC Replay card image filename

`-mmcrcardrw'
`+mmcrcardrw'
Allow/Disallow writes to MMC Replay card image

`-mmcreepromimage'
Specify MMC Replay EEPROM image filename

`-mmcreepromrw'
`+mmcreepromrw'
Allow/Disallow writes to MMC Replay EEPROM image

`-cartmv <name>'
Attach raw 16kB Magic Voice cartridge image

`-cartocean <name>'
Attach raw Ocean cartridge image

`-cartp64 <name>'
Attach raw 256KB Prophet 64 cartridge image

`-cartpf <name>'
Attach raw 64kb Pagefox cartridge image

`-cartramcart <name>'
Attach raw RamCart cartridge image

`-ramcart'
`+ramcart'
Enable/Disable the RAMCART expansion

`-ramcartsize <size in KB>'
Size of the RAMCART expansion

`-ramcartimage <name>'
Specify name of RAMCART image

`-ramcartimagerw'
`+ramcartimagerw'
Allow/Disallow writing to RAMCart image

`-cartrep256 <name>'
Attach raw REX EP256 cartridge image

`-cartross <name>'
Attach raw 16/32kB ROSS cartridge image

`-cartrr <name>'
Attach raw 64KB Retro Replay cartridge image

`-rrbioswrite'
`+rrbioswrite'
Enable/Disable saving of the RR ROM at exit

`-rrbankjumper'
`+rrbankjumper'
Set/Unset RR Bank Jumper

`-rrflashjumper'
`+rrflashjumper'
Set/Unset RR Flash Jumper

`-cartru <name>'
Attach raw 8kB REX Utility cartridge image

`-carts64 <name>'
Attach raw 4kB Snapshot 64 cartridge image

`-cartsb <name>'
Attach raw Structured Basic cartridge image

`-cartse5 <name>'
Attach raw 16kB Super Explode V5 cartridge image

`-cartsg <name>'
Attach raw 64kB Super Games cartridge image

`-cartsilver <Name>'
Attach raw Silverrock 128 cartridge image

`-cartsimon <name>'
Attach raw 16kB Simons Basic cartridge image

`-cartss4 <name>'
Attach raw 32KB Super Snapshot V4 cartridge image

`-cartss5 <name>'
Attach raw 64KB Super Snapshot V5 cartridge image

`-cartstar <name>'
Attach raw 16KB Stardos cartridge image

`-cartwl <name>'
Attach raw 16KB Westermann Learning cartridge image

`-cartws <name>'
Attach raw 8kB Warp Speed cartridge image

`-cartzaxxon <name>'
Attach raw 16kB Zaxxon cartridge image

7.1.3 CIA settings
------------------

7.1.3.1 CIA resources
.....................

`CIA1Model'
`CIA2Model'
Enum specifying CIA model (0 = old 6526, 1 = new 6526A)


7.1.3.2 CIA command-line options
................................

`-ciamodel <model>'
Set both CIA models (0 = old 6526, 1 = new 6526A)

`-cia1model <model>'
Set CIA 1 model (0 = old 6526, 1 = new 6526A)

`-cia2model <model>'
Set CIA 2 model (0 = old 6526, 1 = new 6526A)


7.1.4 VIC-II settings
---------------------

These settings control the emulation of the VIC-II (MOS6569) video chip
used in both the C64 and the C128.

* "Sprite-sprite collisions" and "Sprite-background collisions", if
enabled, cause the hardware detection of sprite-to-sprite and
sprite-to-background collisions of the VIC-II to be emulated.  This
feature is used by many games, and disabling either of the two
detection systems can sometimes make you invincible (although
there is also a chance that also enemies become invincible then).

* "Color set" can be used to dynamically change the palette file
being used by choosing one of the available predefined color sets:

* `default.vpl' ("default"), the default VICE palette;

* `c64s.vpl' ("C64S"), palette taken from the shareware C64S
emulator by Miha Peternel.

* `ccs64.vpl' ("CCS64"), palette taken from the shareware CCS64
emulator by Per Håkan Sundell.

* `frodo.vpl' ("Frodo"), palette taken from the free Frodo
emulator by Christian Bauer
(http://www.uni-mainz.de/~bauec002/FRMain.html).

* `pc64.vpl' ("PC64"), palette taken from the free PC64
emulator by Wolfgang Lorenz.

* `godot.vpl' ("GoDot"), palette as suggested by the authors of
the C64 graphics package GoDot
(http://users.aol.com/howtogodot/welcome.htm).


7.1.4.1 VIC-II resources
........................

`VICIIModel'
Integer that specifies VIC-II model
(6569/6569r1/8565/6567/8562/6567r56a).  only available in `x64sc'.

`VICIICheckSsColl'
Boolean specifying whether the sprite-sprite hardware collision
detection must be emulated.

`VICIICheckSbColl'
Boolean specifying whether the sprite-background hardware collision
detection must be emulated.

`VICIIVideoCache'
Boolean specifying whether the video cache is turned on.

`VICIIDoubleSize'
Boolean specifying whether double-size mode is turned on.

`VICIIDoubleScan'
Boolean specifying whether double-scan mode is turned on.

`VICIINewLuminances'
Boolean specifying whether to use new (9 steps) luminances

`VICIIPaletteFile'
String specifying the name of the palette file being used.  The
`.vpl' extension is optional.

`VICIIHwScale'
Boolean specifying whether to enable or disable hardware scaling

`VICIIFullscreenDevice'
fullscreen device

`VICIIFullscreen'
Boolean specifying whether to use fullscreen mode or not.

`VICIIFullscreenStatusbar'
Boolean specifying whether to show the status bar in fullscreen
mode or not.

`VICIIXRANDRFullscreenMode'
integer specifying XRANDR fullscreen mode

`VICIIVidmodeFullscreenMode'
integer specifying Vidmode fullscreen mode

`VICIIExternalPalette'
Boolean specifying whether to use external palette file or not.

`VICIIColorSaturation'
integer specifying saturation of internal calculated palette
[1000] <0-2000>

`VICIIColorContrast'
integer specifying contrast of internal calculated palette [1000]
<0-2000>

`VICIIColorBrightness'
integer specifying brightness of internal calculated palette
[1000] <0-2000>

`VICIIColorGamma'
integer specifying gamma of internal calculated palette [2200]
<0-4000>

`VICIIColorTint'
integer specifying tint of internal calculated palette [1000]
<0-2000>

`VICIIPALScanLineShade'
integer specifying amount of scan line shading for the CRT
emulation [667] <0-1000>

`VICIIPALBlur'
integer specifying amount of horizontal blur for the CRT
emulation. [500] <0-1000>

`VICIIPALOddLinePhase'
integer specifying phase offset for color carrier in odd lines
[750] <0-2000>

`VICIIPALOddLineOffset'
integer specifying phase for color carrier in odd lines [1250]
<0-2000>

`VICIIAudioLeak'
Boolean specifying whether to enable/disable video to audio leak
emulation.

`VICIIFilter'
integer specifying rendering filter, 0:none, 1:CRT emulation, 2:
scale2x

`VICIIBorderMode'
integer specifying border display mode (0: normal, 1: full, 2:
debug, 3:none)


7.1.4.2 VIC-II command-line options
...................................

`-VICIIcheckss'
`+VICIIcheckss'
Enable (`VICIICheckSsColl=1') and disable (`VICIICheckSsColl=0')
emulation of hardware sprite-sprite collision detection,
respectively.

`-VICIIchecksb'
`+VICIIchecksb'
Enable (`VICIICheckSbColl=1') and disable (`VICIICheckSbColl=0')
emulation of hardware sprite-background collision detection,
respectively.

`-VICIIvcache'
`+VICIIvcache'
Enable/disable the video cache (`VICIIVideoCache=1',
`VICIIVideoCache=0').

`-VICIIdsize'
`+VICIIdsize'
Enable/disable the double size mode (`VICIIDoubleSize=1',
`VICIIDoubleSize=0').

`-VICIIdscan'
`+VICIIdscan'
Enable/disable the double scan mode (`VICIIDoubleScan=1',
`VICIIDoubleScan=0').

`-VICIIhwscale'
`+VICIIhwscale'
Enable/Disable hardware scaling

`-VICIIfilter <Mode>'
Select rendering filter, 0:none, 1:CRT emulation, 2: scale2x

`-VICIIintpal'
Use an internal calculated palette

`-VICIIextpal'
Use an external palette (file)

`-VICIIpalette NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the palette file (`VICIIPaletteFile').

`-VICIIfulldevice <device>'
Select fullscreen device

`-VICIIXRANDRfullmode <mode>'
Select fullscreen mode

`-VICIIVidmodefullmode <mode>'
Select fullscreen mode

`-VICIIborders <mode>'
Set VIC-II border display mode (0: normal, 1: full, 2: debug,
3:none)

`-VICIImodel <model>'
Set VIC-II model (6569/6569r1/8565/6567/8562/6567r56a). This
setting is only available in `x64sc'.

`-VICIInewluminance'

`+VICIInewluminance'
Enable/Disable new luminances.

`-VICIIsaturation <0-2000>'
Set saturation of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-VICIIcontrast <0-2000>'
Set contrast of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-VICIIbrightness <0-2000>'
Set brightness of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-VICIIgamma <0-4000>'
Set gamma of internal calculated palette [2200]

`-VICIItint <0-2000>'
Set tint of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-VICIIoddlinesphase <0-2000>'
Set phase for color carrier in odd lines [1250]

`-VICIIoddlinesoffset <0-2000>'
Set phase offset for color carrier in odd lines [750]

`-VICIIcrtblur <0-1000>'
Amount of horizontal blur for the CRT emulation. [500]

`-VICIIcrtscanlineshade <0-1000>'
Amount of scan line shading for the CRT emulation [667]

`-VICIIaudioleak'

`+VICIIaudioleak'
Enable/Disable video to audio leak emulation.


7.1.5 SID settings
------------------

These settings control the emulation of the SID (MOS6581 or MOS8580)
audio chip.

* "Second SID" maps a second SID chip into the address space for
stereo sound. This emulates e.g. the "SID Symphony Stereo
Cartridge" from Dr. Evil Laboratories. The second SID can be used
with software such as "Stereo SID Player" by Mark Dickenson or
"The Enhanced Sidplayer" by Craig Chamberlain.

* "Second SID base address" sets the start address for the second SID
chip. Software normally uses $DE00 or $DF00, since $DE00-$DEFF and
$DF00-$DFFF can be mapped through the cartridge port of the C64.
The default start address is $DE00.

* "Emulate filters" causes the built-in programmable filters of the
SID chip to be emulated.  A lot of C64 music requires them to be
emulated properly, but their emulation requires some additional
processor power.

* "ChipModel" specifies the model of the SID chip being emulated:
there are two slightly different generations of SID chips: MOS6581
ones and MOS8580 ones.

* "Use reSID emulation" specifies whether the more accurate (and
resource hungry) reSID emulation is turned on or off.

* "reSID sampling method" selects the method for conversion of the
SID output signal to a sampling rate appropriate for playback by
standard digital sound equipment. Possible settings are:
* "Fast" simply clocks the SID chip at the output sampling
frequency, picking the nearest sample. This yields acceptable
sound quality, but sampling noise is noticeable in some
cases, especially with SID combined waveforms. The sound
emulation is still cycle exact.

* "Interpolating" clocks the SID chip each cycle, and
calculates each sample with linear interpolation. The
sampling noise is now strongly attenuated by the SID external
filter (as long as "Emulate filters" is selected), and the
linear interpolation further improves the sound quality.

* "Resampling" clocks the SID chip each cycle, and uses the
theoretically correct method for sample generation. This
delivers CD quality sound, but is extremely CPU intensive,
and is thus most useful for non-interactive sound generation.
Unless you have a very fast machine, that is.

* "reSID resampling passband" specifies the percentage of the total
bandwidth allocated to the resampling filter passband. The work
rate of the resampling filter is inversely proportional to the
remaining transition band percentage. This implies that e.g. with
the transition band starting at ~ 20kHz, it is faster to generate
48kHz than 44.1kHz samples. For CD quality sound generation at
44.1kHz the passband percentage should be set to 90 (i.e. the
transition band starting at almost 20kHz).


7.1.5.1 SID resources
.....................

`SidStereo'
Integer specifying the amount of emulated extra SIDs. (0=off, 1=1
extra sid, 2=2 extra sids.

`SidStereoAddressStart'
Integer specifying the base address of the second SID.

`SidTripleAddressStart'
Integer specifying the base address of the third SID.

`SidFilters'
Boolean specifying whether the built-in SID filters must be
emulated.

`SidModel'
Integer specifying what model of the SID must be emulated (`0':
6581 , `1': 8580, `2': 8580D, `3': 6581R4, `4': DTVSID, `8':
6581R3_4885 , `9': 6581R3_0486S, `10': 6581R3_3984, `11':
6581R4AR_3789, `12': 6581R3_4485 , `13': 6581R4_1986S, `16':
8580R5_3691, `17': 8580R5_3691D, `18': 8580R5_1489 , `19':
8580R5_1489D).

`SidEngine'
Integer specifying what SID engine will be used (`0': FASTSID,
`1': RESID , `2': CATWEASELMKIII, `3': HARDSID, `4': PARSID_PORT1,
`5': PARSID_PORT2 , `6': PARSID_PORT3, `7': RESID_FP).

`SidResidSampling'
Integer specifying the sampling method (`0': Fast, `1':
Interpolation, `2': Resampling)

`SidResidPassband'
Integer specifying the resampling filter passband in percentage of
the total bandwidth (`0 - 90').

`SidResidGain'
Integer that specifies reSID gain in percent [97] (90..100)

`SidResidFilterBias'
Integer that specifies reSID filter bias, which can be used to
adjust DAC bias in millivolts. [0] (-5000..5000)


7.1.5.2 SID command-line options
................................

`-sidstereo'
Emulates a second SID chip for stereo sound (`SidStereo').

`-sidstereoaddress `ADDRESS''
Specifies the start address for the second SID chip
(`SidStereoAddressStart').

`-sidtripleaddress `ADDRESS''
Specifies the start address for the third SID chip
(`SidTripleAddressStart').

`-sidenginemodel <engine and model>'
Specify `SID engine' and `MODEL' for the emulated SID chip ( 0:
FastSID 6581, 1: FastSID 8580, 256: ReSID 6581, 257: ReSID 8580,
258: ReSID 8580 + digiboost, 1024: ParSID in par port 1, 1280:
ParSID in par port 2, 1536: ParSID in par port 3, 1800: ReSID-FP
6581R3 4885, 1801: ReSID-FP 6581R3 0486S, 1802: ReSID-FP 6581R3
3984, 1803: ReSID-FP 6581R4 AR 3789, 1804: ReSID-FP 6581R3 4485,
1805: ReSID-FP 6581R4 1986S, 1808: ReSID-FP 8580R5 3691, 1809:
ReSID-FP 8580R5 3691 + digiboost, 1810: ReSID-FP 8580R5 1489,
1811: ReSID-FP 8580R5 1489D).

`-sidfilters'
`+sidfilters'
Enable (`SidFilters=1') or disable (`SidFilters=0') emulation of
the built-in SID filters.

`-residsamp `METHOD''
Specifies the sampling method; fast (`SidResidSampling=0'),
interpolating (`SidResidSampling=1'), resampling
(`SidResidSampling=2'), fast resampling (`SidResidSampling=3').

`-residpass `PERCENTAGE''
Specifies the resampling filter passband in percentage of the total
bandwidth (`SidResidPassband=0-90').

`-residgain `PERCENTAGE''
Specifies reSID gain in percent (90 - 100).

`-residfilterbias <number>'
reSID filter bias setting, which can be used to adjust DAC bias in
millivolts.


7.1.6 C64 I/O extension settings
--------------------------------

I/O extensions are (usually) cartridges which do not map into ROM space,
but use only the I/O space at address range $DE00 ... $DEFF and/or
$DF00 ... $DFFF.

Please use these extensions only when needed, as they might cause
compatibility problems.

The following I/O extensions are available:

* ACIA (Swiftlink, Turbo232)

* DigiMAX

* Ethernet (The Final Ethernet, RR-Net)

* GEO-RAM

* MIDI (Passport, Datel, Maplin, Namesoft, Sequential)

* REU - The "RAM Expansion Module" extension emulates a standard
Commodore RAM Expansion Unit; this can be used with GEOS and other
programs that are designed to take advantage of it.  This currently
works only in the C64 emulator.

* SFX Sound Expander

* SFX Sound Sampler


7.1.6.1 C64 I/O extension resources
...................................

`Acia1Enable'
Boolean specifying whether the ACIA (Swiftlink, Turbo232)
cartridge should be emulated or not.

`Acia1Mode'
Enum specifying the type of emulated RS232 interface (0: normal,
1: Swithlink, 2: Turbo232)

`Acia1Base'
Integer specifying the base address for the emulated ACIA chip.

`DIGIMAX'
Boolean specifying whether the DigiMAX cartridge should be
emulated or not.

`DIGIMAXbase'
Integer specifying the DigiMAX base address.

`ETHERNET_ACTIVE'
Boolean that specifies whether the CS8900 ethernet interface
emulation is active.

`ETHERNET_INTERFACE'
String specifying the device name of the ethernet device to use
for the emulation.

`ETHERNET_DISABLED'
Boolean that specified whether ethernet emulation has been
disabled because it is not available in the current configuration.

`ETHERNET_AS_RR'
Boolean that specifies whether RR-Net compatible mapping is
enabled.

`GEORAM'
Boolean specifying whether the GEO-RAM cartridge should be
emulated or not.

`GEORAMfilename'
String specifying the filename of the GEORAM image.

`GEORAMImageWrite'
Boolean, if true write back the GEO-RAM image file automatically,
incase the RAM contents changed, when detaching or quitting the
emulator.

`GEORAMsize'
Integer specifying the size of the emulated GEO-RAM in KB (64,
128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096)

`MIDIEnable'
Boolean specifying whether the MIDI cartridge should be emulated
or not.

`MIDIMode'
Enum specifying the type of emulated MIDI interface (0:
Sequential, 1: Passport/Syntech, 2: DATEL/Siel/JMS, 3: Namesoft,
4: Maplin)

`MIDIDriver'
Enum specifying the MIDI driver (0: OSS; 1:ALSA)

`MIDIInDev'
String specifying the MIDI input device.

`MIDIOutDev'
String specifying the MIDI output device.

`REU'
Boolean specifying whether the RAM Expansion Module should be
emulated or not.

`REUfilename'
String specifying the filename of the REU image.

`REUImageWrite'
Boolean, if true write back the REU image file automatically,
incase the RAM contents changed, when detaching or quitting the
emulator.

`REUsize'
Integer specifying the size of the emulated REU in KB (128, 256,
512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16384)

`SFXSoundExpander'
Boolean specifying whether the SFX Sound Expander should be
emulated or not.

`SFXSoundExpanderChip'
Enum specifying which YM chip is emulated (0: 3526, 1: 3812)

`SFXSoundSampler'
Boolean specifying whether the SFX Sound Sampler should be
emulated or not.


7.1.6.2 C64 I/O extension command-line options
..............................................

`-acia1'
`+acia1'
Enable/Disable the $DE** ACIA RS232 interface emulation

`-digimax'
`+digimax'
Enable/Disable the DigiMAX cartridge

`-digimaxbase <base address>'
Base address of the DigiMAX cartridge

`-miditype <0-4>'
MIDI interface type (0: Sequential, 1: Passport, 2: DATEL, 3:
Namesoft, 4: Maplin)

`-midi'
`+midi'
Enable/Disable MIDI emulation

`-midiin <name>'
Specify MIDI-In device

`-midiout <name>'
Specify MIDI-Out device

`-mididrv <driver>'
Specify MIDI driver (0 = OSS, 1 = ALSA)

`-georam'
`+georam'
Enable/Disable the GEORAM expansion unit

`-cartgeoram <name>'
Attach raw GEO-RAM cartridge image

`-georamimage <name>'
Specify name of GEORAM image

`-georamimagerw'
`+georamimagerw'
Allow/Disallow writing to GEORAM image

`-georamsize <size in KB>'
Size of the GEORAM expansion unit

`-reu'
`+reu'
Enable (`REU=1') or disable (`REU=0') emulation of the RAM
Expansion Module.

`-cartreu <name>'
Attach raw REU cartridge image

`-reuimage <name>'
Specify name of REU image

`-reuimagerw'
`+reuimagerw'
Allow/Disallow writing to REU image

`-reusize <size in KB>'
Size of the RAM expansion unit

`-sfxse'
`+sfxse'
Enable/Disable the SFX soundexpander cartridge

`-sfxsetype <type>'
Set YM chip type (3526 / 3812)

`-sfxss'
`+sfxss'
Enable/Disable the SFX Sound Sampler cartridge

`-tfe'
`+tfe'
Enable/Disable the TFE ("The Final Ethernet") unit

`-tfeif <name>'
Set the system ethernet interface for TFE emulation

`-tferrnet'
`+tferrnet'
Enable/Disable RRNet mode of TFE emulation

`-burstmod <value>'
Enable/Disable burst modification. If it's 1 the cable is
connected to CIA1, if 2 then to CIA2 and 0 disables it. This is
emulates the fast serial bus connection as described at
http://www.cs.tut.fi/~albert/Dev/burst/, with the wire to the tape
port cut.

7.1.7 C64/128 system ROM settings
---------------------------------

These settings can be used to control what system ROMs are loaded in the
C64/128 emulators at startup.  They cannot be changed from the menus.

7.1.7.1 C64/128 system ROM resources
....................................

`KernalName'
String specifying the name of the Kernal ROM (default `kernal').

`BasicName'
String specifying the name of the Basic ROM (default `basic').  In
the C128 emulator, the ROM image must actually include the editor
ROM too.

`ChargenName'
String specifying the name of the character generator ROM (default
`chargen').

`KernalRev'
String specifying the Kernal revision.  This resource can be used
to control what revision of the C64 kernal is being used; it
cannot be changed at runtime.  VICE is able to automatically
convert one ROM revision into another, by manually patching the
loaded image.  This way, it is possible to use any of the ROM
revisions without changing the ROM set.  Valid values are:

`0'
Kernal revision 0;

`3'
Kernal revision 3;

`sx'
`67'
Commodore SX-64 ROM;

`100'

`4064'
Commodore 4064 (also known as "PET64" or "Educator 64") ROM.


7.1.7.2 C64/128 system ROM command-line options
...............................................

`-kernal NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the Kernal ROM file (`KernalName').

`-basic NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the Basic ROM file (`BasicName').

`-chargen NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the character generator ROM file (`ChargenName').

`-kernalrev REVISION'
Specify Kernal revision (`KernalRev').


7.1.8 C64 settings
------------------

7.1.8.1 C64 resources
.....................

`GlueLogic'
Integer specifying the type of emulated glue-log. (0: discrete, 1:
custom IC)

`BurstMod'
Boolean, enable/disable the Burst-Mode modification.

`PLUS60K'
Boolean, enable/disable the PLUS60K RAM expansion

`PLUS60Kfilename'
String specifying the filename of the PLUS60K RAM image.

`PLUS60Kbase'
Integer that specifies the base address of the PLUS60K RAM
expansion.

`PLUS256K'
Boolean, enable/disable the PLUS256K RAM expansion

`PLUS256Kfilename'
String specifying the filename of the PLUS256K RAM image.

`C64_256K'
Boolean, enable/disable the 256K RAM expansion

`C64_256Kfilename'
String specifying the filename of the 256K RAM image.

`C64_256Kbase'
Integer that specifies the base address of the 256K RAM expansion.


7.1.8.2 C64 command-line options
................................

`-gluelogictype <type>'
Set glue logic type (0 = discrete, 1 = 252535-01)

`-plus60k'
`+plus60k'
Enable/Disable the PLUS60K RAM expansion

`-plus60kimage <name>'
Specify name of PLUS60K image

`-plus60kbase <base address>'
Base address of the PLUS60K expansion

`-plus256k'
`+plus256k'
Enable/Disable the PLUS256K RAM expansion

`-plus256kimage <name>'
Specify name of PLUS256K image

`-256k'
`+256k'
Enable/Disable the 256K RAM expansion

`-256kimage <name>'
Specify name of 256K image

`-256kbase <base address>'
Base address of the 256K expansion


7.2 C128-specific commands and settings
=======================================

7.2.1 VDC settings
------------------

7.2.1.1 VDC resources
.....................

`VDC64KB'
Boolean, enabled full 64k video ram.

`VDCRevision'
Integer specifying the VDC hardware revision. (0: Rev 0, 1: Rev 1,
2: Rev 2)

`VDCVideoCache'
Boolean specifying whether the video cache is turned on.

`VDCDoubleSize'
Boolean specifying whether double-size mode is turned on.

`VDCDoubleScan'
Boolean specifying whether double-scan mode is turned on.

`VDCStretchVertical'
Boolean specifying whether vertical stretching is turned on.

`VDCPaletteFile'
String specifying the name of the palette file being used.  The
`.vpl' extension is optional.

`VDCHwScale'
Boolean specifying whether to enable or disable hardware scaling

`VDCFullscreenDevice'
fullscreen device

`VDCFullscreen'
Boolean specifying whether to use fullscreen mode or not.

`VDCFullscreenStatusbar'
Boolean specifying whether to show the status bar in fullscreen
mode or not.

`VDCXRANDRFullscreenMode'
integer specifying XRANDR fullscreen mode

`VDCVidmodeFullscreenMode'
integer specifying Vidmode fullscreen mode

`VDCExternalPalette'
Boolean specifying whether to use external palette file or not.

`VDCColorSaturation'
integer specifying saturation of internal calculated palette
[1000] <0-2000>

`VDCColorContrast'
integer specifying contrast of internal calculated palette [1000]
<0-2000>

`VDCColorBrightness'
integer specifying brightness of internal calculated palette
[1000] <0-2000>

`VDCColorGamma'
integer specifying gamma of internal calculated palette [2200]
<0-4000>

`VDCColorTint'
integer specifying tint of internal calculated palette [1000]
<0-2000>

`VDCPALScanLineShade'
integer specifying amount of scan line shading for the CRT
emulation [667] <0-1000>

`VDCPALBlur'
integer specifying amount of horizontal blur for the CRT
emulation. [500] <0-1000>

`VDCPALOddLinePhase'
integer specifying phase offset for color carrier in odd lines
[750] <0-2000>

`VDCPALOddLineOffset'
integer specifying phase for color carrier in odd lines [1250]
<0-2000>

`VDCAudioLeak'
Boolean specifying whether to enable/disable video to audio leak
emulation.

`VDCFilter'
integer specifying rendering filter, 0:none, 1:CRT emulation, 2:
scale2x

7.2.1.2 VDC command-line options
................................

`-VDCvcache'
`+VDCvcache'
Enable/Disable the video cache

`-VDCdsize'
`+VDCdsize'
Enable/Disable double size

`-VDCstretchvertical'
`+VDCstretchvertical'
Enable/Disable vertical stretching

`-VDCdscan'
`+VDCdscan'
Enable/Disable double scan

`-VDChwscale'
`+VDChwscale'
Enable/Disable hardware scaling

`-VDCintpal'
Use an internal calculated palette

`-VDCextpal'
Use an external palette (file)

`-VDCpalette <name>'
Specify name of file of external palette

`-VDCfulldevice <device>'
Select fullscreen device

`-VDCXRANDRfullmode <mode>'
Select fullscreen mode

`-VDCVidmodefullmode <mode>'
Select fullscreen mode

`-VDC16KB'
Set the VDC memory size to 16KB

`-VDC64KB'
Set the VDC memory size to 64KB

`-VDCRevision <number>'
Set VDC revision (0..2)

`-VDCsaturation <0-2000>'
Set saturation of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-VDCcontrast <0-2000>'
Set contrast of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-VDCbrightness <0-2000>'
Set brightness of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-VDCgamma <0-4000>'
Set gamma of internal calculated palette [2200]

`-VDCtint <0-2000>'
Set tint of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-VDCoddlinesphase <0-2000>'
Set phase for color carrier in odd lines [1250]

`-VDCoddlinesoffset <0-2000>'
Set phase offset for color carrier in odd lines [750]

`-VDCcrtblur <0-1000>'
Amount of horizontal blur for the CRT emulation. [500]

`-VDCcrtscanlineshade <0-1000>'
Amount of scan line shading for the CRT emulation [667]

`-VDCaudioleak'

`+VDCaudioleak'
Enable/Disable video to audio leak emulation.


7.2.2 C128 system ROM settings
------------------------------

7.2.2.1 C128 system ROM resources
.................................

`ChargenIntName'
`ChargenDEName'
`ChargenFRName'
`ChargenSEName'
Strings specifying the filename of the Chargen ROM images.

`KernalIntName'
`KernalDEName'
`KernalFIName'
`KernalFRName'
`KernalITName'
`KernalNOName'
`KernalSEName'
Strings specifying the filename of the Kernal ROM images.

`BasicLoName'
`BasicHiName'
Strings specifying the filename of the Basic ROM images.

`Kernal64Name'
String specifying the filename of the C64 kernal ROM image.

`Basic64Name'
String specifying the filename of the C64 basic ROM image.

`InternalFunctionROM'
Boolean, enables the internal function ROM.

`InternalFunctionName'
Strings specifying the filename of the ROM image for the internal
function ROM.

`ExternalFunctionROM'
Boolean, enables the external function ROM.

`ExternalFunctionName'
Strings specifying the filename of the ROM image for the external
function ROM.


7.2.2.2 C128 system ROM command-line options
............................................

`-basic64 <name>'
Specify name of C64 mode BASIC ROM image

`-kernal64 <name>'
Specify name of C64 mode Kernal ROM image

`-basiclo <name>'
Specify name of BASIC ROM image (lower part)

`-basichi <name>'
Specify name of BASIC ROM image (higher part)

`-kernal <name>'
Specify name of international Kernal ROM image

`-kernalde <name>'
Specify name of German Kernal ROM image

`-kernalfi <name>'
Specify name of Finnish Kernal ROM image

`-kernalfr <name>'
Specify name of French Kernal ROM image

`-kernalit <name>'
Specify name of Italian Kernal ROM image

`-kernalno <name>'
Specify name of Norwegian Kernal ROM image

`-kernalse <name>'
Specify name of Swedish Kernal ROM image

`-chargen <name>'
Specify name of international character generator ROM image

`-chargde <name>'
Specify name of German character generator ROM image

`-chargfr <name>'
Specify name of French character generator ROM image

`-chargse <name>'
Specify name of Swedish character generator ROM image

`-intfunc'
`+intfunc'
Enable/Disable the internal Function ROM

`-intfrom <name>'
Specify name of internal Function ROM image

`-extfunc'
`+extfunc'
Enable/Disable the external Function ROM

`-extfrom <name>'
Specify name of external Function ROM image


7.2.3 C128 settings
-------------------

7.2.3.1 C128 resources
......................

`40/80ColumnKey'
Boolean, status of the 40/80 columns key

`Go64Mode'
Boolean, if true enter C64 mode on reset

`C128FullBanks'
Boolean, enables Banks 2 and 3.

`MachineType'
Integer specifying the C128 machine type. (0: Internatinal, 1:
Finnish, 2: French, 3: German, 4: Italian, 5: Norwegian, 6:
Swedish)

7.2.3.2 C128 command-line options
.................................

`-40col'
Activate 40 column mode

`-80col'
Activate 80 column mode

`-go64'
Always switch to C64 mode on reset

`+go64'
Always switch to C128 mode on reset


7.3 C64DTV-specific commands and settings
=========================================

This section lists the settings and commands that are C64DTV specific
and thus are not present in the other emulators.

7.3.1 C64DTV ROM image
----------------------

The DTV has a 2MB Flash chip which contains the kernal, basic and
character set ROMs along with other data, such as games in the case of
the original C64DTV ROM.

The image file is a dump of the flash chip. It is exactly 2MB (2097152
bytes).

If you do not have a suitable image file, an image using the C64 kernal,
basic and charset is automatically created.

If writing to the C64DTV ROM is enabled, the image file is rewritten
with the current data when exiting x64dtv.

Note that x64dtv tries to load the image file from the C64DTV directory
first, and if it isn't found there, x64dtv tries to load it from the
current directory. If you do not have `dtvrom.bin' in your C64DTV
directory and writing to DTV ROM is enabled, the `dtvrom.bin' file is
created to the current directory.

NOTE: The original C64DTV ROM has somewhat distorted colors, normally
you should use a patched rom.

`-c64dtvromimage NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the C64DTV ROM image

`-c64dtvromrw'
`+c64dtvromrw'
Enable or disable writing to C64DTV ROM image


The trueflashfs option is analogous to True drive emulation.  If
disabled, any file access to the flash filesystem (device 1) will go to
the local file system instead.

`-trueflashfs'
`+trueflashfs'
Enable or disable true hardware flash file system

`-fsflash NAME'
Specify `NAME' as directory for flash file system device


7.3.2 DTV revision
------------------

The DTV revision 2 has a bug in the Blitter. Using revision 3 is
recommended. Emulation of DTV revision 2 including Blitter bug is
intended for testing DTV software.

`-dtvrev REVISION'
Specify DTV `REVISION' (2 or 3)


7.3.3 LumaFix
-------------

The PAL C64DTVs have wrong resistors in the video output circuit, which
causes incorrect luminances. Several hardware solutions ("LumaFixes")
have been developed to fix this flaw.

The fixed video output is emulated by selecting "New Luminances".  The
unmodified C64DTV video output can be emulated with "Old Luminances".

The default setting is "New Luminances".

7.3.4 Userport
--------------

The C64DTV userport emulation currently supports three devices: Hummer
ADC, userport joystick and PS/2 mouse.

The joystick that controls either the Hummer ADC or userport joystick
can be selected using the same parameter or menu option.

While using the Hummer ADC, joystick UP and DOWN are mapped to the
Hummer buttons A and B respectively. LEFT and RIGHT set the ADCs output
to 0 and 255. Centering the joystick results in the ADC value of 128.

Currently the Hummer ADC and userport joystick are mutually exclusive.
This means that enabling one disables the other. PS/2 mouse emulation
can be used simultaneously with either Hummer ADC or userport joystick.

`-hummeradc'
`+hummeradc'
Enable/Disable Hummer ADC

`-ps2mouse'
`+ps2mouse'
Enable or disable PS/2 mouse on userport


7.3.5 Debug
-----------

Debugging information on Blitter, DMA and Flash can be enabled with
command line parameters. This can be useful for DTV software
development.

`-dtvblitterlog'
`+dtvblitterlog'
Enable or disable DTV Blitter log

`-dtvdmalog'
`+dtvdmalog'
Enable or disable DTV DMA log

`-dtvflashlog'
`+dtvflashlog'
Enable or disable DTV Flash log


7.3.6 Monitor DTV features
--------------------------

Currently the registers A, Y and X are registers R0, R1 and R2
regardless of the mapping, which can be seen and modified via the
registers ACM and XYM.

The monitor can access all 2MB of RAM and 2MB of Flash, but only 64 kB
at a time.  The 64kB bank can be selected with "bank ram00".."ram1f"
for RAM and "bank rom00".."rom1f" for Flash.

The "load" command can load large files (>64kB) correctly if the bank
is set to "ramXX", where XX is the starting bank (usually "bank00").

7.3.7 DTV resources
-------------------

`DtvRevision'
Integer specifying the emulated DTV revision (2: DTV2, 3: DTV3)

`c64dtvromfilename'
String specifying the filename of the DTV Flash ROM image.

`c64dtvromrw'
Boolean that specifies whether the emulated Flash ROM is writeable.

`FSFlashDir'
String specifying the working directory for the flash file system.

`FlashTrueFS'
Boolean, enables true hardware flash file system.

`HummerADC'
Boolean, enables Hummer ADC emulation.

`ps2mouse'
Boolean, enables PS/2 Mouse emulation.

`DtvBlitterLog'
Boolean, enables Blitter logging.

`DtvDMALog'
Boolean, enables DMA logging.

`DtvFlashLog'
Boolean, enables Flash ROM logging.


7.4 VIC20-specific commands and settings
========================================

This section lists the settings and commands that are VIC20-specific and
thus are not present in the other emulators.

7.4.1 Using cartridge images
----------------------------

As with the C64 (*note C64 cartridges::), it is possible to attach
several types of cartridge images:

* 4 or 8 Kbyte cartridges located at $2000;

* 4 or 8 Kbyte cartridges located at $4000;

* 4 or 8 Kbyte cartridges located at $6000;

* 4 or 8 Kbyte cartridges located at $A000;

* 4 Kbyte cartridges located at $B000.

This can all be done via the "Attach cartridge image..." command in the
left-button menu.  It is also possible to let xvic "guess" the type of
cartridge using "Smart-attach cartridge image...".

Notice that several cartridges are actually made up of two pieces (and
two files), that need to be loaded separately at different addresses.
In that case, you have to know the addresses (which are usually
specified in the file name) and use the "attach" command twice.

A special kind of cartridge file is where the two files mentioned above
are concatenated (with removing the two byte load address of the second
image) into one 16k image. There are only few of those images, though.
Normally the second part is located at $A000.  Vice can now attach such
concatenated files at the start address $2000, $4000, and $6000. The
second half of such an image is moved to $A000. If you encounter 16k
images that have the second half not at $A000 you can split the image
into two halfs (i.e. one 8194 byte and one 8192 byte, because the first
has the load address) and attach both files separately.

One cartridge that is currently only partially supported here is the
VIC1112 IEEE488 interface. You have to load the ROM as a cartridge, but
you also have to enable the IEEE488 hardware by menu.

7.4.2 VIC20 cartridge settings
------------------------------

7.4.2.1 VIC20 cartridge resources
.................................

`CartridgeReset'
Boolean specifying whether the machine should be resetted when a
cartridge is changed.

`CartridgeType'
Integer specifying the type of cartridge emulated.

`CartridgeFile'
String specifying the filename of the image for the current
cartridge.

`IOCollisionHandling'
Integer specifying the way the I/O collisions should be handled,
(0: error message and detach all involved carts, 1: error message
and detach last attached involved carts, 2: warning in log and
'AND' the valid return values)

`GenericCartridgeFile2000'
`GenericCartridgeFile4000'
`GenericCartridgeFile6000'
`GenericCartridgeFileA000'
`GenericCartridgeFileB000'
String specifying the name of the respective cartridge ROM images.

`FinalExpansionWriteBack'
Boolean, if true write back the Flash ROM image file
automatically, incase the contents changed, when detaching or
quitting the emulator.

`VicFlashPluginWriteBack'
Boolean, if true write back the Flash ROM image file
automatically, incase the contents changed, when detaching or
quitting the emulator.

`MegaCartNvRAMfilename'
String specifying the filename of the MegaCart NvRAM image.

`MegaCartNvRAMWriteBack'
Boolean, if true write back the NvRAM image file automatically,
incase the RAM contents changed, when detaching or quitting the
emulator.

`TFEIOSwap'
Boolean, swap/don't swap io mapping (map cart I/O to VIC20 I/O-2)

`SFXSoundExpanderIOSwap'
Boolean, swap/don't swap io mapping (map cart I/O to VIC20 I/O-2)

`SFXSoundSamplerIOSwap'
Boolean, swap/don't swap io mapping (map cart I/O to VIC20 I/O-2)

`GEORAMIOSwap'
Boolean, swap/don't swap  io mapping (map cart I/O-1 to VIC20
I/O-3 and cart I/O-2 to VIC20 I/O-2)

`SidCart'
Boolean, enables SID cart emulation.

`SidAddress'
Integer that specifies the base address of the emulated SID chip.

`SidClock'
Integer specifying the clock rate used for the emulated SID chip
(0: C64, 1: VIC-20)


7.4.2.2 VIC20 cartridge command-line options
............................................

`-iocollision <method>'
Select the way the I/O collisions should be handled, (0: error
message and detach all involved carts, 1: error message and detach
last attached involved carts, 2: warning in log and 'AND' the
valid return values

`-cart2 <name>'
Specify 4/8/16K extension ROM name at $2000

`-cart4 <name>'
Specify 4/8/16K extension ROM name at $4000

`-cart6 <name>'
Specify 4/8/16K extension ROM name at $6000

`-cartA <name>'
Specify 4/8K extension ROM name at $A000

`-cartB <name>'
Specify 4K extension ROM name at $B000

`-cartgeneric <name>'
Specify generic extension ROM name

`-cartmega <name>'
Specify Mega-Cart extension ROM name

`-mcnvramfile <name>'
Set Mega-Cart NvRAM filename

`-mcnvramwriteback'
`+mcnvramwriteback'
Enable/Disable Mega-Cart NvRAM writeback

`-cartfe <name>'
Specify Final Expansion extension ROM name

`-fewriteback'
`+fewriteback'
Enable/Disable Final Expansion write back to ROM file

`-cartfp <name>'
Specify Vic Flash Plugin extension ROM name

`-fpwriteback'
`+fpwriteback'
Enable/Disable Vic Flash Plugin write back to ROM file

`-ieee488'
`+ieee488'
Enable/Disable VIC-1112 IEEE488 interface

`-sidcart'

`+sidcart'
Enable/Disable SID Cartridge

`-tfeioswap'
`+tfeioswap'
Swap/don't swap io mapping (map cart I/O to VIC20 I/O-2)

`-tfe'
`+tfe'
Enable/Disable the TFE ("The Final Ethernet") unit

`-tfeif <name>'
Set the system ethernet interface for TFE emulation

`-tferrnet'
`+tferrnet'
Enable/Disable RRNet mode of TFE emulation

`-digimax'
`+digimax'
Enable/Disable the DigiMAX cartridge

`-digimaxbase <base address>'
Base address of the DigiMAX cartridge

`-sfxseioswap'
`+sfxseioswap'
Swap/don't swap io mapping (map cart I/O to VIC20 I/O-2)

`-sfxse'
`+sfxse'
Enable/Disable the SFX soundexpander cartridge

`-sfxsetype <type>'
Set YM chip type (3526 / 3812)

`-sfxssioswap'
`+sfxssioswap'
Swap/don't swap io mapping (map cart I/O to VIC20 I/O-2)

`-sfxss'
`+sfxss'
Enable/Disable the SFX Sound Sampler cartridge

`-georamioswap'
`+georamioswap'
Swap/don't swap  io mapping (map cart I/O-1 to VIC20 I/O-3 and
cart I/O-2 to VIC20 I/O-2)

`-georam'
`+georam'
Enable/Disable the GEORAM expansion unit

`-georamimage <name>'
Specify name of GEORAM image

`-georamimagerw'
`+georamimagerw'
Allow/Disallow writing to GEORAM image

`-georamsize <size in KB>'
Size of the GEORAM expansion unit


7.4.3 VIC settings
------------------

7.4.3.1 VIC resources
.....................

`VICVideoCache'
Boolean specifying whether the video cache is turned on.

`VICDoubleSize'
Boolean specifying whether double-size mode is turned on.

`VICDoubleScan'
Boolean specifying whether double-scan mode is turned on.

`VICPaletteFile'
String specifying the name of the palette file being used.  The
`.vpl' extension is optional.

`VICHwScale'
Boolean specifying whether to enable or disable hardware scaling

`VICFullscreenDevice'
fullscreen device

`VICFullscreen'
Boolean specifying whether to use fullscreen mode or not.

`VICFullscreenStatusbar'
Boolean specifying whether to show the status bar in fullscreen
mode or not.

`VICXRANDRFullscreenMode'
integer specifying XRANDR fullscreen mode

`VICVidmodeFullscreenMode'
integer specifying Vidmode fullscreen mode

`VICExternalPalette'
Boolean specifying whether to use external palette file or not.

`VICColorSaturation'
integer specifying saturation of internal calculated palette
[1000] <0-2000>

`VICColorContrast'
integer specifying contrast of internal calculated palette [1000]
<0-2000>

`VICColorBrightness'
integer specifying brightness of internal calculated palette
[1000] <0-2000>

`VICColorGamma'
integer specifying gamma of internal calculated palette [2200]
<0-4000>

`VICColorTint'
integer specifying tint of internal calculated palette [1000]
<0-2000>

`VICPALScanLineShade'
integer specifying amount of scan line shading for the CRT
emulation [667] <0-1000>

`VICPALBlur'
integer specifying amount of horizontal blur for the CRT
emulation. [500] <0-1000>

`VICPALOddLinePhase'
integer specifying phase offset for color carrier in odd lines
[750] <0-2000>

`VICPALOddLineOffset'
integer specifying phase for color carrier in odd lines [1250]
<0-2000>

`VICAudioLeak'
Boolean specifying whether to enable/disable video to audio leak
emulation.

`VICFilter'
integer specifying rendering filter, 0:none, 1:CRT emulation, 2:
scale2x

`VICBorderMode'
integer specifying border display mode (0: normal, 1: full, 2:
debug, 3:none)


7.4.3.2 VIC command-line options
................................

`-VICvcache'
`+VICvcache'
Enable/disable the video cache (`VICVideoCache=1',
`VICVideoCache=0').

`-VICdsize'
`+VICdsize'
Enable/disable the double size mode (`VICDoubleSize=1',
`VICDoubleSize=0').

`-VICdscan'
`+VICdscan'
Enable/disable the double scan mode (`VICDoubleScan=1',
`VICDoubleScan=0').

`-VIChwscale'

`+VIChwscale'
Enable/Disable hardware scaling

`-VICfilter <Mode>'
Select rendering filter, 0:none, 1:CRT emulation, 2: scale2x

`-VICpalette NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the palette file (`VICPaletteFile').

`-VICintpal'
Use an internal calculated palette

`-VICextpal'
Use an external palette (file)

`-VICfulldevice <device>'
Select fullscreen device

`-VICXRANDRfullmode <mode>'
Select fullscreen mode

`-VICVidmodefullmode <mode>'
Select fullscreen mode

`-VICborders <mode>'
Set VIC border display mode (0: normal, 1: full, 2: debug, 3:none)

`-VICsaturation <0-2000>'
Set saturation of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-VICcontrast <0-2000>'
Set contrast of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-VICbrightness <0-2000>'
Set brightness of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-VICgamma <0-4000>'
Set gamma of internal calculated palette [2200]

`-VICtint <0-2000>'
Set tint of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-VICoddlinesphase <0-2000>'
Set phase for color carrier in odd lines [1250]

`-VICoddlinesoffset <0-2000>'
Set phase offset for color carrier in odd lines [750]

`-VICcrtblur <0-1000>'
Amount of horizontal blur for the CRT emulation. [500]

`-VICcrtscanlineshade <0-1000>'
Amount of scan line shading for the CRT emulation [667]

`-VICaudioleak'

`+VICaudioleak'
Enable/Disable video to audio leak emulation.


7.4.4 Changing memory configuration
-----------------------------------

It is possible to change the VIC20 memory configuration in two ways: by
enabling and/or disabling certain individual memory blocks, or by
choosing one among a few typical memory configurations.  The former can
be done by modifying resource values directly or from the right-button
menu; the latter can only be done from the menu.

There are 5 RAM expansion blocks in the VIC20, numbered 0, 1, 2, 3 and
5:

* block 0 (3 Kbytes at $0400-$0FFF);

* block 1 (8 Kbytes at $2000-$3FFF);

* block 2 (8 Kbytes at $4000-$5FFF);

* block 3 (8 Kbytes at $6000-$7FFF);

* block 5 (8 Kbytes at $A000-$BFFF).

These blocks are called "expansion blocks" because they are not present
a stock ("unexpanded") machine.  Each of them is associated to a
boolean `RamBlockX' resource (where `X' is the block number) that
specifies whether the block is enabled or not.

There are also some common memory configurations you can pick from the
right-button menu:

* no RAM expansion blocks at all;

* all RAM expansion blocks enabled;

* 3K expansion (only block 0 is enabled);

* 8K expansion (only block 1 is enabled);

* 16K expansion (only blocks 1 and 2 are enabled);

* 24K expansion (only blocks 1, 2 and 3 are enabled).

7.4.4.1 VIC20 memory configuration resources
............................................

`RAMBlock0'
`RAMBlock1'
`RAMBlock2'
`RAMBlock3'
`RAMBlock5'
Booleans specifying whether RAM blocks 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5 must be
enabled.


7.4.4.2 VIC20 memory configuration command-line options
.......................................................

`-memory CONFIG'
Specify memory configuration.  It must be a comma-separated list of
options, each of which can be one the following:

* `none' (no extension);

* `all' (all blocks);

* `3k' (3k space in block 0);

* `8k' (first 8k extension block);

* `16k' (first and second 8k extension blocks);

* `24k' (first, second and 3rd extension blocks);

* `0', `1', `2', `3', `5' (memory in respective blocks);

* `04', `20', `40', `60', `A0' (memory at respective address.

For example,

xvic -memory none

gives an unexpanded VIC20.  While

xvic -memory 60,a0

or

xvic -memory 3,5

enables memory in blocks 3 and 5, which is the usual configuration
for 16k ROM modules.


7.4.5 VIC20 system ROM settings
-------------------------------

These settings can be used to control what system ROMs are loaded in the
VIC20 emulator at startup.  They cannot be changed from the menus.

7.4.5.1 VIC20 system ROM resources
..................................

`KernalName'
String specifying the name of the Kernal ROM (default `kernal').

`BasicName'
String specifying the name of the Basic ROM (default `basic').

`ChargenName'
String specifying the name of the character generator ROM (default
`chargen').


7.4.5.2 VIC20 system ROM command-line options
.............................................

`-kernal NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the Kernal ROM file (`KernalName').

`-basic NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the Basic ROM file (`BasicName').

`-chargen NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the character generator ROM file (`ChargenName').

`-cart2 NAME'
`-cart4 NAME'
`-cart6 NAME'
`-cartA NAME'
`-cartB NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the cartridge image to attach.
(`CartridgeFile2000', ..., `CartridgeFileB000').


7.4.6 VIC20 settings
--------------------

7.4.6.1 VIC20 command-line options
..................................

`-OEMjoy'

`+OEMjoy'
Enable/Disable the OEM userport joystick adapter


7.5 PLUS4-specific commands and settings
========================================

7.5.1 TED settings
------------------

7.5.1.1 TED resources
.....................

`TEDVideoCache'
Boolean specifying whether the video cache is turned on.

`TEDDoubleSize'
Boolean specifying whether double-size mode is turned on.

`TEDDoubleScan'
Boolean specifying whether double-scan mode is turned on.

`TEDPaletteFile'
String specifying the name of the palette file being used.  The
`.vpl' extension is optional.

`TEDHwScale'
Boolean specifying whether to enable or disable hardware scaling

`TEDFullscreenDevice'
fullscreen device

`TEDFullscreen'
Boolean specifying whether to use fullscreen mode or not.

`TEDFullscreenStatusbar'
Boolean specifying whether to show the status bar in fullscreen
mode or not.

`TEDXRANDRFullscreenMode'
integer specifying XRANDR fullscreen mode

`TEDVidmodeFullscreenMode'
integer specifying Vidmode fullscreen mode

`TEDExternalPalette'
Boolean specifying whether to use external palette file or not.

`TEDColorSaturation'
integer specifying saturation of internal calculated palette
[1000] <0-2000>

`TEDColorContrast'
integer specifying contrast of internal calculated palette [1000]
<0-2000>

`TEDColorBrightness'
integer specifying brightness of internal calculated palette
[1000] <0-2000>

`TEDColorGamma'
integer specifying gamma of internal calculated palette [2200]
<0-4000>

`TEDColorTint'
integer specifying tint of internal calculated palette [1000]
<0-2000>

`TEDPALScanLineShade'
integer specifying amount of scan line shading for the CRT
emulation [667] <0-1000>

`TEDPALBlur'
integer specifying amount of horizontal blur for the CRT
emulation. [500] <0-1000>

`TEDPALOddLinePhase'
integer specifying phase offset for color carrier in odd lines
[750] <0-2000>

`TEDPALOddLineOffset'
integer specifying phase for color carrier in odd lines [1250]
<0-2000>

`TEDAudioLeak'
Boolean specifying whether to enable/disable video to audio leak
emulation.

`TEDFilter'
integer specifying rendering filter, 0:none, 1:CRT emulation, 2:
scale2x

`TEDBorderMode'
integer specifying border display mode (0: normal, 1: full, 2:
debug, 3:none)


7.5.1.2 TED command-line options
................................

`-TEDvcache'
`+TEDvcache'
Enable/Disable the video cache

`-TEDdsize'
`+TEDdsize'
Enable/Disable double size

`-TEDdscan'
`+TEDdscan'
Enable/Disable double scan

`-TEDfilter <Mode>'
Select rendering filter, 0:none, 1:CRT emulation, 2: scale2x

`-TEDhwscale'
`+TEDhwscale'
Enable/Disable hardware scaling

`-TEDintpal'
Use an internal calculated palette

`-TEDextpal'
Use an external palette (file)

`-TEDpalette <name>'
Specify name of file of external palette

`-TEDfulldevice <device>'
Select fullscreen device

`-TEDXRANDRfullmode <mode>'
Select fullscreen mode

`-TEDVidmodefullmode <mode>'
Select fullscreen mode

`-TEDborders <mode>'
Set TED border display mode (0: normal, 1: full, 2: debug, 3:none)

`-TEDsaturation <0-2000>'
Set saturation of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-TEDcontrast <0-2000>'
Set contrast of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-TEDbrightness <0-2000>'
Set brightness of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-TEDgamma <0-4000>'
Set gamma of internal calculated palette [2200]

`-TEDtint <0-2000>'
Set tint of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-TEDoddlinesphase <0-2000>'
Set phase for color carrier in odd lines [1250]

`-TEDoddlinesoffset <0-2000>'
Set phase offset for color carrier in odd lines [750]

`-TEDcrtblur <0-1000>'
Amount of horizontal blur for the CRT emulation. [500]

`-TEDcrtscanlineshade <0-1000>'
Amount of scan line shading for the CRT emulation [667]

`-TEDaudioleak'

`+TEDaudioleak'
Enable/Disable video to audio leak emulation.


7.5.2 PLUS4 I/O extension settings
----------------------------------

7.5.2.1 PLUS4 I/O extension resources
.....................................

`CartridgeReset'
Boolean specifying whether the machine should be resetted when a
cartridge is changed.

`DIGIBLASTER'
Boolean, enables Digiblaster emulation.

`SpeechEnabled'
Boolean, enables emulation of the V364 speech chip.

`SpeechImage'
String specifying the filename of the speech ROM image.

`SidCart'
Boolean, enables emulation of the SID-Cart

`SidAddress'
Integer that specifies the base address of the emulated SID chip.

`SidClock'
Integer specifying the clock rate used for the emulated SID chip
(0: C64, 1: Plus4)

`SIDCartJoy'
Boolean, enables emulation of the SID-Cart joystick


7.5.2.2 PLUS4 I/O extension command-line options
................................................

`-cartreset'
`+cartreset'
Do/don't reset machine if a cartridge is attached or detached

`-cart <Name>'
Smart-attach cartridge image

`+cart'
Disable default cartridge

`-digiblaster'
`+digiblaster'
Enable/Disable the digiblaster add-on

`-sidcart'

`+sidcart'
Enable/Disable SID Cartridge

`-sidcartjoy'

`+sidcartjoy'
Enable/Disable SID cartridge joystick

`-speech'
`+speech'
Enable/Disable the v364 speech add-on

`-speechrom <name>'
Attach Speech ROM image


7.5.3 PLUS4 system ROM settings
-------------------------------

7.5.3.1 PLUS4 system ROM resources
..................................

`FunctionLowName'
String specifying the filenames of the Lo Function ROM.

`FunctionHighName'
String specifying the filenames of the High Function ROM.

`c1loName'
String specifying the filenames of cartridge 1 Lo ROM.

`c1hiName'
String specifying the filenames of cartridge 1 High ROM.

`c2loName'
String specifying the filenames of cartridge 2 Lo ROM.

`c2hiName'
String specifying the filenames of cartridge 2 High ROM.


7.5.3.2 PLUS4 system ROM command-line options
.............................................

`-functionlo <name>'
Specify name of Function low ROM image

`-functionhi <name>'
Specify name of Function high ROM image

`-c1lo <name>'
Specify name of Cartridge 1 low ROM image

`-c1hi <name>'
Specify name of Cartridge 1 high ROM image

`-c2lo <name>'
Specify name of Cartridge 2 low ROM image

`-c2hi <name>'
Specify name of Cartridge 2 high ROM image


7.5.4 PLUS4 settings
--------------------

7.5.4.1 PLUS4 resources
.......................

`H256K'
Integer, enables the HANNES 256K RAM expansion (0: disabled, 1:
256kB, 2: 1024kB, 3: 4096kB)

`CS256K'
Boolean, enables the CSORY 256K RAM expansion

`Acia1Enable'
Boolean specifying whether the ACIA should be emulated or not.


7.5.4.2 PLUS4 command-line options
..................................

`-ramsize <ramsize>'
Specify size of RAM installed in kb (16/32/64)

`-h256k'
Enable the HANNES 256K RAM expansion

`-h1024k'
Enable the HANNES 1024K RAM expansion

`-h4096k'
Enable the HANNES 4096K RAM expansion

`-cs256k'
Enable the CSORY 256K RAM expansion

`-acia'
`+acia'
Enable/Disable the ACIA emulation


7.6 PET-specific commands and settings
======================================

This section lists the settings and commands that are PET-specific and
thus are not present in the other emulators.

7.6.1 Changing PET model settings
---------------------------------

With `xpet', it is possible to change at runtime the characteristics of
the emulated PET so that it matches (or not) the ones of a certain PET
model, and it is also possible to select from a common set of PET
models so that all the features are selected accordingly.

The former is done by changing the following resources (via resource
file, command line options or right-menu items):

`RamSize'
Size of memory in kByte. 96k denotes a 8096, 128k a 8296.

`IOSize'
Size of I/O area in Byte.  Either 2048 or 256 for 8296.

`VideoSize'
The number of columns on the screen (40 or 80).  A 0 auto-detects
this from the ROM.

`Ram9'
The 8296 can map RAM into the address range $9***

`RamA'
The 8296 can map RAM into the address range $A***

`SuperPET'
This resource enables the SuperPET (MicroMainFrame 9000) I/O and
6809 CPU, and disables the 8x96 mappings.

`Basic1'
If (by checksum) a version 1 kernal is detected, then the kernal
ROM is patched to make the IEEE488 interface work.

`Basic1Chars'
Exchanges some character in the character ROM that have changed
between the first PET 2001 and all newer versions.

`EoiBlank'
This resource enables the "blank screen on EOI" feature of the
oldest PET 2001.

`DiagPin'
Set the diagnositc pin on the PET userport (see below).

`ChargenName'
Specify `NAME' as the character generator ROM file

`KernalName'
Specify `NAME' as the kernal ROM file.  This file contains the
complete BASIC, EDITOR and KERNAL ROMs and is either 16k (BASIC 1
and 2) or 20k (BASIC 4) in size.

`EditorName'
Specify `NAME' as the editor ROM file.  This file contains an
overlay for the editor ROM at $E000-$E7FF if necessary.

`RomModule9Name'
Specify `NAME' as the $9*** Expansion ROM file.  This file contains
an expansion ROM image of 4k.

`RomModuleAName'
Specify `NAME' as the $A*** Expansion ROM file.  This file contains
an expansion ROM image of 4k.

`RomModuleBName'
Specify `NAME' as the $B*** Expansion ROM file.  This file contains
an expansion ROM image of 4k.  This file overlays the lowest 4k of
a BASIC 4 ROM.


Choosing a common PET model is done from the right-button menu instead,
by choosing an item from the "Model defaults" submenu.  Available
models are:

* PET 2001-8N

* PET 3008

* PET 3016

* PET 3032

* PET 3032B

* PET 4016

* PET 4032

* PET 4032B

* PET 8032

* PET 8096

* PET 8296

* SuperPET

Notice that this will *reset the emulated machine*.

It is also possible to select the PET model at startup, with the
`-model' command-line option: for example, `xpet -model 3032' will
emulate a PET 3032 while `xpet -model 8296' will emulate a PET 8296.

7.6.2 CRTC Settings
-------------------

7.6.2.1 CRTC resources
......................

`Crtc'
Enables CRTC 6545 emulation (all models from 40xx and above)

`CrtcVideoCache'
Boolean specifying whether the video cache is turned on.

`CrtcDoubleSize'
Boolean specifying whether double-size mode is turned on.

`CrtcDoubleScan'
Boolean specifying whether double-scan mode is turned on.

`CrtcStretchVertical'
Boolean specifying whether vertical stretching is turned on.

`CrtcPaletteFile'
String specifying the name of the palette file being used.  The
`.vpl' extension is optional.

`CrtcHwScale'
Boolean specifying whether to enable or disable hardware scaling

`CrtcFullscreenDevice'
fullscreen device

`CrtcFullscreen'
Boolean specifying whether to use fullscreen mode or not.

`CrtcFullscreenStatusbar'
Boolean specifying whether to show the status bar in fullscreen
mode or not.

`CrtcXRANDRFullscreenMode'
integer specifying XRANDR fullscreen mode

`CrtcVidmodeFullscreenMode'
integer specifying Vidmode fullscreen mode

`CrtcExternalPalette'
Boolean specifying whether to use external palette file or not.

`CrtcColorSaturation'
integer specifying saturation of internal calculated palette
[1000] <0-2000>

`CrtcColorContrast'
integer specifying contrast of internal calculated palette [1000]
<0-2000>

`CrtcColorBrightness'
integer specifying brightness of internal calculated palette
[1000] <0-2000>

`CrtcColorGamma'
integer specifying gamma of internal calculated palette [2200]
<0-4000>

`CrtcColorTint'
integer specifying tint of internal calculated palette [1000]
<0-2000>

`CrtcPALScanLineShade'
integer specifying amount of scan line shading for the CRT
emulation [667] <0-1000>

`CrtcPALBlur'
integer specifying amount of horizontal blur for the CRT
emulation. [500] <0-1000>

`CrtcPALOddLinePhase'
integer specifying phase offset for color carrier in odd lines
[750] <0-2000>

`CrtcPALOddLineOffset'
integer specifying phase for color carrier in odd lines [1250]
<0-2000>

`CrtcAudioLeak'
Boolean specifying whether to enable/disable video to audio leak
emulation.

`CrtcFilter'
integer specifying rendering filter, 0:none, 1:CRT emulation, 2:
scale2x


7.6.2.2 CRTC command-line options
.................................

`-Crtcvcache'
`+Crtcvcache'
Enable/Disable the video cache

`-Crtcdsize'
`+Crtcdsize'
Enable/Disable double size

`-CRTCstretchvertical'
`+CRTCstretchvertical'
Enable/Disable vertical stretching

`-Crtcdscan'
`+Crtcdscan'
Enable/Disable double scan

`-Crtcfilter <Mode>'
Select rendering filter, 0:none, 1:CRT emulation, 2: scale2x

`-Crtchwscale'
`+Crtchwscale'
Enable/Disable hardware scaling

`-Crtcintpal'
Use an internal calculated palette

`-Crtcextpal'
Use an external palette (file)

`-Crtcpalette NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the palette file (`CrtcPaletteFile').

`-Crtcfulldevice <device>'
Select fullscreen device

`-CrtcXRANDRfullmode <mode>'
Select fullscreen mode

`-CrtcVidmodefullmode <mode>'
Select fullscreen mode

`-Crtcsaturation <0-2000>'
Set saturation of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-Crtccontrast <0-2000>'
Set contrast of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-Crtcbrightness <0-2000>'
Set brightness of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-Crtcgamma <0-4000>'
Set gamma of internal calculated palette [2200]

`-Crtctint <0-2000>'
Set tint of internal calculated palette [1000]

`-Crtcoddlinesphase <0-2000>'
Set phase for color carrier in odd lines [1250]

`-Crtcoddlinesoffset <0-2000>'
Set phase offset for color carrier in odd lines [750]

`-Crtccrtblur <0-1000>'
Amount of horizontal blur for the CRT emulation. [500]

`-Crtccrtscanlineshade <0-1000>'
Amount of scan line shading for the CRT emulation [667]

`-Crtcaudioleak'

`+Crtcaudioleak'
Enable/Disable video to audio leak emulation.


7.6.3 PET I/O extension settings
--------------------------------

7.6.3.1 PET I/O extension resources
...................................

`PETREU'
Boolean specifying whether PET REU emulation is enabled.

`PETREUfilename'
String specifying the filename of the PET REU image.

`PETREUsize'
Integer specifying the size of the emulated PET REU in KB (128,
512, 1024, 2048)

`PETDWW'
Boolean specifying whether DWW emulation is enabled.

`PETDWWfilename'
String specifying the filename of the DWW image RAM image.

`UserportDAC'
Boolean specifying whether userport DAC emulation is enabled.

`SidCart'
Boolean specifying whether SID Cart emulation is enabled.

`SidAddress'
Integer that specifies the base address of the emulated SID chip.

`SidClock'
Integer specifying the clock rate used for the emulated SID chip
(0: C64, 1: PET)


7.6.3.2 PET I/O extension command-line options
..............................................

`-petreu'
`+petreu'
Enable or disable the PET Memory Expansion Unit.

`-petreuimage <name>'
Specify name of PET Ram and Expansion Unit image

`-petreuramsize <size in KB>'
Size of the PET Ram and Expansion Unit

`-userportdac, +userportdac'
Enable or disable the userport DAC.

`-petdww'
`+petdww'
Enable/Disable the PET DWW hi-res board

`-petdwwimage <name>'
Specify name of PET DWW image

`-sidcart'

`+sidcart'
Enable/Disable SID Cartridge


7.6.4 PET system ROM settings
-----------------------------

7.6.4.1 PET system ROM resources
................................

`H6809RomAName'
`H6809RomBName'
`H6809RomCName'
`H6809RomDName'
`H6809RomEName'
`H6809RomFName'
Strings specifying the filenames of the respective H6809 ROM
images, relevant for the SuperPET.


7.6.4.2 PET system ROM command-line options
...........................................

`-kernal NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the Kernal/BASIC ROM file (`KernalName').

`-editor NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the editor ROM file (`EditorName').

`-chargen NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the character generator ROM file (`ChargenName').

`-rom9 NAME, -romA NAME, -romB NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the ROM image file for the respective cartridge
areas (`RomModule9Name', `RomModuleAName', `RomModuleBName').

`-6809romA <Name>'
Specify 4K to 24K ROM file name at $A000 for 6809

`-6809romB <Name>'
Specify 4K to 20K ROM file name at $B000 for 6809

`-6809romC <Name>'
Specify 4K to 16K ROM file name at $C000 for 6809

`-6809romD <Name>'
Specify 4K to 12K ROM file name at $D000 for 6809

`-6809romE <Name>'
Specify 2K or 8K ROM file name at $E000 for 6809

`-6809romF <Name>'
Specify 4K ROM file name at $F000 for 6809


7.6.5 The PET diagnostic pin
----------------------------

It is possible to enable or disable emulation of the PET diagnostic pin
via the `DiagPin' resource, or the "PET userport diagnostic pin" item
in the right-button menu.

When the diagnostic pin is set, the Kernal does not try to initialize
the BASIC, but directly jumps into the builtin machine monitor.

7.6.6 PET settings
------------------

7.6.6.1 PET resources
.....................

`CPUswitch'
Integer specifying the status of the SuperPET CPU switch (0: 6502,
1: 6809, 2: PROG)


7.6.6.2 PET command line options
................................

These are the commandline options specific for the CBM-II models.

`-model MODEL'
Specify the PET model you want to emulate.

`-petram9, +petram9'
Switch on RAM mapping on addresses $9000-$9fff (`Ram9').

`-petramA, +petramA'
Switch on RAM mapping on addresses $a000-$afff (`RamA').

`-superpet, +superpet'
Enable/Disable SuperPET I/O and CPU emulation (`SuperPET').

`-cpu6502'
Set SuperPET CPU switch to '6502'

`-cpu6809'
Set SuperPET CPU switch to '6809'

`-cpuprog'
Set SuperPET CPU switch to 'Prog'

`-basic1, +basic1'
Enable/Disable patching the IEEE488 section of the PET2001 ROM
when detected (`Basic1').

`-basic1char, +basic1char'
Enable/Disable PET 2001 character generator (`Basic1Chars').

`-eoiblank, +eoiblank'
Enable/Disable EOI blanking the screen (`EoiBlank').

`-diagpin'
`+diagpin'
Enable (`DiagPin=1') or disable (`DiagPin=0') the diagnostic pin
at the PET userport.


7.6.7 Changing screen colors
----------------------------

It is also possible to choose what color set is used for the emulation
window.  This is done by specifying a palette file name (*note Palette
files::) in the `PaletteName' resource.  The menu provides the
following values:

* `green.vpl' (default, "green)"), the good old green-on-black
feeling;

* `amber.vpl' ("amber"), an amber phosphor lookalike;

* `white.vpl' ("white"), simple white-on-black palette.

7.7 CBM-II-specific commands and settings
=========================================

This section lists the settings and commands that are CBM-II-specific
and thus are not present in the other emulators.

7.7.1 Changing CBM-II model
---------------------------

With `xcbm2' and `xcbm5x0', it is possible to change at runtime the
characteristics of the emulated CBM so that it matches (or not) the ones
of a certain CBM model, and it is also possible to select from a common
set of CBM models so that all the features are selected accordingly.

The former is done by changing the following resources (via resource
file, command line options or right-menu items):

`RamSize'
Size of memory in kByte.  Possible values are 128, 256, 512 and
1024

`Ram08'
`Ram1'
`Ram2'
`Ram4'
`Ram6'
`RamC'
Expanded CBM-II models could map RAM to the expansion ROM areas at
$0800-$0fff, $1000-$1fff, $2000-$3FFF, $4000-$5FFF, $6000-$7FFF
and $c000-$cfff respectively.

`Cart1Name'
`Cart2Name'
`Cart4Name'
`Cart6Name'
Specify `NAME' as the $1000-$1FFF, $2000-$3FFF, $4000-$5FFF or
$6000-$6FFF Expansion ROM file.  This file contains an 8k ROM dump.

`ModelLine'
The CBM-II business models have two hardcoded lines at one of the
I/O ports.  From those lines the kernal determines how it should
init the CRTC video chip for either 50Hz (Europe) or 60Hz (North
America), and either for 8 (C6x0) or 14 (C7x0) scanlines per
character.  0 = CBM 7x0 (50Hz), 1 = 60Hz C6x0, 2 = 50Hz C6x0).


Choosing a common CBM-II model is done from the right-button menu
instead, by choosing an item from the "Model defaults" submenu.
Available models are:

* C510 PAL or NTSC (128k RAM)

* C610 PAL or NTSC (128k RAM)

* C620 (256k RAM)

* C620+ (1024k RAM, expanded) PAL or NTSC

* C710 (128k RAM) NTSC

* C720 (256k RAM) NTSC

* C720+ (1024k RAM, expanded) NTSC

Notice that this will *reset the emulated machine*.

Warning: At this time the 5x0 and other machines are implemented in
different executables, so switching between those models is not
possible.

It is also possible to select the CBM model at startup, with the
`-model' command-line option: for example, `xcbm2 -model 610' will
emulate a CBM 610 while `xcbm2 -model 620' will emulate a CBM 620.

7.7.2 CBM-II system ROM settings
--------------------------------

7.7.2.1 CBM-II system ROM resources
...................................

7.7.2.2 CBM-II system ROM command line options
..............................................

`-kernal NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the Kernal ROM file (`KernalName').

`-basic NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the Basic ROM file (`BasicName').

`-chargen NAME'
Specify `NAME' as the character generator ROM file (`ChargenName').

`-cart1 <name>'
Specify `NAME' as the ROM image file for the cartridge area
$1000-$1FFF (`Cart1Name').

`-cart2 <name>'
Specify `NAME' as the ROM image file for the cartridge area
$2000-$3fff (`Cart2Name').

`-cart4 <name>'
Specify `NAME' as the ROM image file for the cartridge area
$4000-$5fff (`Cart4Name').

`-cart6 <name>'
Specify `NAME' as the ROM image file for the cartridge area
$6000-$7fff (`Cart6Name').

7.7.3 CBM-II command line options
---------------------------------

These are the commandline options specific for the CBM-II models.

`-ramsize <ramsize>'
Specify size of RAM (64/128/256/512/1024 kByte)

`-ram08'
`+ram08'
Enable/Disable RAM mapping in bank 15 on addresses  $0800-$0FFF
resp (`Ram08').

`-ram1'
`+ram1'
Enable/Disable RAM mapping in bank 15 on addresses  $1000-$1FFF
resp (`Ram1').

`-ram2'
`+ram2'
Enable/Disable RAM mapping in bank 15 on addresses  $2000-$3FFF
resp (`Ram2').

`-ram4'
`+ram4'
Enable/Disable RAM mapping in bank 15 on addresses  $4000-$5FFF
resp (`Ram4').

`-ram6'
`+ram6'
Enable/Disable RAM mapping in bank 15 on addresses  $6000-$7FFF
resp (`Ram6').

`-ramC'
`+ramC'
Enable/Disable RAM mapping in bank 15 on addresses  $C000-$CFFF
resp (`RamC').

`-model <modelnumber>'
Specify CBM-II model to emulate


7.7.4 Changing screen colors
----------------------------

It is also possible to choose what color set is used for the emulation
window.  This is done by specifying a palette file name (*note Palette
files::) in the `PaletteName' resource.  The menu provides the
following values:

* `green.vpl' (default, "green"), the good old green-on-black
feeling;

* `amber.vpl' ("amber"), an amber phosphor lookalike;

* `white.vpl' ("white"), simple white-on-black palette.

7.8 VSID-specific commands and settings
=======================================

7.8.1 VSID settings
-------------------

7.8.1.1 VSID resources
......................

`PSIDKeepEnv'
Boolean that specifies whether to override PSID settings for Video
standard and SID model.

`PSIDTune'
Integer that specifies the currently played sub tune.


7.8.1.2 VSID command-line options
.................................

`-keepenv'
Override PSID settings for Video standard and SID model

`-tune <number>'
Specify PSID tune <number>


8 Snapshots
***********

Every VICE emulator has a built-in snapshot feature, that saves the
complete emulator state into one file for later use.  You can therefore
save the emulator state - including the state of the game you are
playing for example - in a single file.

8.1 Snapshot usage
==================

A snapshot is one file containining the complete emulator state.  A
snapshot file can be generated by selecting the "Save snapshot" command
at any time.  This will pop up a requester from which you can specify
whether the snapshot should also contain the disk and ROM status.

A snapshot file can be used to restore the emulator state by selecting
the `load snapshot' menu entry at any time.  Unfortunately attached ROM
images/cartridges are only supported in the VIC20, the PET and the
CBM-II emulators at this time.

The memory configuration of the emulator is saved in the snapshot file
as well. This configuration is restored when the snapshot is loaded.

A quick snapshot can now be made by pressing the `M-F11' key and
reloaded by pressing the `M-F10' key.

8.2 Snapshot format
===================

A snapshot file consists of several modules of mostly different types.
Each module has a name and saves the state of an entity like a CIA, the
CPU, or the memory.

8.2.1 Emulator modules
----------------------

This section lists the modules that are contained in each of the
emulators snapshot files.

8.2.1.1 x64 modules
...................

The modules in the x64 emulator are:

Name    Type                          Description
MAINCPU 6502                          The Main CPU - although it is a
6510, only the 6502 core is saved
here
C64MEM  Memory                        Holds the RAM contents of the C64.
Also the CPU I/O register contents
are saved here.
C64ROM  ROM images                    Dump of the system ROMs
VIC-II  656*                          The VIC-II of the C64/128
CIA1    6526                          The CIA for the interrupts and the
keyboard
CIA2    6526                          The CIA for the userport, IEC-bus
and RS232.
SID     6581                          The SID sound chip of the C64/C128
REU*                                  The RAM Extension Unit state
(optional)
ACIA1   6551                          An ACIA (RS232 interface) at $DE00
(optional)
TPI     6525                          A TPI at $DF00 for a parallel
IEEE488 interface (optional)
*       Drive modules                 The emulated drive(s) have their
own modules *note Drive modules::

Some of the modules are optional and are only saved if the specific
feature is enabled at save-time.  If the module is found when restoring
the state the optional features are enabled, and disabled otherwise.

8.2.1.2 x128 modules
....................

The modules in the x128 emulator are:

Name    Type                          Description
MAINCPU 6502                          The Main CPU - although it is a
6510, only the 6502 core is saved
here
C128MEM Memory                        Holds the RAM contents of the C64.
Also the CPU I/O register contents
are saved here.
C128ROM ROM images                    Dump of the system ROMs
VIC-II  656*                          The VIC-II of the C64/128
CIA1    6526                          The CIA for the interrupts and the
keyboard
CIA2    6526                          The CIA for the userport, IEC-bus
and RS232.
SID     6581                          The SID sound chip of the C64/C128
ACIA1   6551                          An ACIA at $DE00 (optional)
TPI     6525                          A TPI at $DF00 for a parallel
IEEE488 interface (optional)
*       Drive modules                 The emulated drive(s) have their
own modules *note Drive modules::

Some of the modules are optional and are only saved if the specific
feature is enabled at save-time.  If the module is found when restoring
the state the optional features are enabled, and disabled otherwise.

Not yet supported are the 80 column video chip, cartridges and RAM
expansion unit.

8.2.1.3 xvic modules
....................

The modules in the xvic emulator are:

Name    Type                          Description
MAINCPU 6502                          The Main CPU
VIC20MEMMemory                        Holds the RAM contents of the VIC20.
VIC20ROMROM images                    Holds the ROM images of the VIC20,
including possibly attached
cartridges
VIC-I   656*                          The VIC-I of the VIC20
VIA1    6522                          The VIA for the interrupts and the
keyboard
VIA2    6522                          The VIA for the userport, IEC-bus
and RS232.
*       Drive modules                 The emulated drive(s) have their
own modules *note Drive modules::

8.2.1.4 xpet modules
....................

The modules in the xpet emulator are:

Name    Type                          Description
MAINCPU 6502                          The Main CPU
PETMEM  Memory                        Holds the RAM contents of the PET.
PETROM  ROM images                    Holds the ROM images of the PET,
including possibly attached
cartridges
CRTC    6545                          The CRTC of the PET. This is also
included if it is a dump of a PET
without CRTC, because the video
state is saved here anyway.
PIA1    6520                          The PIA for the interrupts, tape
and the keyboard
PIA2    6520                          The PIA for the IEEE488-bus
VIA     6522                          The VIA for IEEE488, userport, sound
ACIA1   6551                          The ACIA for the SuperPET.  This
module is optional.
DWWPIA  6520                          The PIA for the DWW hires board.
CPU6809 6809                          The extra CPU in the SuperPET.
This module is optional.
*       Drive modules                 The emulated drive(s) have their
own modules *note Drive modules::

8.2.1.5 xcbm2 and xcbm5x0 modules
.................................

The modules in the xcbm2 and xcbm5x0 emulators are:

Name    Type                          Description
MAINCPU 6502                          The Main CPU - although it is a
6509, only the 6502 core is saved
here
CBM2MEM Memory                        Holds the RAM contents of the
CBM-II models.  Also holds the
exec-bank and indirection bank
registers
C500DATA                              Holds additional state information
necessary for the C500 (e.g. cycles
till the next IRQ)
CBM2ROM Memory                        optional.  Holds the ROM images.
CRTC    6545                          The video chip for the C6*0 and
C7*0 models (only those models).
VIC-II  656?                          The video chip for the C5*0 models
(only the C5*0 models).
CIA1    6526                          The CIA for IEEE 488 and userport.
TPI1    6525                          TPI 1 for IEEE488
TPI2    6525                          TPI 2 for interrupts and keyboard.
ACIA1   6551                          The RS232 interface
SID     6581                          The CBM2s SID sound chip
*       Drive modules                 The emulated drive(s) have their
own modules *note Drive modules::

8.2.1.6 Drive modules
.....................

The modules for the real disk drive emulation are included in the
emulator when the emulation is enabled during the writing of the
snapshot.

Name    Type                          Description
*CPU    6502                          The Drive 0 CPU
*       *                             *

8.2.2 Module formats
--------------------

This section shows the basic module framework and the contents of the
different types of modules.

The single chip modules contain the chip state, not the state of the
emulator.  We tried to make the format as implementation-independent as
possible, to allow reuse of snapshots in later versions of this
emulator, or even in other emulators.

8.2.2.1 Terminology
...................

In this section we use certain abbreviations to define the types of the
data saved in the snapshot.

`BYTE'
8 bit integer.

`WORD'
16 bit integer.  Saved with low-byte first, high-byte last.

`DWORD'
32 bit integer.  Saved with low-word first, then high-word.  Each
word saved with its low-byte first.

`ARRAY'
Array of BYTE values.  Length depends on the description.

The tables for the single modules state the type, name and description
of the data saved in the modules.  The data is saved in the order it is
in the tables, so no offset is given.

8.2.2.2 Module framework
........................

The VICE snapshot file starts with the magic string and includes the
fileformat version number.

Type    Name                          Description
19 BYTE MAGIC                         "VICE Snapshot File032", padded
with 0
BYTE    VMAJOR                        fileformat major version number
BYTE    VMINOR                        fileformat minor version number
16 BYTE MACHINENAME                   Name of emulated machine, like
"PET", "CBM-II", "VIC20", "C64" or
"C128". zerobyte-padded.

The file header is followed by a number of different snapshot modules.

Each module has a header with the information given in the table below.
The header includes two version numbers, VMAJOR and VMINOR.  Modules
with the same VMAJOR should be able to be exchanged.  I.e. higher VMINOR
numbers only append to the data for lower VMINOR.  This additional data
is ignored by older restore routines.  The other way around newer
restore routines must accept the fewer info from lower VMINOR dumps.
Changes in VMAJOR might introduce any incompatibility you like, but
that's what VMAJOR is for after all :-)

Type    Name                          Description
16 BYTE MODULENAME                    The name of the module in ASCII,
padded with 0 to 16 byte.
BYTE    VMAJOR                        major version number
BYTE    VMINOR                        minor version number
DWORD   SIZE                          size of the module, including this
header

8.2.2.3 CPU 6502 module
.......................

This module saves the core 6502 state.  You will find a clock value
there.  All other modules save their own clock values relative to this
value.  However, the drive modules save their clocks relative to their
appropriate CPUs of course.

Warning: This module is still under construction and saves some
information that is not sure to be VICE-independent.  If in doubt, read
the source.

Type    Name                          Description
DWORD   CLK                           the current CPU clock value.  All
other clock values are relative to
this.
BYTE    AC                            Accumulator
BYTE    XR                            X index register
BYTE    YR                            Y index register
BYTE    SP                            Stack Pointer
WORD    PC                            Programm Counter
BYTE    ST                            Status Registers
DWORD   LASTOPCODE                    ?
DWORD   IRQCLK                        absolute CLK when the IRQ line came
active
DOWRD   NMICLK                        absolute CLK when the NMI line came
active
DWORD   ?                             ?
DWORD   ?                             ?

8.2.2.4 CPU 6809 module
.......................

This module saves the core 6809 state.  You will find a clock value
there.  All other modules save their own clock values relative to this
value.  However, the drive modules save their clocks relative to their
appropriate CPUs of course.

Warning: This module is still under construction and saves some
information that is not sure to be VICE-independent.  If in doubt, read
the source.

Type    Name                          Description
DWORD   CLK                           the current CPU clock value.  All
other clock values are relative to
this.
WORD    X                             The X register
WORD    Y                             The Y register
WORD    U                             The U register
WORD    PC                            The Program Counter register
BYTE    DP                            The Direct Page register
BYTE    CC                            The Condition Code register
BYTE    A                             The A register
BYTE    B                             The B register
The following are for 6309
compatibility:
WORD    V                             The V register
BYTE    E                             The E register
BYTE    F                             The F register

8.2.2.5 CIA module
..................

The CIA 6526 is an I/O port chip with 2 8-bit I/O ports, a shift
register, two timers, a Time of Day clock and interrupts.

Version numbers: Major 1, Minor 1.

Type    Name                          Description
BYTE    ORA                           Output register A
BYTE    ORB                           Output register B
BYTE    DDRA                          Data direction register A
BYTE    DDRB                          Data direction register B
WORD    TAC                           Timer A counter value
WORD    TBC                           Timer B counter value
BYTE    TOD_TEN                       Time of Day - current tenth of
second
BYTE    TOD_SEC                       Time of Day - current seconds
BYTE    TOD_MIN                       Time of Day - current minutes
BYTE    TOD_HR                        Time of Day - current hours
BYTE    SDR                           contents of shift register
BYTE    IER                           mask of enabled interrupt masks
BYTE    CRA                           Control register A
BYTE    CRB                           Control register B
WORD    TAL                           Timer A latch value
WORD    TBL                           Timer B latch value
BYTE    IFR                           mask of currently active interrupts
BYTE    PBSTATE                       Bit 6/7 reflect the PB6/7 toggle
bit state.  Bit 2/3 reflect the
corresponding port bit state.
BYTE    SRHBITS                       number of half-bits to still shift
in/out SDR
BYTE    ALARM_TEN                     Time of Day - alarm tenth of second
BYTE    ALARM_SEC                     Time of Day - alarm seconds
BYTE    ALARM_MIN                     Time of Day - alarm minutes
BYTE    ALARM_HR                      Time of Day - alarm hours
BYTE    READICR                       current clock minus the clock when
ICR was read last plus 128.
BYTE    TODLATCHED                    Bit 0: 1= latched for reading, Bit
1: 2=stopped for writing
BYTE    TODL_TEN                      Time of Day - latched tenth of
second
BYTE    TODL_SEC                      Time of Day - latched seconds
BYTE    TODL_MIN                      Time of Day - latched minutes
BYTE    TODL_HR                       Time of Day - latched hours
DWORD   TOD_TICKS                     clk ticks till next tenth of second
-       -                             The next items have been added in
V1.1
WORD    TASTATE                       The state bits of the CIA timer A,
according to ciatimer.h
WORD    TBSTATE                       The state bits of the CIA timer B,
according to ciatimer.h

The last two items have been added in CIA snapshot version 1.1 due to
the improved CIA emulation in the newer VICE versions.  Some state bits
correspond to the CIA state as described in the "A Software Model of
the CIA 6526" document by Wolfgang Lorenz, some are delayed versions.
For more read the source file `ciatimer.h'.

8.2.2.6 VIA module
..................

The VIA 6522 is the predecessor of the CIA and also an I/O port chip
with 2 8-bit I/O ports, a shift register, two timers and interrupts.

Version numbers: Major 1, Minor 0.

Type    Name                          Description
BYTE    ORA                           Output register A
BYTE    DDRA                          Data direction register A
BYTE    ORB                           Output register B
BYTE    DDRB                          Data direction register B
WORD    T1L                           Timer 1 Latch value
WORD    T1C                           Timer 1 counter value
BYTE    T2L                           Timer 2 latch (8 bit as only lower
byte is used)
WORD    T2C                           Timer 2 counter value
BYTE    RUNFL                         bit 7: timer 1 will generate IRQ on
underflow; bit 6: timer 2 will
generate IRQ on underflow
BYTE    SR                            Shift register value
BYTE    ACR                           Auxiliary control register
BYTE    PCR                           Peripheral control register
BYTE    IFR                           active interrupts
BYTE    IER                           interrupt mask
BYTE    PB7                           bit 7 = pb7 state
BYTE    SRHBITS                       number of half-bits to shift out on
SR
BYTE    CABSTATE                      bit 7: state of CA2 pin, bit 6:
state of CB2 pin
BYTE    ILA                           Port A Input Latch (see ACR bit 0)
BYTE    ILB                           Port B Input Latch (see ACR bit 1)

8.2.2.7 PIA module
..................

The PIA 6520 is a chip with two I/O ports (Parallel Interface Adapter)
and four additional handshake lines.  The chip is pretty the same for
Port A and B, only that Port A implements handshake on read operation
and port B on write operation.

Version numbers: Major 1, Minor 0.

Type    Name                          Description
UBYTE   ORA                           Output register A
UBYTE   DDRA                          Data Direction Register A
UBYTE   CTRLA                         Control Register A
UBYTE   ORB                           Output register B
UBYTE   DDRB                          Data Direction Register B
UBYTE   CTRLB                         Control Register B
UBYTE   CABSTATE                      Bit 7 = state of CA2, Bit 6 = state
of CB2

8.2.2.8 TPI module
..................

The TPI 6525 is a chip with three I/O ports (Tri-Port-Interface).  One
of the ports can double as an interrupt prioritizer.  Therefore we also
have to save the states of the interrupt stack etc.

Version numbers: Major 1, Minor 0.

Type    Name                          Description
BYTE    PRA                           Port A output register
BYTE    PRB                           Port B output register
BYTE    PRC                           Port C output register (doubles as
IRQ latch register)
BYTE    DDRA                          Port A data direction register
BYTE    DDRB                          Port B data direction register
BYTE    DDRC                          Port C data direction register
(doubles as IRQ mask register)
BYTE    CR                            Control Register
BYTE    AIR                           Active interrupt register
BYTE    STACK                         Interrupt stack - the interrupt
bits that are not (yet) served.
BYTE    CABSTATE                      State of CA/CB pins.  Bit 7 = state
of CA, Bit 6 = state of CB

8.2.2.9 RIOT module
...................

The RIOT 6532 is a chip with two I/O ports, some RAM and a Timer.  The
chip contains 128 byte RAM, but the RAM is not saved in the RIOT
snapshot, but in the memory section.

Warning: This module is still under construction

Version numbers: Major 0, Minor 0.

Type    Name                          Description
BYTE    ORA                           Port A output register
BYTE    DDRA                          Port A data direction register
BYTE    ORB                           Port B output register
BYTE    DDRB                          Port B data direction register
BYTE    EDGECTRL                      Bit 0/1: A0/A1 address bits written
to edgecontrol registers
BYTE    IRQFL                         Bit 6/7: A6/A7 IRQ flag register.
Bit 0: state of the IRQ line
(0=inactive, 1=active)
BYTE    N                             timer value
WORD    DIVIDER                       Pre-scale divider value (1, 8, 64,
or 1024)
WORD    REST                          cycles since the last counter change
BYTE    IRQEN                         Bit 0: 0= timer IRQ disabled, 1=
timer IRQ enabled

8.2.2.10 SID module
...................

Warning: This module is still under construction.

8.2.2.11 ACIA module
....................

The ACIA 6551 is an RS232 interface chip.  VICE emulates RS232
connections via `/dev/ttyS*' (Unix) or `COM:' (DOS/WIN - not yet?).
When saving a snapshot, those connections are of course lost.  The
state of the ACIA however is restored if possible.  I.e. if a connection
is already open when restoring the snapshot, this connection is used
instead.  If no connection is open, a carrier/DTR drop is emulated.

Version numbers: Major 1, Minor 0.

Type    Name                          Description
BYTE    TDR                           Transmit Data Register
BYTE    RDR                           Receiver Data Register
BYTE    SR                            Status Register
BYTE    CMD                           Command Register
BYTE    CTRL                          Ctrl Register
BYTE    INTX                          0 = no data to tx; 1 = Data is
being transmitted; 2 = Data is
being transmitted while data in TDR
waiting to be put to internal
transmit register
DWORD   TICKS                         Clock ticks till the next TDR empty
interrupt

8.2.2.12 VIC-I module
.....................

Warning: This module is still under construction.

8.2.2.13 VIC-II module
......................

Warning: This module is still under construction.

8.2.2.14 CRTC module
....................

Warning: After VICE version 1.0 the CRTC emulation has improved
considerably. Especially it is now cycle exact. Therefore a lot more
variables must be saved. The snapshot module version jumped from 0.0 to
1.0. Newer versions of VICE can read the old snapshots, but older
versions (1.0 and below) cannot read the new snapshots.

Warning: This module is still under construction.  Especially the
RASTERY and RASTERLINE values might be bogus.

Version numbers: Major 1, Minor 1.

Type    Name                          Description
Hardware options
WORD    VADDR_MASK                    Mask of the address bits valid when
accessing the video memory
WORD    VADDR_CHARSWITCH              If one bit in the video address is
used to switch the character
generator, it is masked here.
WORD    VADDR_CHAROFFSET              The offset in characters in the
character generator that CHARSWITCH
switches.
WORD    VADDR_REVSWITCH               If one bit in the video address
inverts the screen, it is masked
here.
WORD    CHARGEN_MASK                  size of character generator in byte
- 1
WORD    CHARGEN_OFFSET                offset given by external circuitry
BYTE    HW_CURSOR                     external hardware cursor circuitry
enabled
BYTE    HW_COLS                       number of displayed columns during
one character clock cycle
BYTE    HW_BLANK                      set if the hardware blank feature
is available
CRTC register
20 BYTE REGISTERS                     register DUMP of the CRTC registers
0-19.
CRTC internal registers
BYTE    REGNO                         The current index in the CRTC
register file
BYTE    CHAR                          The current cycle within the
current rasterline
BYTE    CHARLINE                      The current character line
BYTE    YCOUNTER                      The current rasterline in the
character
BYTE    CRSRCNT                       Framecounter for the blinking cursor
BYTE    CRSRSTATE                     if set the hardware cursor is
visible
BYTE    CRSRLINES                     set if ycounter is within the
active cursor rasterlines for a char
WORD    CHARGEN_REL                   relative base of currently used
character generator in ROM (in byte)
WORD    SCREEN_REL                    screen address to load the counter
at the beginning of the next
rasterline
WORD    VSYNC                         number of rasterlines left within
vsync; 0 = not in vsync
BYTE    VENABLE                       vertical enable flipflop; 1=
display, 0= blank.
(VICE-dependent?) variables
WORD    SCREEN_WIDTH                  width of the current display window
WORD    SCREEN_HEIGHT                 height of the current display window
WORD    SCREEN_XOFFSET                x position where the first
character in a line starts in the
window...
WORD    HJITTER                       ...but only after adding this jitter
WORD    SCREEN_YOFFSET                x position where the first
character in a line starts in the
window...
WORD    FRAMELINES                    expected number of rasterlines for
the current frame
WORD    CURRENT_LINE                  current rasterline as seen from the
CRTC
This value has been added in module
version V1.1
BYTE    FLAG                          Bit 0: If 1 then bit in
VADDR_REVSWITCH must be set for
reverse; if 0 then bit must be
cleared for reverse.

Here is the reference for the previous CRTC snapshot module. It is
outdated and will not be read by this and later versions of VICE.

Version numbers: Major 0, Minor 0.

Type    Name                          Description
BYTE    RASTERY                       The number of clock cycles from
rasterlines start
WORD    RASTERLINE                    The current rasterline
WORD    ADDRMASK                      The address mask valid for the
CRTC.  All memory accesses are
masked with this value
BYTE    HWFLAG                        Bit 0: 1= hardware cursor
available.  Bit 1: 1= number of
columns is doubled by external
hardware
20 BYTE REGISTERS                     register DUMP of the CRTC registers
0-19.
BYTE    CRSRSTATE                     Hardware cursor: Bits 0-3: frame
counter till next crsr line toggle.
Bit 7: 1= cursor line active

8.2.2.15 C64 memory module
..........................

The C64 memory module actually consists of two modules.  The "C64MEM"
module is mandatory and contains the RAM dump.  The "C64ROM" module is
optional and contains a dump of the ROM images.

The size of the C64 memory modules differs with each different memory
configuration. The RAM configuration is saved in the snapshot, and
restored when the snapshot is loaded. The attached cartridges are not
yet(!) saved and not yet restored upon load.

Version numbers: Major 0, Minor 0

The C64MEM module

Type    Name                          Description
BYTE    CPUDATA                       CPU port data byte
BYTE    CPUDIR                        CPU port direction byte
BYTE    EXROM                         state of the EXROM line (?)
BYTE    GAME                          state of the GAME line (?)
ARRAY   RAM                           64k RAM dump

The C64ROM module

Type    Name                          Description
ARRAY   KERNAL                        8k dump of the kernal ROM
ARRAY   BASIC                         8k dump of the basic ROM
ARRAY   CHARGEN                       4k dump of the chargen ROM

8.2.2.16 C128 memory module
...........................

The C128 memory module actually consists of two modules.  The "C128MEM"
module is mandatory and contains the RAM dump.  The "C128ROM" module is
optional and contains a dump of the ROM images.

The size of the C128 memory modules differs with each different memory
configuration. The RAM configuration is saved in the snapshot, and
restored when the snapshot is loaded. The attached cartridges are also
restored upon load if they have been saved in the snapshot.

Version numbers: Major 0, Minor 0

The C128MEM module

Type    Name                          Description
12 BYTE MMU                           dump of the 12 MMU registers
ARRAY   RAM                           128k RAM dump banks 0 and 1

The C128ROM module

Type    Name                          Description
ARRAY   KERNAL                        8k dump of the kernal ROM
ARRAY   BASIC                         32k dump of the basic ROM
ARRAY   EDITOR                        4k dump of the editor ROM
ARRAY   4k CHARGEN                    dump of the chargen ROM

8.2.2.17 VIC20 memory module
............................

The VIC20 memory module actually consists of two modules.  The
"VIC20MEM" module is mandatory and contains the RAM dump.  The
"VIC20ROM" module is optional and contains a dump of the ROM images.

The size of the VIC20 memory modules differs with each different memory
configuration. The RAM configuration is saved in the snapshot, and
restored when the snapshot is loaded. The attached cartridges are also
restored upon load if they have been saved in the snapshot.

The VIC20MEM module

Version numbers: Major 1, Minor 0

Type    Name                          Description
BYTE    CONFIG                        Configuration register.  Bits
0,1,2,3,5 reflect if the
corresponding memory block is RAM
(bit=1) or not (bit=0).
ARRAY   RAM0                          1k RAM dump $0000-$03ff
ARRAY   RAM1                          4k RAM dump $1000-$1fff
ARRAY   COLORRAM                      2k Color RAM, $9400-$9bff
ARRAY   BLK0                          if CONFIG & 1 then: 3k RAM dump
$0400-$0fff
ARRAY   BLK1                          if CONFIG & 2 then: 8k RAM dump
$2000-$3fff
ARRAY   BLK2                          if CONFIG & 4 then: 8k RAM dump
$4000-$5fff
ARRAY   BLK3                          if CONFIG & 8 then: 8k RAM dump
$6000-$7fff
ARRAY   BLK5                          if CONFIG & 32 then: 8k RAM dump
$a000-$bfff

The VIC20ROM module

Version numbers: Major 1, Minor 1

Type    Name                          Description
BYTE    CONFIG                        Bit 0: 1= ROM block $2*** enabled.
Bit 1: 1= ROM block $3*** enabled.
Bit 2: 1= ROM block $4*** enabled.
Bit 3: 1= ROM block $5*** enabled.
Bit 4: 1= ROM block $6*** enabled.
Bit 5: 1= ROM block $7*** enabled.
Bit 6: 1= ROM block $A*** enabled.
Bit 7: 1= ROM block $B*** enabled.
ARRAY   KERNAL                        8k KERNAL ROM image $e000-$ffff
ARRAY   BASIC                         16k BASIC ROM image $c000-$dfff
ARRAY   CHARGEN                       4k CHARGEN ROM image
ARRAY   BLK1A                         4k ROM image $2*** (if CONFIG & 1)
ARRAY   BLK1B                         4k ROM image $3*** (if CONFIG & 2)
ARRAY   BLK3A                         4k ROM image $6*** (if CONFIG & 16)
ARRAY   BLK3B                         4k ROM image $7*** (if CONFIG & 32)
ARRAY   BLK5A                         4k ROM image $A*** (if CONFIG & 64)
ARRAY   BLK5B                         4k ROM image $B*** (if CONFIG & 128)
ARRAY   BLK2A                         4k ROM image $4*** (if CONFIG & 4;
added in V1.1)
ARRAY   BLK2B                         4k ROM image $5*** (if CONFIG & 8;
added in V1.1)

8.2.2.18 PET memory module
..........................

The PET memory module actually consists of three modules.  The "PETMEM"
module is mandatory and contains the RAM dump.  The "PETROM" module is
optional and contains a dump of the ROM images. The "PETDWW" module is
also optional and contains the image of the hires expansion board (if
enabled).

The size of the PET memory modules differs with each different memory
configuration.  The RAM configuration is saved in the snapshot, and
restored when the snapshot is loaded.

The PETMEM module

Version numbers: Major 1, Minor 3

Type    Name                          Description
BYTE    CONFIG                        Configuration value. Bits 0-3: 0=
40 col PET without CRTC; 1= 40 col
PET with CRTC; 2 = 80 col PET (with
CRTC); 3= SuperPET; 4= 8096; 5=
8296. Bit 6: 1= RAM at $9***. Bit
7: 1= RAM at $A***.
BYTE    KEYBOARD                      Keyboard type. 0= UK business; 1=
Graphics; 2= German business
BYTE    MEMSIZE                       memory size of low 32k in k
(possible values 4, 8, 16, 32)
BYTE    CONF8X96                      Value of the 8x96 configuration
register
BYTE    SUPERPET                      SuperPET config. Bit 0: 1= $9***
RAM enabled. Bit 1: 1= RAM write
protected. Bit 2: 1= CTRL register
write protected. Bit 3: 0= DIAG pin
active. Bits 4-7: RAM block in use.
ARRAY   RAM                           4-32k RAM (not 8296, size depends
on MEMSIZE)
ARRAY   VRAM                          2/4k RAM (not 8296, size depends on
CONFIG)
ARRAY   EXTRAM                        64k expansion RAM (SuperPET and
8096 only)
ARRAY   RAM                           128k RAM (8296 only)
-       -                             The following item has been added
in V1.1
BYTE    POSITIONAL                    bit 0=0 = symbolic keyboard
mapping, bit 0=1 = positional
mapping.
-       -                             The following item has been added
in V1.2
BYTE    EOIBLANK                      bit 0=0 = EOI does not blank
screen, bit 0=1 = EOI blanks screen.
-       -                             The following items have been added
in V1.3
WORD    CPU_SWITCH                    6502 / 6809 / PROG
BYTE    VAL, PREVODD, WANTODD         6702 dongle state information
WORD[8] SHIFT
BYTE    SuperPET config 2             Extra bits due to the Super-OS/9
MMU. Bit 5: FIRQ disabled. Bit 6:
expansion memory in OS/9 flat mode.

The POSITIONAL item has been added in PETMEM snapshot version 1.1. It is
ignored by earlier restore routines (V1.0) and the V1.1 restore routines
do not change the current setting when reading a V1.0 snapshot.

In V1.2 the new EOIBLANK variable has been added. This implements the
"blank screen on EOI" feature that was previously linked to a wrong
resource.

In V1.3 the state for SuperPET has been added.

The PETROM module

Version numbers: Major 1, Minor 1

Type    Name                          Description
BYTE    CONFIG                        Bit 0: 1= $9*** ROM included. Bit
1: 1= $A*** ROM included. Bit 2: 1=
$B*** ROM included. Bit 3: 1=
$e900-$efff ROM included. Bit 4: 1=
SuperPET ROMs included.
ARRAY   KERNAL                        4k KERNAL ROM image $f000-$ffff
ARRAY   EDITOR                        2k EDITOR ROM image $e000-$e7ff
ARRAY   CHARGEN                       2k CHARGEN ROM image
ARRAY   ROM9                          4k $9*** ROM image (if CONFIG & 1)
ARRAY   ROMA                          4k $A*** ROM image (if CONFIG & 2)
ARRAY   ROMB                          4k $B*** ROM image (if CONFIG & 4)
ARRAY   ROMC                          4k $C*** ROM image
ARRAY   ROMD                          4k $D*** ROM image
ARRAY   ROME9                         7 blocks $e900-$efff ROM image (if
CONFIG & 8)
-       -                             The following items have been added
in V1.1
ROM6809 ROM6809                       24k $A000-$FFFF ROM   (if CONFIG &
16)
ARRAY   CHARGEN(2)                    upper half of CHARGEN (if CONFIG &
16)

The PETDWW module

For storing the state of the DWW hires expansion board, there is a
PETDWWPIA module, and a DWWMEM module.

The former has the same format as the PIA1.

Type    Name                          Description
WORD    SIZE                          The size of the memory dump that
follows, or 0 if DWW disabled.
ARRAY   MEM                           The memory in the DWW card, SIZE
bytes.

8.2.2.19 CBM-II memory module
.............................

The CBM-II memory module actually consists of two modules.  The
"CBM2MEM" module is mandatory and contains the RAM dump.  The "CBM2ROM"
module is optional and contains a dump of the ROM images.

The size of the CBM-II memory modules differs with each different memory
configuration.  The RAM configuration is saved in the snapshot, and
restored when the snapshot is loaded.

Version numbers: Major 1, Minor 0

The CBM2MEM module

Type    Name                          Description
UBYTE   MEMSIZE                       Memory size in 128k blocks (1=128k,
2=256k, 4=512k, 8=1024k)
UBYTE   CONFIG                        Bit 0 = $f0800-$f0fff RAM, Bit 1 =
$f1000-$f1fff RAM, Bit 2 =
$f2000-$f3fff RAM, Bit 3 =
$f4000-$f5fff RAM, Bit 4 =
$f6000-$f7fff RAM, Bit 5 =
$fc000-$fcfff RAM, Bit 6 = is a C500
UBYTE   HWCONFIG                      Bit 0/1: model line configuration
UBYTE   EXECBANK                      CPUs execution bank register
UBYTE   INDBANK                       CPUs indirection bank register
ARRAY   SYSRAM                        2k system RAM $f0000-$f07ff
ARRAY   VIDEO                         2k video RAM $fd000-$fd7ff
ARRAY   RAM                           RAM dump, size according to MEMSIZE
ARRAY   RAM08                         if memsize < 1M and CONFIG & 1 : 2k
RAM $f0800-$f0fff
ARRAY   RAM1                          if memsize < 1M and CONFIG & 2 : 4k
RAM $f1000-$f1fff
ARRAY   RAM2                          if memsize < 1M and CONFIG & 4 : 8k
RAM $f2000-$f3fff
ARRAY   RAM4                          if memsize < 1M and CONFIG & 8 : 8k
RAM $f4000-$f5fff
ARRAY   RAM6                          if memsize < 1M and CONFIG & 16 :
8k RAM $f6000-$f7fff
ARRAY   RAMC                          if memsize < 1M and CONFIG & 32 :
4k RAM $fc000-$fcfff

The RAM* arrays are only saved if the RAM itself is less than 1M.  If
the memory size is 1M then those areas are taken from the bank 15 area
of the normal RAM.

The memory array starts at $10000 if the memory size is less than 512k,
or at $00000 if 512k or more. In case of a C510, then the memory array
also always starts at $00000.

The CBM2ROM module

Type    Name                          Description
UBYTE   CONFIG                        Bit 1: 1= $1*** ROM image included.
Bit 2: 1= $2000-$3fff ROM image
included. Bit 3: 1= $4000-$5fff ROM
image included. Bit 4: 1=
$6000-$7fff ROM image included. Bit
5: 1= chargen ROM is VIC-II
chargen, 0= CRTC chargen.
ARRAY   KERNAL                        8 KERNAL ROM image ($e000-$efff)
ARRAY   BASIC                         BASIC ROM image ($8000-$bfff)
ARRAY   CHARGEN                       4k CHARGEN ROM image
ARRAY   ROM1                          4k cartridge ROM image for $1***
(if CONFIG & 2)
ARRAY   ROM2                          8k cartridge ROM image for
$2000-$3fff (if CONFIG & 4)
ARRAY   ROM4                          8k cartridge ROM image for
$4000-$5fff (if CONFIG & 8)
ARRAY   ROM6                          8k cartridge ROM image for
$6000-$7fff (if CONFIG & 16)

8.2.2.20 C500 data module
.........................

The C500 data module contains simple state information not already saved
in the other modules.

Version numbers: Major 0, Minor 0

The C500DATA module

Type    Name                          Description
DWORD   IRQCLK                        CPU clock ticks till next 50Hz IRQ

9 Media images
**************

9.1 Media images resources
==========================

`DoodleOversizeHandling'
Integer specifying  the way the oversized input should be handled,
(0: scale down, 1: crop left top, 2: crop center top,  3: crop
right top, 4: crop left center, 5: crop center, 6: crop right
center, 7: crop left bottom, 8: crop center bottom, 9:  crop right
bottom)

`DoodleMultiColorHandling'
Integer specifying  the way the multicolor to hires should be
handled, (0: b&w, 1: 2 colors, 2: 4 colors, 3: gray scale,  4:
best cell colors)

`DoodleTEDLumHandling'
Integer specifying the way the TED luminosity should be handled,
(0: ignore, 1: dither)

`DoodleCRTCTextColor'
Integer specifying the text color used when making screenshots
from a CRTC window in doodle format. (0: white, 1: amber, 2: green)

`FFMPEGFormat'
String specifying the current FFMPEG output driver.

`FFMPEGAudioBitrate'
Integer specifying the current FFMPEG audio bitrate.

`FFMPEGVideoBitrate'
Integer specifying the current FFMPEG video bitrate.

`FFMPEGAudioCodec'
Integer specifying the current FFMPEG audio codec.

`FFMPEGVideoCodec'
Integer specifying the current FFMPEG video codec.

`FFMPEGVideoHalveFramerate'
Boolean, if true record only every other frame.


9.2 Media images command-line options
=====================================

`-doodleoversize <method>'
Select the way the oversized input should be handled, (0: scale
down, 1: crop left top, 2: crop center top,  3: crop right top, 4:
crop left center, 5: crop center, 6: crop right center, 7: crop
left bottom, 8: crop center bottom, 9:  crop right bottom)

`-doodlemc <method>'
Select the way the multicolor to hires should be handled, (0: b&w,
1: 2 colors, 2: 4 colors, 3: gray scale,  4: best cell colors)

`-doodletedlum <method>'
Select the way the TED luminosity should be handled, (0: ignore,
1: dither)

`-doodlecrtctextcolor <color>'
Select the CRTC text color (0: white, 1: amber, 2: green)

`-ffmpegaudiobitrate <value>'
Set bitrate for audio stream in media file

`-ffmpegvideobitrate <value>'
Set bitrate for video stream in media file


10 Event history
****************

VICE supports recording an arbitrary session on the emulated machine and
playing back this session later. This is done by saving a snapshot at
the beginning of the recording session and then remembering all the
user interaction such as keyboard and joystick input. We call this an
'event history'.  The main purpose for having an event history is to
create game sessions, e.g. recording how to solve a game. An example
walkthrough for the well known game "Fort Apocalypse" is available.

This brief chapter will advise you how to record and playback such a
session.  Although it is based on the WinVICE x64 release and its user
interface, histories may be transferred to other machines and other
ports that support event history, e.g. the Unix port.

10.1 Recommended Settings
=========================

When using the event history feature it is possible that the playback
session differs from what was done at recording time. This might arise
due to a problem in the initial snapshot or settings.  Here are some
suggestions to minimize the chance of failures in the session: a. Reset
to default settings.  b. Choose refresh rate 1/1.  c. Choose joystick
and Video/Doublesize settings as desired or needed.  d. SID engine must
be reSID (which is the default).  e. Choose Drive settings/Idle method:
None Do not change any settings during recording or playback!

10.2 Recorded Events
====================

The following is a list of the user interaction that will be recorded:
- Joystick movement and button - Keyboard - Resetting the machine (hard
and soft) - Attaching or detaching disk/tape images (see 8. Limitations)
- Datasette controls

10.3 Recording an Event History
===============================

Recording an event history will create one or two files for a snapshot
and the list of the user events. First, create an empty directory in
which these files are to be saved and then select this directory and
the name of the snapshot files via 'Snapshot//Select History
files/directory'.  Next, attach the disk or tape image with the game
you want to record and load and run the game.

Start recording via 'Snapshot//Start/Stop Recording History'.  Play the
game. All actions will be recorded.  After the game is finished, stop
recording via 'Snapshot//Start/Stop Recording History'. The selected
directory should now contain the two snapshot files (default ist
start.vsf and end.vsf).

10.4 Setting and Returning to Milestones
========================================

It is difficult to finish a game in one sitting and noone wants to
record all their mistakes and lost lives. Use the milestone feature in a
recording session in the following way:

Set a milestone when you have finished a level or completed a task
('Snapshot//Set recording milestone' or ALT-E). This will save the event
history and a snapshot of the machine to the file end.vsf but recording
will continue.

Return to the last milestone when you have made a mistake or lost a life
('Snapshot//Return to milestone' or ALT-U). This will reset the game
and the event history to the last milestone snapshot so that you can
try again.

10.5 Continuing an Event History
================================

If you have stopped a recording session and want to continue it later,
you should create a backup of your start.vsf and end.vsf files first to
avoid overwriting them by accident.

Then change the event history start mode: 'Snapshot//Recording start
mode//Load existing snapshot'. When you start recording now, you will
continue where the session was stopped last time.

Another way of continuing an existing history is to start somewhere
inside the history (e.g. you have recorded 10 minutes of a game and
later recognize that you made a mistake after 6 minutes that makes it
impossible to finish the game).  For this you have to select the start
mode 'Overwrite playback'. Now you can start the playback with
'Snapshot//Start/Stop Playback History' and when you reach the point
where you want to change the history you can directly switch to
recording via 'Snapshot//Start/Stop Recording History'.

10.6 Playing Back an Event History
==================================

To play back an event history, select the directory with the history
files start.vsf and end.vsf via 'Snapshot//Select History directory'
and start the playback with 'Snapshot//Start/Stop Playback History'.
Enjoy!  During playback any user interaction is disabled.  The playback
stops when the end of the session is reached or if 'Snapshot//Select
History directory' is selected again.

10.7 Limitations and Suggestions
================================

a. Snapshot files will be quite big (>1MB) if a disk image has been
attached.  If possible, use PRG or T64 images to reduce the size of
snapshot files.  b. Snapshots may not be 100% accurate even with all
the recommended settings.

10.8 Event history resources
============================

`EventSnapshotDir'
String specifying the directory used for loading and saving
snapshots.

`EventStartSnapshot'
String specifying the filename for the start snapshot.
["start.vsf"]

`EventEndSnapshot'
String specifying the filename for the end snapshot. ["end.vsf"]

`EventStartMode'
Integer specifying how to start event recording. (0: save new
snapshot, 1: load existing snapshot, 2: reset, 3: playback)

`EventImageInclude'
Boolean specifying whether to include ROM and Disk images in the
snapshots. [1]


10.9 Event history command-line options
=======================================

`-playback'
Playback recorded events

11 Monitor
**********

Every VICE emulator has a complete built-in monitor, which can be used
to examine, disassemble and assemble machine language programs, as well
as debug them through breakpoints.  It can be activated by using the
"Activate monitor" command (left button menu).  Notice that you have to
run the emulator from a terminal emulation program (such as `rxvt' or
`xterm') in order to use the monitor.

Warning: this version of the monitor is still under construction, and
some of the features are not fully working yet.

11.1 Terminology
================

`address_space'
This refers to the range of memory locations and a set of
registers.  This can be the addresses available to the computer's
processor, the disk drive's processor or a specific memory
configuration of one of the mentioned processors.

`bankname'
The CPU can only see 64k of memory at any one time, due to its 16
bit address bus. The C64 and other computers have more than this
amount, and this is handled by banking: a memory address can have
different contents, depending on the active memory bank.  A
bankname names a specific bank in the current address_space.

`register'
One of the following: program counter (PC), stack pointer (SP),
accumulator (A), X register (X), or Y register (Y).

`address'
A specific memory location in the range $0000 to $FFFF.

`address_range'
Two addresses.  If the second address is less than the first, the
range is assumed to wraparound from $FFFF to $0000.  Both addresses
must be in the same address space.

`address_opt_range'
An address or an address range.

`label'
`label' is the name of a label. it must start with a dot (".")  in
order for the monitor to recognize it as a label.

`prompt'
The prompt has the format [x:y].  If x is -, memory reads from the
monitor do not have side effects.  Otherwise, x is S.  The second
part of the prompt, y, shows the default address space.

`checkpoint'
The monitor has the ability to setup triggers that perform an
action when a specified situation occurs.  There are three types of
checkpoints; breakpoints, tracepoints and watchpoints.

`breakpoint'
A breakpoint is triggered based on the program counter.  When it is
triggered, the monitor is entered.

`tracepoint'
Like breakpoints, a tracepoint is triggered based on the program
counter.  Instead of entering the monitor, the program counter is
printed and execution continues.

`watchpoint'
Watchpoints are triggered by a read and/or write to an address.
When a watchpoint is triggered, the monitor is entered.

`memmap'
The memmap keeps track of RAM/ROM/IO read/write/execute accesses.
The feature must be enabled with "-enable-memmap" configure
option, as it might decrease performance notably on slower
hardware. The option also enables CPU history.

`<...>'
A data type.

`*'
Zero or more occurrences.

`[...]'
An optional argument.


11.2 Machine state commands
===========================

`backtrace'
`bt'
Print JSR call chain (most recent call first). Stack offset
relative to SP+1 is printed in parentheses. This is a best guess
only.

`cpuhistory [<count>]'
`chis [<count>]'
Show <count> last executed commands.  (disabled by default;
configure with -enable-memmap to enable)

`dump "<filename>"'
Write a snapshot of the machine into the file specified.  This
snapshot is compatible with a snapshot written out by the UI.
Note: No ROM images are included into the dump.

`goto <address>'
`g <address>'
Change the PC to address and continue execution.

`io [<address>]'
Display i/o registers. Invoking without an address shows a dump of
the entire io range, if an address is given then details for the
chip at the respective (base-)address are displayed (if available).

`next [<count>]'
`n [<count>]'
Advance to the next instruction.  Subroutines are treated as a
single instruction.

`registers [<reg_name> = <number> [, <reg_name> = <number>]*]'
`r [<reg_name> = <number> [, <reg_name> = <number>]*]'
Assign respective registers.  With no parameters, display register
values.

`reset [<type>]'
Reset the machine or drive.  `type': 0 = soft, 1 = hard, 8-11 =
drive.

`return'
`ret'
Continues execution  and returns to the monitor just after the
next RTS or RTI is executed.

`step [<count>]'
`z [<count>]'
Single step through instructions.  An optional count allows
stepping more than a single instruction at a time.

`stopwatch [reset]'
Print the CPU cycle counter of the current device. 'reset' sets
the counter to 0.

`undump "<filename>"'
Read a snapshot of the machine from the file specified.


11.3 Memory commands
====================

`bank [<bankname>]'
Without a bankname, display all available banks for the current
address_space. With a bankname given, switch to the specified
bank. If a bank is not completely filled (ROM banks for example)
normally the `ram' bank is used where the bank has holes.  The
`cpu' bank uses the bank currently used by the CPU.

`compare <address_range> <address>'
`c <address_range> <address>'
Compare memory from the source specified by the address range to
the destination specified by the address.  The regions may
overlap.  Any values that miscompare are displayed using the
default displaytype.

`device [c:|8:|9:]'
Set the default address space to either the computer `c:' or the
specified drive `8:' or `9:'

`fill <address_range> <data_list>'
`f <address_range> <data_list>'
Fill memory in the specified address range with the data in
<data_list>.  If the size of the address range is greater than the
size of the data_list, the data_list is repeated.

`hunt <address_range> <data_list>'
`h <address_range> <data_list>'
Hunt memory in the specified address range for the data in
<data_list>.  If the data is found, the starting address of the
match is displayed.  The entire range is searched for all possible
matches.  The data list may have `xx' as a wildcard.

`i <address_opt_range>'
Display memory contents as PETSCII text.

`ii <address_opt_range>'
Display memory contents as screen code text

`mem [<data_type>] [<address_opt_range>]'
`m [<data_type>] [<address_opt_range>]'
Display the contents of memory.  If no datatype is given, the
default is used.  If only one address is specified, the length of
data displayed is based on the datatype.  If no addresses are
given, the 'dot' address is used.

`memmapshow [<mask>] [<address_opt_range>]'
`mmsh [<mask>] [<address_opt_range>]'
Show the memmap. The mask can be specified to show only those
locations with accesses of certain type(s). The mask is a number
with the bits "ioRWXrwx", where RWX are for ROM and rwx for RAM.
Optionally, an address range can be specified.  (disabled by
default; configure with -enable-memmap to enable)

`memmapzap'
`mmzap'
Clear the memmap.  (disabled by default; configure with
-enable-memmap to enable)

`memmapsave "<filename>" <format>'
`mmsave "<filename>" <format>'
Save the memmap as a picture. `format': 0 = BMP, 1 = PCX, 2 = PNG,
3 = GIF, 4 = IFF.  (disabled by default; configure with
-enable-memmap to enable)

`memchar [<data_type>] [<address_opt_range>]'
`mc [<data_type>] [<address_opt_range>]'
Display the contents of memory as character data.  If only one
address is specified, only one character is displayed.  If no
addresses are given, the "dot" address is used.

`memsprite [<data_type>] [<address_opt_range>]'
`ms [<data_type>] [<address_opt_range>]'
Display the contents of memory as sprite data.  If only one
address is specified, only one sprite is displayed.  If no
addresses are given, the "dot" address is used.

`move <address_range> <address>'
`t <address_range> <address>'
Move memory from the source specified by the address range to the
destination specified by the address.  The regions may overlap.

`screen'
`sc'
Displays the contents of the screen.

`sidefx [on|off|toggle]'
`sfx [on|off|toggle]'
Control how monitor generated reads affect memory locations that
have read side-effects, like CIA interrupt registers for example.
If the argument is 'on' then reads may cause side-effects.  If the
argument is 'off' then reads don't cause side-effects.  If the
argument is 'toggle' then the current mode is switched.  No
argument displays the current state.

`> [<address>] <data_list>'
Write the specified data at `address'.


11.4 Assembly commands
======================

`a <address> [ <instruction> [: <instruction>]* ]'
Assemble instructions to the specified address.  If only one
instruction is specified, enter assembly mode (enter an empty line
to exit assembly mode).

`disass [<address> [<address>]]'
`d [<address> [<address>]]'
Disassemble instructions.  If two addresses are specified, they are
used as a start and end address.  If only one is specified, it is
treated as the start address and a default number of instructions
are disassembled.  If no addresses are specified, a default number
of instructions are disassembled from the dot address.


11.5 Checkpoint commands
========================

`break [load|store|exec] [address [address] [if <cond_expr>]]'
This command allows setting a breakpoint or listing the current
breakpoints.  If no address is given, the currently valid
checkpoints are printed.  If an address is given, a breakpoint is
set for that address and the breakpoint number is printed.  The
"load|store|exec" parameter can be either "load", "store" or "exec"
(or any combination of these) to determine on which operation the
monitor breaks. If not specified, the monitor breaks on "exec".  A
conditional expression can also be specified for the breakpoint.
For more information on conditions, see the CONDITION command.

`enable <checknum>'

`disable <checknum>'
Each checkpoint can be enabled or disabled.  This command allows
changing between these states.

`command <checknum> "<command>"'
When checkpoint `checknum' is hit, the specified command is
executed by the monitor.  Note that the `x' command is not yet
supported as a command argument.

`condition <checknum> if <cond_expr>'
`cond <checknum> if <cond_expr>'
Each time the specified checkpoint is examined, the condition is
evaluated.  If it evalutes to true, the checkpoint is activated.
Otherwise, it is ignores.  If registers are specified in the
expression, the values used are those at the time the checkpoint is
examined, not when the condition is set.

Currently, the cond_expr is very limited. You can use registers
(.A, .X, .Y, .PC, and .SP) and compare against other registers or
absolute values. For example, the following are all valid
conditions: .A == 0, .X == .Y, 8:.X == .X, .A != 5, .A < .X.

However, you cannot specify memory contents and compare that.

`delete <checknum>'
`del <checknum>'
Delete the specified checkpoint.

`ignore <checknum> [<count>]'
Ignore a checkpoint after a given number of crossings.  If no
count is given, the default value is 1.

`trace [load|store|exec] [address [address] [if <cond_expr>]]'
`tr [load|store|exec] [address [address] [if <cond_expr>]]'
This command is similar to the `break' command except that it
operates on tracepoints.  A tracepoint differs from a breakpoint by
not stopping execution but simply printing the PC, giving the user
an execution trace.  The second optional address can be used to
specify the end of an range of addresses to be traced.  If no
addresses are given, a list of all the checkpoints is printed.
The "load|store|exec" parameter can be either "load", "store" or
"exec" (or any combination of these) to determine which operation
the monitor traces. If not specified, the monitor traces all
operations.  A conditional expression can also be specified for
the tracepoint.  For more information on conditions, see the
CONDITION command.

`until [<address>]'
`un [<address>]'
If no address is given, the currently valid breakpoints are
printed.  If an address is given, a temporary breakpoint is set
for that address and the breakpoint number is printed.  Control is
returned to the emulator by this command.  The breakpoint is
deleted once it is hit.

`watch [load|store|exec] [address [address] [if <cond_expr>]]'
`w [load|store|exec] [address [address] [if <cond_expr>]]'
This command is similar to the `break' command except that it
operates on watchpoints.  A watchpoint differs from a breakpoint by
stopping on a read and/or write to an address or range of
addresses.  If no addresses are given, a list of all the
checkpoints is printed.  The "load|store|exec" parameter can be
either "load", "store" or "exec" (or any combination of these) to
determine on which operation the monitor breaks. If not specified,
the monitor breaks on "load" and "store" operations.  A
conditional expression can also be specified for the watchpoint.
For more information on conditions, see the CONDITION command.


11.6 General commands
=====================

`cd <directory>'
Change the working directory.

`device [c:|d:]'
`dev [c:|d:]'
Set the default memory device to either the computer (`c:') or the
disk (`d:').

`dir [<directory>]'
`ls [<directory>]'
Display the directory contents.

`pwd'
Show current working directory.

`radix [H|D|O|B]'
`rad [H|D|O|B]'
Set the default radix to hex, decimal, octal, or binary.  With no
argument, the current radix is printed.


11.7 Disk commands
==================

`attach <filename> <device>'
Attach file to device. (device 32 = cart)

`block_read <track> <sector> [<address>]'
`br <track> <sector> [<address>]'
Read the block at the specified track and sector.  If an address is
specified, the data is loaded into memory.  If no address is given,
the data is displayed using the default datatype.

`block_write <track> <sector> <address>'
`bw <track> <sector> <address>'
Write a block of data at `address' to the specified track and
sector of disk in drive 8.

`detach <device>'
Detach file from device. (device 32 = cart)

`@<disk command>'
Perform a disk command on the currently attached disk image on
drive 8.  The specified disk command is sent to the drive's
channel #15.

`load "<filename>" <device> [<address>]'
`l "<filename>" <device> [<address>]'
Load the specified file into memory.  If no address is given, the
file is loaded to the address specified by the first two bytes
read from the file.  If address is given, the file is loaded to
the specified address and the first two bytes read from the file
are skipped.  If device is 0, the file is read from the file
system.

`list [<directory>]'
List disk contents.

`bload "<filename>" <device> <address>'
`bl "<filename>" <device> <address>'
Load the specified file into memory at the specified address.  If
device is 0, the file is read from the file system.

`save "<filename>" <device> <address1> <address2>'
`s "<filename>" <device> <address1> <address2>'
Save the memory from address1 to address2 to the specified file.
Write two-byte load address.  If device is 0, the file is written
to the file system.

`bsave "<filename>" <device> <address1> <address2>'
`bs "<filename>" <device> <address1> <address2>'
Save the memory from address1 to address2 to the specified file.
If device is 0, the file is written to the file system.


11.8 Command file commands
==========================

`playback "<filename>"'
`pb "<filename>"'
Monitor commands from the specified file are read and executed.
This command stops at the end of file or when a STOP command is
read.

`record "<filename>"'
`rec "<filename>"'
After this command, all commands entered are written to the
specified file until the STOP command is entered.

`stop'
Stop recording commands.  See `record'.


11.9 Label commands
===================

`add_label <address> <label>'
`al <address> <label>'
Map a given address to a label.  This label can be used when
entering assembly code and is shown during disassembly.
Additionally, it can be used whenever an address must be specified.

<label> is the name of the label; it must start with a dot (".") in
order for the monitor to recognize it as a label.

`delete_label [<memspace>] <label>'
`dl [<memspace>] <label>'
Remove the specified label from the label tables.  If no memory
space is checked, all tables are checked.

`load_labels [<memspace>] "<filename>"'
`ll [<memspace>] "<filename>"'
Load a file containing a mapping of labels to addresses.  If no
memory space is specified, the default readspace is used.

The file must contain commands the monitor understands, e.g.
add_label. The compiler cc65 can create such label files.

Vice can also load label files created by the Acme assembler.
Their syntax is e.g. "labelname = $1234 ; Maybe a comment". A dot
will be added automatically to label names assigned in this way to
fit to the Vice label syntax. Normally the semicolon seperates
commands but after an assignment of this kind it may be used to
start a comment to end of line, so unchanged Acme label files can
be fed into Vice.

`save_labels [<memspace>] "<filename>"'
`sl [<memspace>] "<filename>"'
Save labels to a file.  If no memory space is specified, all of the
labels are saved.

`show_labels [<memspace>]'
`shl [<memspace>]'
Display current label mappings.  If no memory space is specified,
show all labels.


11.10 Miscellaneous commands
============================

`cartfreeze'
Use cartridge freeze.

`cpu <type>'
Specify the type of CPU currently used (6502/z80).

`exit'
`x'
Leave the monitor and return to execution.

`export'
`exp'
Print out list of attached expansion port devices.

`help [<command>]'
If no argument is given, prints out a list of all available
commands.  If an argument is given, prints out specific help for
that command.

`keybuf "<string>"'
Put the specified string into the keyboard buffer. Note that you
can specify specific keycodes by using C-style escaped hexcodes
("x0a").

`print <expression>'
`p <expression>'
Evaluate the specified expression and output the result.

`resourceget "<resource>"'
`resget "<resource>"'
Displays the value of the `resource'.

`resourceset "<resource>" "<value>"'
`resset "<resource>" "<value>"'
Sets the value of the `resource'.

`load_resources "<file>"'
`resload "<file>"'
Load resources from `file'.

`save_resources "<file>"'
`ressave "<file>"'
Save resources to `file'.

`screenshot "<filename>" [<format>]'
`scrsh "<filename>" [<format>]'
Take a screenshot. `format': default = BMP, 1 = PCX, 2 = PNG, 3 =
GIF, 4 = IFF.

`tapectrl <command>'
Control the datasette. `command': 0 = stop, 1 = start, 2 =
forward, 3 = rewind, 4 = record, 5 = reset, 6 = reset counter.

`quit'
Exit the emulator immediately.

`~ <number>'
Display the specified number in decimal, hex, octal and binary.


12 c1541
********

VICE is provided with a complete stand-alone disk image maintenance
utility, called `c1541'.

You can either invoke it from the command line or from within one of
the VICE emulators, using the "Run c1541" command which will open a new
`xterm' window with a running `c1541' in it.

The syntax is:

c1541 [IMAGE1 [IMAGE2]] [COMMAND1 COMMAND2 ... COMMANDN]

`IMAGE1' and `IMAGE2' are disk image names that can be attached before
`c1541' starts.  `c1541' can handle up to two disk images at the same
time by using two virtual built-in drives, numbered `8' and `9';
`IMAGE1' (if present) is always attached to drive `8', while `IMAGE2'
is attached to drive `9'.

`COMMAND's specified on the command-line all begin with the minus sign
(`-'); if present, `c1541' executes them in the same order as they are
on the command line and returns a zero error code if they were
successful.  If any of the `COMMAND's fails, `c1541' stops and returns
a nonzero error code.

If no `COMMAND's are specified at all, `c1541' enters interactive mode,
where you can type commands manually.  Commands in interactive mode are
the same as commands in batch mode, but do not require a leading `-'.
As with the monitor, file name completion and command line editing with
history are provided via GNU `readline'.  Use the command `quit' or
press `C-d' to exit.

12.1 Specifying files in c1541
==============================

When accessing CBM DOS files (i.e. files that reside on disk images),
c1541 uses a special syntax that lets you access files on both drive 8
and 9.  If you prepend the file name with `@8:' or `@9:', you will
specified that file is to be found or created on drive 8 and 9,
respectively.

For instance,

@8:somefile

will name file named `somefile' on unit 8, while

@9:somefile

will name file named `somefile' on unit 9.

12.2 Using quotes and backslashes
=================================

You can use quotes (`"') in a command to embed spaces into file names.
For instance,

read some file

will read file `some' from the disk image and write it into the file
system as `file', while

read "some file"

will copy `some file' into the file system, with the name `some file'.

The backslash character (`') has a special meaning too: it lets you
literally insert the following character no matter what it is.  For
example,

read some file

will copy file `some file' into the file system, while

read some file this"file

will copy `some file' into the file system with name `this"file' (with
an embedded quote).

12.3 c1541 commands and options
===============================

This is a list of the `c1541' commands.  They are shown in their
interactive form, without the leading `-'.  Square brackets [] indicate
an optional part, and "<COMMAND>" translates to a disk command
according to CBM DOS, like "i0" for example.

`@ [<command>]'
Execute specified CBM DOS command and print the current status of
the drive.  If no `command' is specified, just print the status.

`? [<command>]'
Explain specified command.  If no command is specified, list
available ones.

`attach <diskimage> [<unit>]'
Attach `diskimage' to `unit' (default unit is 8).

`block <track> <sector> <disp> [<drive>]'
Show specified disk block in hex form.

`copy <source1> [<source2> ... <sourceN>] <destination>'
Copy `source1' ... `sourceN' into destination.  If N > 1,
`destination' must be a simple drive specifier (`@n:').

`delete <file1> [<file2> ... <fileN>]'
Delete the specified files.

`exit'
Exit (same as `quit').

`extract'
Extract all the files to the file system.

`format <diskname,id> [<type> <imagename>] [<unit>]'
If `unit' is specified, format the disk in unit `unit'.  If `type'
and `imagename' are specified, create a new image named
`imagename', attach it to unit 8 and format it.  `type' is a disk
image type, and must be either `x64', `d64' (both VC1541/2031),
`g64' (VC1541/2031 but in GCR coding), `d71' (VC1571), `d81'
(VC1581), `d80' (CBM8050) or `d82' (CBM8250/1001).  Otherwise,
format the disk in the current unit, if any.

`gcrformat <diskname,id> <imagename>'
Create and format a G64 disk image named `imagename'.

`help [<command>]'
Explain specified command.  If no command is specified, list
available ones.

`info [<unit>]'
Display information about unit `unit' (if unspecified, use the
current one).

`list [<pattern>]'
List files matching `pattern' (default is all files).

`quit'
Exit (same as `exit').

`read <source> [<destination>]'
Read `source' from the disk image and copy it into `destination' in
the file system.  If `destination' is not specified, copy it into a
file with the same name as `source'.",

`rename <oldname> <newname>'
Rename `oldname' into `newname'.  The files must be on the same
drive.

`tape <t64name> [<file1> ... <fileN>]'
Extract files from a T64 image.

`unit <number>'
Make unit `number' the current unit.

`unlynx <lynxname> [<unit>]'
Extract the specified Lynx image file into the specified unit
(default is the current unit).

`validate [<unit>]'
Validate the disk in unit `unit'.  If `unit' is not specified,
validate the disk in the current unit.

`write <source> [<destination>]'
Write `source' from the file system into `destination' on a disk
image.

`zcreate <x64name> <zipname> [<label,id>]'
Create an X64 disk image out of a set of four Zipcoded files named
`1!zipname', `2!zipname', `3!zipname' and `4!zipname'.


12.4 Executing shell commands
=============================

If you want to execute a shell command from withing `c1541', just
prepend it with an exclamation mark (`!').  For example,

!ls -la

will execute the command `ls -la', which will show you all the files in
the current directory.

12.5 c1541 examples
===================

`c1541 -attach test.d64 -write test.prg testfile'
Write `test.prg' to `test.d64' as `testfile'.

13 cartconv
***********

The cartconv program is a cartridge conversion utility, it can convert
between binary and .crt images and it can 'insert' binary and/or .crt
images into the EPROM type of cartridges.

13.1 cartconv command line options
==================================

The cartconv program has the following parameters:

`-i "input name"'
This parameter is mandatory, it should contain the name of the
binary/.crt file you want to convert. For the EPROM type of
cartridges this parameter can be used multiple times to insert
images into the resulting file.

`-o "output name"'
This parameter is mandatory, it should contain the name of the
binary/.crt file you want to convert the input file to.

`-t carttype'
This parameter is optional. It is only needed when converting to a
.crt file. See below for the supported cartridge types.

`-n "cart name"'
This parameter is optional and is used as the cartridge name when
creating a .crt file.

`-l loadaddress'
This parameter is optional and is used as the load-address when
converting a .crt file to a .prg file, or when converting to a
generic type .crt file.

`-f "input name"'
This parameter is optional, and is meant to output information
about the named file. It can't be used in conjuction with any of
the other parameters.

`-r'
This parameter is optional, it enables repair mode (accept broken
input files)

The following cartridge types are supported:

`bin'
Binary .bin file (Default crt->bin)

`normal'
Generic 8kB/12kB/16kB .crt file (Default bin->crt)

`prg'
Binary C64 .prg file with load-address

`ulti'
Ultimax mode 4kB/8kB/16kB .crt file

`ap'
Atomic Power .crt file

`ar2'
Action Replay MK2 .crt file

`ar3'
Action Replay MK3 .crt file

`ar4'
Action Replay MK4 .crt file

`ar5'
Action Replay V5 .crt file

`cap'
Capture .crt file

`comal'
Comal 80 .crt file

`dep256'
Dela EP256 .crt file, extra files can be inserted (1)(2)

`dep64'
Dela EP64 .crt file, extra files can be inserted (1)

`dep7x8'
Dela EP7x8 .crt file, extra files can be inserted (1)(2)(3)

`din'
Dinamic .crt file

`dsm'
Diashow-Maker .crt file

`easy'
EasyFlash .crt file

`epyx'
Epyx FastLoad .crt file

`exos'
EXOS .crt file

`expert'
Expert Cartridge .crt file

`fc1'
The Final Cartridge .crt file

`fc3'
The Final Cartridge III .crt file

`fcp'
Final Cartridge Plus .crt file

`ff'
Freeze Frame .crt file

`fm'
Freeze Machine .crt file

`fp'
Fun Play .crt file

`gk'
Game Killer .crt file

`gs'
C64 Games System .crt file

`ide64'
IDE64 .crt file

`ieee'
IEEE-488 Interface .crt file

`kcs'
KCS Power Cartridge .crt file

`mach5'
MACH 5 .crt file

`md'
Magic Desk .crt file

`mf'
Magic Formel .crt file

`mikro'
Mikro Assembler .crt file

`mmc64'
MMC64 .crt file

`mmcr'
MMC Replay .crt file

`mv'
Magic Voice .crt file

`ocean'
Ocean .crt file

`p64'
Prophet64 .crt file

`rep256'
REX 256k EPROM Cart .crt file, extra files can be inserted
(1)(2)(3)

`ross'
ROSS .crt file

`rr'
Retro Replay .crt file

`ru'
REX Utility .crt file

`s64'
Snapshot 64 .crt file

`sb'
Structured BASIC .crt file

`se5'
Super Explode V5.0 .crt file

`sg'
Super Games .crt file

`simon'
Simons' BASIC .crt file

`ss4'
Super Snapshot V4 .crt file

`ss5'
Super Snapshot V5 .crt file

`star'
Stardos .crt file

`wl'
Westermann Learning .crt file

`ws'
Warp Speed .crt file

`zaxxon'
Zaxxon .crt file

* (1) insertion of 32kB EPROM files supported.

* (2) insertion of 8kB .crt/binary files supported.

* (3) insertion of 16kB .crt/binary files supported.

13.2 cartconv examples
======================

`cartconv -i foo.crt -o foo.bin'
Convert a .crt file to a binary file with no load-address.

`cartconv -t prg -i foo.crt -o foo.prg'
Convert a .crt file to a .prg file with default load-address.

`cartconv -t prg -l 49152 -i foo.crt -o foo.prg'
Convert a .crt file to a .prg file with 49152 as the load-address.

`cartconv -t ocean -i foo.bin -o foo.crt'
Convert a binary file to an ocean type cartridge.

`cartconv -t dep64 -i dep64.bin -i eprom.prg -o foo.crt'
Inserting a 32kB EPROM file into an dep64 type cartridge.
* step 1 : use the dep64 binary file in VICE as a generic 8kB
cartridge.

* step 2 : generate an EPROM file.

* step 3 : get the EPROM file to the host computer.

* step 4 : insert the EPROM file into the final dep64 .crt file:

`cartconv -t dep256 -i dep256.bin -i somegame.crt -o foo.crt'
Insert an 8kB .crt file into a dep256 type cartridge.

`cartconv -t rep256 -i rep256.bin -i foo1.crt -i foo2.crt -i foo3.crt -o foo.crt'
Insert multiple 8kB .crt files into a rep256 type cartridge.

`cartconv -f foo.crt'
Get information about a .crt file.

14 petcat
*********

The petcat program is a text conversion utility, it can convert between
ASCII, PETSCII and tokenized BASIC.

14.1 petcat command line options
================================

`-help'
Output help text

`-v'
Same as above

`-c'
controls (interpret also control codes) (default if textmode)

`-nc'
no controls (suppress control codes in printout) (default if
non-textmode)

`-ic'
interpret control codes case-insensitive

`-h'
write header (default if output is stdout)

`-nh'
no header (default if output is a file)

`-skip <n>'
Skip <n> bytes in the beginning of input file. Ignored on P00.

`-text'
Force text mode

`-<version>'
use keywords for <version> instead of the v7.0 ones

`-w<version>'
tokenize using keywords on specified Basic version.

`-k<version>'
list all keywords for the specified Basic version

`-k'
list all Basic versions available.

`-l'
Specify load address for program (in hex, no loading chars!).

`-o <name>'
Specify the output file name

`-f'
Force overwritten the output file. The default depends on the
BASIC version.

BASIC Versions:
`1'
PET Basic V1.0

`2'
Basic v2.0

`superexp'
Basic v2.0 with Super Expander (VIC20)

`turtle'
Basic v2.0 with Turtle Basic by Craig Bruce (VIC20)

`mighty'
Basic v2.0 with Mighty Basic by Craig Bruce (VIC20)

`a'
Basic v2.0 with AtBasic (C64)

`simon'
Basic v2.0 with Simon's Basic extension (C64)

`speech'
Basic v2.0 with Speech Basic v2.7 (C64)

`F'
Basic v2.0 with Final Cartridge III (C64)

`ultra'
Basic v2.0 with Ultrabasic-64 (C64)

`graph'
Basic v2.0 with Graphics basic (C64)

`WSB'
Basic v2.0 with WS basic (C64)

`WSBF'
Basic v2.0 with WS basic final (C64)

`Pegasus'
Basic v2.0 with Pegasus basic 4.0 (C64)

`Xbasic'
Basic v2.0 with Xbasic (C64)

`Drago'
Basic v2.0 with Drago basic 2.2 (C64)

`REU'
Basic v2.0 with REU-basic (C64)

`Lightning'
Basic v2.0 with Basic Lightning (C64)

`magic'
Basic v2.0 with Magic Basic (C64)

`easy'
Basic v2.0 with Easy Basic (VIC20)

`blarg'
Basic v2.0 with Blarg (C64)

`Game'
Basic v2.0 with Game Basic (C64)

`BSX'
Basic v2.0 with Basex (C64)

`superbas'
Basic v2.0 with Super Basic (C64)

`exp20'
Basic 2.0 with Expanded Basic (VIC20)

`exp64'
Basic 2.0 with Expanded Basic (C64)

`sxc'
Basic 2.0 with Super Expander Chip (C64)

`warsaw'
Basic 2.0 with Warsaw Basic (C64)

`4v'
Basic 2.0 with Basic 4.0 extensions (VIC20)

`4 -w4e'
PET Basic v4.0 program (PET/C64)

`5'
Basic 2.0 with Basic 5.0 extensions (VIC20)

`3'
Basic v3.5 program (C16)

`70'
Basic v7.0 program (C128)

`71'
Basic v7.1 program (C128)

`10'
Basic v10.0 program (C64DX)

14.2 petcat examples
====================

`petcat -2 -o outputfile.txt -- inputfile.prg'
Convert inputfile.prg to a text file in outputfile.txt, using
BASIC V2 only

`petcat -wsimon -o outputfile.prg -- inputfile.txt'
Convert inputfile.txt to a PRG file in outputfile.prg, using
Simon's BASIC

15 The emulator file formats
****************************

This chapter gives a technical description of the various files
supported by the emulators.

15.1 The T64 tape image format
==============================

(This section was taken from the C64S distribution.)

The `T64' File Structure was developed by Miha Peternel for use in the
C64S emulator.  It is easy to use and allows future extensions.

15.1.1 T64 File structure
-------------------------

Offset                 Size                   Description
0                      64                     tape record
64                     32*n                   file records for n directory
entries
64+32*n                varies                 binary contents of the files

15.1.2 Tape Record
------------------

Offset                 Size                   Description
0                      32                     DOS tape description + EOF
(for type)
32                     2                      tape version ($0200)
34                     2                      number of directory entries
36                     2                      number of used entries (can
be 0 in my loader)
38                     2                      free
40                     24                     user description as
displayed in tape menu

15.1.3 File record
------------------

Offset                 Size                   Description
0                      1                      entry type (see below)
1                      1                      C64 file type
2                      2                      start address
4                      2                      end address
6                      2                      free
8                      4                      offset of file contents
start within T64 file
12                     4                      free
16                     16                     C64 file name

Valid entry types are:

Code                   Explanation
`0'                    free entry
`1'                    normal tape file
`2'                    tape file with header: header is saved just
before file data
`3'                    memory snapshot v0.9, uncompressed
`4'                    tape block
`5'                    digitized stream
`6' ... `255'          reserved

Notes:

* VICE only supports file type `1'.

* Types `3', `4' and `5' are subject to change (and are rarely
used).

15.2 The G64 GCR-encoded disk image format
==========================================

(This section was contributed by Peter Schepers and slightly edited by
Ettore Perazzoli.)

This format was defined in 1998 as a cooperative effort between several
emulator people, mainly Per Håkan Sundell, author of the CCS64 C64
emulator, Andreas Boose of the VICE CBM emulator team and Joe
Forster/STA, the author of Star Commander.  It was the first real public
attempt to create a format for the emulator community which removed
almost all of the drawbacks of the other existing image formats, namely
`D64'.

The intention behind `G64' is not to replace the widely used `D64'
format, as `D64' works fine with the vast majority of disks in
existence.  It is intended for those small percentage of programs which
demand to work with the 1541 drive in a non-standard way, such as
reading or writing data in a custom format.  The best example is with
speeder software such as Action Cartridge in Warp Save mode or Vorpal
which write track/sector data in another format other than standard
GCR.  The other obvious example is copy-protected software which looks
for some specific data on a track, like the disk ID, which is not
stored in a standard `D64' image.

`G64' has a deceptively simply layout for what it is capable of doing.
We have a signature, version byte, some predefined size values, and a
series of offsets to the track data and speed zones.  It is what's
contained in the track data areas and speed zones which is really at the
heart of this format.

Each track entry in simply the raw stream of GCR data, just what a read
head would see when a diskette is rotating past it.  How the data gets
interpreted is up to the program trying to access the disk.  Because the
data is stored in such a low-level manner, just about anything can be
done.  Most of the time I would suspect the data in the track would be
standard sectors, with SYNC, GAP, header, data and checksums.  The
arrangement of the data when it is in a standard GCR sector layout is
beyond the scope of this document.

Since it is a flexible format in both track count and track byte size,
there is no "standard" file size.  However, given a few constants like
42 tracks and halftracks, a track size of 7928 bytes and no speed offset
entries, the typical file size will a minimum of 333744 bytes.

Below is a dump of the header, broken down into its various parts.
After that will be an explanation of the track offset and speed zone
offset areas, as they demand much more explanation.

Addr  00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
----  -----------------------------------------------
0000: 47 43 52 2D 31 35 34 31 00 54 F8 1E .. .. .. ..

Offset         Description
$0000-0007     File signature (`GCR-1541')
$0008          `G64' version (presently only $00 defined)
$0009          Number of tracks in image (usually $54, decimal 84)
$000A-000B     Size of each stored track in bytes (usually 7928, or
$1EF8) in LO/HI format.

An obvious question here is "why are there 84 tracks defined when a
normal `D64' disk only has 35 tracks?"  Well, by definition, this image
includes all half-tracks, so there are actually 42 tracks and 42 half
tracks.  The 1541 stepper motor can access up to 42 tracks and the
in-between half-tracks.  Even though using more than 35 tracks is not
typical, it was important to define this format from the start with what
the 1541 is capable of doing, and not just what it typically does.

At first, the defined track size value of 7928 bytes may seem to be
arbitrary, but it is not.  It is determined by the fastest write speed
possible (speed zone 0), coupled with the average rotation speed of the
disk (300 rpm).  After some math, the answer that actually comes up is
7692 bytes.  Why the discrepency between the actual size of 7692 and the
defined size of 7928? Simply put, not all drives rotate at 300 rpm.
Some can be faster or slower, so a upper safety margin of +3% was built
added, in case some disks rotate slower and can write more data.  After
applying this safety factor, and some rounding-up, 7928 bytes per track
was arrived at.

Also note that this upper limit of 7928 bytes per track really only
applies to 1541 and compatible disks.  If this format were applied to
another disk type like the SFD1001, this value would be higher.

Below is a dump of the first section of a `G64' file, showing the
offsets to the data portion for each track and half-track entry.
Following that is a dump of the speed zone offsets.

Addr  00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
----  -----------------------------------------------
0000: .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. AC 02 00 00
0010: 00 00 00 00 A6 21 00 00 00 00 00 00 A0 40 00 00
0020: 00 00 00 00 9A 5F 00 00 00 00 00 00 94 7E 00 00
0030: 00 00 00 00 8E 9D 00 00 00 00 00 00 88 BC 00 00
0040: 00 00 00 00 82 DB 00 00 00 00 00 00 7C FA 00 00
0050: 00 00 00 00 76 19 01 00 00 00 00 00 70 38 01 00
0060: 00 00 00 00 6A 57 01 00 00 00 00 00 64 76 01 00
0070: 00 00 00 00 5E 95 01 00 00 00 00 00 58 B4 01 00
0080: 00 00 00 00 52 D3 01 00 00 00 00 00 4C F2 01 00
0090: 00 00 00 00 46 11 02 00 00 00 00 00 40 30 02 00
00A0: 00 00 00 00 3A 4F 02 00 00 00 00 00 34 6E 02 00
00B0: 00 00 00 00 2E 8D 02 00 00 00 00 00 28 AC 02 00
00C0: 00 00 00 00 22 CB 02 00 00 00 00 00 1C EA 02 00
00D0: 00 00 00 00 16 09 03 00 00 00 00 00 10 28 03 00
00E0: 00 00 00 00 0A 47 03 00 00 00 00 00 04 66 03 00
00F0: 00 00 00 00 FE 84 03 00 00 00 00 00 F8 A3 03 00
0100: 00 00 00 00 F2 C2 03 00 00 00 00 00 EC E1 03 00
0110: 00 00 00 00 E6 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 E0 1F 04 00
0120: 00 00 00 00 DA 3E 04 00 00 00 00 00 D4 5D 04 00
0130: 00 00 00 00 CE 7C 04 00 00 00 00 00 C8 9B 04 00
0140: 00 00 00 00 C2 BA 04 00 00 00 00 00 BC D9 04 00
0150: 00 00 00 00 B6 F8 04 00 00 00 00 00 .. .. .. ..

Offset         Description
$000C-000F     Offset to stored track 1.0 ($000002AC, in LO/HI format,
see below for more)
$0010-0013     Offset to stored track 1.5 ($00000000)
$0014-0017     Offset to stored track 2.0 ($000021A6)
...
$0154-0157     Offset to stored track 42.0 ($0004F8B6)
$0158-015B     Offset to stored track 42.5 ($00000000)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
0150: .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 03 00 00 00
0160: 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00
0170: 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00
0180: 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00
0190: 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00
01A0: 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00
01B0: 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00
01C0: 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00
01D0: 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00
01E0: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00
01F0: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00
0200: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00
0210: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00
0220: 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00
0230: 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00
0240: 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0250: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0260: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0270: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0280: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0290: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
02A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .. .. .. ..

Offset         Description
$015C-015F     Speed zone entry for track 1 ($03, in LO/HI  format, see
below for more)
$0160-0163     Speed zone entry for track 1.5 ($03)
...
$02A4-02A7     Speed zone entry for track 42 ($00)
$02A8-02AB     Speed zone entry for track 42.5 ($00)

Starting here at $02AC is the first track entry (from above, it is the
first entry for track 1.0)

The track offsets (from above) require some explanation.  When one is
set to all 0's, no track data exists for this entry.  If there is a
value, it is an absolute reference into the file (starting from the
beginning of the file).  From the track 1.0 entry we see it is set for
$000002AC.  Going to that file offset, here is what we see...

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
02A0: .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0C 1E FF FF
02B0: FF FF FF 52 54 B5 29 4B 7A 5E 95 55 55 55 55 55
02C0: 55 55 55 55 55 55 FF FF FF FF FF 55 D4 A5 29 4A
02D0: 52 94 A5 29 4A 52 94 A5 29 4A 52 94 A5 29 4A 52

Offset         Description
$02AC-02AD     Actual size of stored track (7692 or $1E0C, in LO/HI
format)
$02AE-02AE+$1E0CTrack data

Following the track data is filler bytes.  In this case, there are 368
bytes of unused space.  This space can contain anything, but for the
sake of those wishing to compress these images for storage, they should
all be set to the same value.  In the sample I used, these are all set
to $FF.

Below is a dump of the end of the track 1.0 data area.  Note the actual
track data ends at address $20B9, with the rest of the block being
unused, and set to $FF.

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
1FE0: 52 94 A5 29 4A 52 94 A5 29 4A 52 94 A5 29 4A 52
1FF0: 94 A5 29 4A 52 94 A5 29 4A 52 94 A5 29 4A 52 94
2000: A5 29 4A 52 94 A5 29 4A 52 94 A5 29 4A 52 94 A5
2010: 29 4A 52 94 A5 29 4A 52 94 A5 29 4A 52 94 A5 29
2020: 4A 52 94 A5 29 4A 52 94 A5 29 4A 52 94 A5 29 4A
2030: 55 55 55 55 55 55 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2040: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2050: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2060: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2070: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2080: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2090: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
20A0: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
20B0: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
20C0: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
20D0: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
20E0: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
20F0: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2100: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2110: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2120: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2130: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2140: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2150: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2160: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2170: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2180: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
2190: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
21A0: FF FF FF FF FF FF .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

The speed offset entries can be a little more complex. The 1541 has four
speed zones defined, which means the drive can write data at four
distinct speeds.  On a normal 1541 disk, these zones are as follows:

Track Range                          Speed Zone
1-17                                 3  (highest writing speed)
18-24                                2
25-30                                1
31 and up                            0 (lowest writing speed)

Note that you can, through custom programming of the 1541, change the
speed zone of any track to something different (change the 3 to a 0) and
write data differently.  From the dump of the speed offset entries
above, we see that all the entries are in the range of 0-3. If any entry
is less than 4, this is not considered a speed offset but defines the
whole track to be recorded at that one speed.

In the example I had, there were no offsets defined, so no speed zone
dump can be shown.  However, I can define what should be there.  You
will have a block of data, 1982 bytes long.  Each byte is encoded to
represent the speed of 4 bytes in the track offset area, and is broken
down as follows:

Speed entry $FF:  in binary %11111111
|'|'|'|'
| | | |
| | | +- 4'th byte speed (binary 11, 3 dec)
| | +--- 3'rd byte speed (binary 11, 3 dec)
| +----- 2'nd byte speed (binary 11, 3 dec)
+------- 1'st byte speed (binary 11, 3 dec)

It was very smart thinking to allow for two speed zone settings, one in
the offset block and another defining the speed on a per-byte basis.  If
you are working with a normal disk, where each track is one constant
speed, then you don't need the extra blocks of information hanging
around the image, wasting space.

What may not be obvious is the flexibility of this format to add tracks
and speed offset zones at will.  If a program decides to write a track
out with varying speeds, and no speed offset exist, a new block will be
created by appending it to the end of the image, and the offset pointer
for that track set to point to the new block.  If a track has no offset
yet, meaning it doesn't exist (like a half-track), and one needs to be
added, the same procedure applies.  The location of the actual track or
speed zone data is not important, meaning they do not have to be in any
particular order since they are all referenced by the offsets at the
beginning of the image.

15.3 The P64 NRZI flux pulse disk image format
==============================================

This section is taken from "P64 file format specification" by Benjamin
'BeRo' Rosseaux.

All values are in little endian order !

15.3.1 P64 Header Layout
------------------------

0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   A   B   C   D   E   F
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
0000: |'P'|'6'|'4'|'-'|'1'|'5'|'4'|'1'|    Version    |     Flags     |
+---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
0010: |     Size      | CRC32Checksum |
+-------------------------------+

Version:  File format version, current is 0x00000000

Size   Size of the following whole chunk content stream

Flags:  Bit    0 = Write protect                    Bit 1-31 =
Reserved, all set to 0 when creating a file,
preserve existing value when updating

CRC32CheckSum:  CRC32 checksum of the following whole chunk content
stream

15.3.2 P64 Chunk Header Layout
------------------------------

0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   A   B   C   D   E   F
+-----------------------------------------------+
0000: |Chunk Signature|      Size     | CRC32Checksum |
+-----------------------------------------------+

Chunk signature:  Signature of chunk

Size:  Size of the chunk data

CRC32CheckSum:  CRC32 checksum of the chunk data

15.3.3 P64 Chunk 'HTPx' Layout
------------------------------

| x = half track index byte |
+--------------------------+

Track 18 = Half track 36 = Half track index byte decimal value 36

Half track NRZI transition flux pulse data chunk block

0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   A   B   C   D   E   F
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
0000: |  Count pulses |     Size      | ..... Range-encoded data .... |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+

Count pulses:  Count of the NRZI transition flux pulses in half track

Size:  Size of the range-encoded data

15.3.4 'HTPx' Range encoded data format
---------------------------------------

Hint: For a working C implememtation see p64.c and p64.h

The range coder is a FPAQ0-style range coder combined with 12-bit
0-order models, one model per byte with one bit per byte processing.

+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|   Sub stream     | Count of models |  Size per model  | Total value bits |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
|     Position     |        4        |      65536       |        32        |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
|     Strength     |        4        |      65536       |        32        |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
|   Position flag  |        1        |        2         |        1         |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
|   Strenth flag   |        1        |        2         |        1         |
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
+===Total models===|        10       |==================|==================|
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+

All initial model state values are initialized with zero.

All initial model probability values are initialized with 2048.

These model probability values will be updating in a adaptive way on the
fly and not precalculated before the encoding and even not loaded before
the decoding, see pseudo code below.

16000000 Hz / 5 rotations per second at 300 RPM = maximal 3200000 flux
pulses

So NRZI transition flux pulse positions are in the 0 .. 3199999 value
range, which is also a exact single rotation, where each time unit is a
cycle at 16 MHz with 300 RPM as a mapping for the ideal case.

The NRZI transition flux pulse stength are in the 0x00000000 ..
0xffffffff value range, where 0xffffffff indices a strong flux pulse,
that always triggers, and 0x00000001 indices a weak flux pulse, that
almost never triggers, and 0x00000000 indices a flux pulse, that
absolutly never triggers.

For 32-bit values, the model sub streams are subdivided byte wide in a
little-endian manner, and each byte is processed bitwise with model
probability shifting of 4 bits, just as:

Pascal-Style pseudo code:
procedure WriteDWord(Model, Value : longword);
var ByteValue, ByteIndex, Context, Bit : longword;
begin
for ByteIndex := 0 to 3 do begin
ByteValue := (Value shr (ByteIndex shl 3)) and $ff;
Context := 1;
for Bit := 7 downto 0 do begin
Context := (Context shl 1) or RangeCoderEncodeBit(
RangeCoderProbabilities[
RangeCoderProbabilityOffsets[Model + ByteIndex] +
(((RangeCoderProbabilityStates[Model + ByteIndex]
shl 8) or Context) and $ffff)], 4, (ByteValue shr
Bit) and 1);
end;
RangeCoderProbabilityStates[Model+ByteIndex] := ByteValue;
end;
end;

And for 1-bit flag values it is much simpler, but also with model
probability shifting of 4 bits, just as:

Pascal-Style pseudo code:
procedure WriteBit(Model, Value : longword);
begin
RangeCoderProbabilityStates[Model] :=
RangeCoderEncodeBit(RangeCoderProbabilities[
RangeCoderProbabilityOffsets[Model] +
RangeCoderProbabilityStates[Model]], 4, Value and 1);
end;

The position and strength values are delta-encoded. If a value is equal
to the last previous value, then the value will not encoded, instead, a
flag for this will encoded. First the position value will encoded, then
the stength value. If the last position delta is 0, then it is a track
stream end marker.

Pascal-Style pseudo code:
LastPosition := 0;
PreviousDeltaPosition := 0

LastStrength := 0;

for PulseIndex := 0 to PulseCount - 1 do begin

DeltaPosition := Pulses[PulseIndex].Position - LastPosition;
if PreviousDeltaPosition <> DeltaPosition then begin
PreviousDeltaPosition := DeltaPosition;
WriteBit(ModelPositionFlag, 1)
WriteDWord(ModelPosition, DeltaPosition);
end else begin
WriteBit(ModelPositionFlag, 0);
end;
LastPosition := Pulses[PulseIndex].Position;

if LastStrength <> Pulses[PulseIndex].Strength then begin
WriteBit(ModelStrengthFlag, 1)
WriteDWord(ModelStrength, Pulses[PulseIndex].Strength - LastStrength);
end else begin
WriteBit(ModelStrengthFlag, 0);
end;
LastStrength := Pulses^[PulseIndex].Strength;

end;

// End code
WriteBit(ModelPositionFlag, 1);
WriteDWord(ModelPosition, 0);

The decoding is simply just in the another direction way.

Pseudo code for a FPAQ0-style carryless range coder:

Pascal-Style pseudo code:
procedure RangeCoderInit; // At encoding and decoding start
begin
RangeCode := 0;
RangeLow := 0;
RangeHigh := $ffffffff;
end;

procedure RangeCoderStart; // At decoding start
var Counter : longword;
begin
for Counter := 1 to 4 do begin
RangeCode := (RangeCode shl 8) or ReadByteFromInput;
end;
end;

procedure RangeCoderFlush; // At encoding end
var Counter : longword;
begin
for Counter := 1 to 4 do begin
WriteByteToOutput(RangeHigh shr 24);
RangeHigh := RangeHigh shl 8;
end;
end;

procedure RangeCoderEncodeNormalize;
begin
while ((RangeLow xor RangeHigh) and $ff000000) = 0 do begin
WriteByteToOutput(RangeHigh shr 24);
RangeLow := RangeLow shl 8;
RangeHigh := (RangeHigh shl 8) or $ff;
end;
end;

function RangeCoderEncodeBit(var Probability : longword; Shift,
BitValue : longword) : longword;
begin
RangeMiddle := RangeLow + (((RangeHigh - RangeLow) shr 12) *
Probability);
if BitValue <> 0 then begin
inc(Probability, ($fff - Probability) shr Shift);
RangeHigh := RangeMiddle;
end else begin
dec(Probability, Probability shr Shift);
RangeLow := RangeMiddle + 1;
end;
RangeCoderEncodeNormalize;
result := BitValue;
end;

procedure RangeCoderDecodeNormalize;
begin
while ((RangeLow xor RangeHigh) and $ff000000) = 0 do begin
RangeLow := RangeLow shl 8;
RangeHigh := (RangeHigh shl 8) or $ff;
RangeCode := (RangeCode shl 8) or ReadByteFromInput;
end;
end;

function RangeCoderDecodeBit(var Probability : longword;
Shift : longword) : longword;
begin
RangeMiddle := RangeLow + (((RangeHigh - RangeLow) shr 12) *
Probability);
if RangeCode <= RangeMiddle then begin
inc(Probability, ($fff - Probability) shr Shift);
RangeHigh := RangeMiddle;
result := 1;
end else begin
dec(Probability, Probability shr Shift);
RangeLow := RangeMiddle + 1;
result := 0;
end;
RangeCoderDecodeNormalize;
end;

The probability may be never zero! But that can't happen here with this
adaptive model in this P64 file format, since the adaptive model uses a
shift factor of 4 bits and initial probabilities value of 2048, so the
probability has a value range from 15 up to 4080 here. If you do want
to use the above range coder routines for other stuff with other
probability models, then you must to ensure that the probability output
value is never zero, for example with  "probability |= (probability <
1); " in C.

15.3.5 P64 Chunk 'DONE' Layout
------------------------------

This is the last empty chunk for to signalize that the correct file end
is reached.

15.4 The D64 disk image format
==============================

(This section was contributed by Peter Schepers and slightly edited by
Marco van den Heuvel.)

First and foremost we have D64, which is basically a sector-for-sector
copy of a 1540/1541 disk. There are several versions of these which I
will cover shortly. The standard D64 is a 174848 byte file comprised of
256 byte sectors arranged in 35 tracks with a varying number of sectors
per track for a total of 683 sectors. Track counting starts at 1, not
0, and goes up to 35. Sector counting starts at 0, not 1, for the first
sector, therefore a track with 21 sectors will go from 0 to 20.

The original media (a 5.25" disk) has the tracks laid out in circles,
with track 1 on the very outside of the disk (closest to the sides) to
track 35 being on the inside of the disk (closest to the inner hub
ring).  Commodore, in their infinite wisdom, varied the number of
sectors per track and data densities across the disk to optimize
available storage, resulting in the chart below. It shows the
sectors/track for a standard D64. Since the outside diameter of a
circle is the largest (versus closer to the center), the outside tracks
have the largest amount of storage.

Track                    Sectors/track            # Sectors
1-17                     21                       357
18-24                    19                       133
25-30                    18                       108
31-35                    17                       85
36-40(*)                 17                       85

Track              #Sect              #SectorsIn         D64 Offset
1                  21                 0                  $00000
2                  21                 21                 $01500
3                  21                 42                 $02A00
4                  21                 63                 $03F00
5                  21                 84                 $05400
6                  21                 105                $06900
7                  21                 126                $07E00
8                  21                 147                $09300
9                  21                 168                $0A800
10                 21                 189                $0BD00
11                 21                 210                $0D200
12                 21                 231                $0E700
13                 21                 252                $0FC00
14                 21                 273                $11100
15                 21                 294                $12600
16                 21                 315                $13B00
17                 21                 336                $15000
18                 19                 357                $16500
19                 19                 376                $17800
20                 19                 395                $18B00
21                 19                 414                $19E00
22                 19                 433                $1B100
23                 19                 452                $1C400
24                 19                 471                $1D700
25                 18                 490                $1EA00
26                 18                 508                $1FC00
27                 18                 526                $20E00
28                 18                 544                $22000
29                 18                 562                $23200
30                 18                 580                $24400
31                 17                 598                $25600
32                 17                 615                $26700
33                 17                 632                $27800
34                 17                 649                $28900
35                 17                 666                $29A00
36(*)              17                 683                $2AB00
37(*)              17                 700                $2BC00
38(*)              17                 717                $2CD00
39(*)              17                 734                $2DE00
40(*)              17                 751                $2EF00

(*) Tracks 36-40 apply to 40-track images only.

The directory track should be contained totally on track 18. Sectors
1-18 contain the entries and sector 0 contains the BAM (Block
Availability Map) and disk name/ID. Since the directory is only 18
sectors large (19 less one for the BAM), and each sector can contain
only 8 entries (32 bytes per entry), the maximum number of directory
entries is 18 * 8 = 144. The first directory sector is always 18/1,
even though the t/s pointer at 18/0 (first two bytes) might point
somewhere else. It then follows the same chain structure as a normal
file, using a sector interleave of 3. This makes the chain links go
18/1, 18/4, 18/7 etc.

Note that you can extend the directory off of track 18, but only when
reading the disk or image. Attempting to write to a directory sector
not on track 18 will cause directory corruption. Each directory sector
has the following layout (18/1 partial dump):

00: 12 04 81 11 00 4E 41 4D 45 53 20 26 20 50 4F 53 <- notice the T/S link
10: 49 54 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 15 00 <- to 18/4 ($12/$04)
20: 00 00 84 11 02 41 44 44 49 54 49 4F 4E 41 4C 20 <- and how its not here
30: 49 4E 46 4F A0 11 0C FE 00 00 00 00 00 00 61 01 <- ($00/$00)

The first two bytes of the sector ($12/$04) indicate the location of
the next track/sector of the directory (18/4). If the track is set to
$00, then it is the last sector of the directory. It is possible,
however unlikely, that the directory may *not* be competely on track 18
(some disks do exist like this). Just follow the chain anyhow.

When the directory is done, the track value will be $00. The sector
link should contain a value of $FF, meaning the whole sector is
allocated, but the actual value doesn't matter. The drive will return
all the available entries anyways.

This is a breakdown of a standard directory sector:

Bytes          Description
$00-$1F        First directory entry
$20-$3F        Second dir entry
$40-$5F        Third dir entry
$60-$7F        Fourth dir entry
$80-$9F        Fifth dir entry
$A0-$BF        Sixth dir entry
$C0-$DF        Seventh dir entry
$E0-$FF        Eighth dir entry

This is a breakdown of a standard directory entry:

Bytes          Description
$00-$01        Track/Sector location of next directory sector ($00 $00
if not the first entry in the sector)
$02            File type
$03-$04        Track/sector location of first sector of file
$05-$14        16 character filename (in PETASCII, padded with $A0)
$15-$16        Track/Sector location of first side-sector block (REL
file only)
$17            REL file record length (REL file only, max. value 254)
$18-$1D        Unused (except with GEOS disks)
$1E-$1F        File size in sectors, low/high byte order ($1E+$1F*256).
The approx. filesize in bytes is <= #sectors * 254

The file type field is used as follows:

Bits           Description
0-3            The actual file type
4              Unused
5              Used only during SAVE-@ replacement
6              Locked flag (Set produces ">" locked files)
7              Closed flag (Not set produces "*", or "splat" files)

The actual file type can be one of the following:

Binary         Decimal        File type
0000           0              DEL
0001           1              SEQ
0010           2              PRG
0011           3              USR
0100           4              REL

Values 5-15 are illegal, but if used will produce very strange results.
The 1541 is inconsistent in how it treats these bits.  Some routines
use all 4 bits, others ignore bit 3, resulting in values from 0-7.

Files, on a standard 1541, are stored using an interleave of 10.
Assuming a starting track/sector of 17/0, the chain would run 17/0,
17/10, 17/20, 17/8, 17/18, etc.

15.4.1 Non-Standard & Long Directories
--------------------------------------

Most Commdore floppy disk drives use a single dedicated directory track
where all filenames are stored. This limits the number of files stored
on a disk based on the number of sectors on the directory track. There
are some disk images that contain more files than would normally be
allowed. This requires extending the directory off the default
directory track by changing the last directory sector pointer to a new
track, allocating the new sectors in the BAM, and manually placing (or
moving existing) file entries there. The directory of an extended disk
can be read and the files that reside there can be loaded without
problems on a real drive. However, this is still a very dangerous
practice as writing to the extended portion of the directory will cause
directory corruption in the non-extended part. Many of the floppy
drives core ROM routines ignore the track value that the directory is
on and assume the default directory track for operations.

To explain: assume that the directory has been extended from track 18
to track 19/6 and that the directory is full except for a few slots on
19/6. When saving a new file, the drive DOS will find an empty file
slot at 19/6 offset $40 and correctly write the filename and a few
other things into this slot. When the file is done being saved the
final file information will be written to 18/6 offset $40 instead of
19/6 causing some directory corruption to the entry at 18/6. Also, the
BAM entries for the sectors occupied by the new file will not be saved
and the new file will be left as a SPLAT (*) file.

Attempts to validate the disk will result in those files residing off
the directory track to not be allocated in the BAM, and could also send
the drive into an endless loop. The default directory track is assumed
for all sector reads when validating so if the directory goes to 19/6,
then the validate code will read 18/6 instead. If 18/6 is part of the
normal directory chain then the validate routine will loop endlessly.

15.4.2 BAM layout
-----------------

The layout of the BAM area (sector 18/0) is a bit more complicated...

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 12 01 41 00 12 FF F9 17 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F
10: 15 FF FF 1F 12 FF F9 17 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
20: 00 00 00 00 0E FF 74 03 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F
30: 0E 3F FC 11 07 E1 80 01 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F
40: 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F 0D C0 FF 07 13 FF FF 07
50: 13 FF FF 07 11 FF CF 07 13 FF FF 07 12 7F FF 07
60: 13 FF FF 07 0A 75 55 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
70: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 08 00 00 03 02 48 00
80: 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01
90: 53 48 41 52 45 57 41 52 45 20 31 20 20 A0 A0 A0
A0: A0 A0 56 54 A0 32 41 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00
B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Bytes          Description
$00-$01        Track/Sector location of the first directory sector
(should be set to 18/1 but it doesn't matter, and don't
trust what is there, always go to 18/1 for first
directory entry)
$02            Disk DOS version type (see note below) $41 ("A")
$03            Unused
$04-$8F        BAM entries for each track, in groups of four bytes per
track, starting on track 1 (see below for more details)
$90-$9F        Disk Name (padded with $A0)
$A0-$A1        Filled with $A0
$A2-$A3        Disk ID
$A4            Usually $A0
$A5-$A6        DOS type, usually "2A"
$A7-$AA        Filled with $A0
$AB            Unused ($00)
$AC-$BF        For DOLPHIN DOS track 36-40 BAM entries, otherwise unused
($00)
$C0-$D3        For SPEED DOS track 36-40 BAM entries, otherwise unused
($00)
$D4-$FF
Unused ($00)

Note: The BAM entries for SPEED, DOLPHIN and ProLogic DOS use the same
layout as standard BAM entries. One of the interesting things from the
BAM sector is the byte at offset $02, the DOS version byte. If it is
set to anything other than $41 or $00, then we have what is called
"soft write protection". Any attempt to write to the disk will return
the "DOS Version" error code 73 ,"CBM DOS V 2.6 1541". The 1541 is
simply telling you that it thinks the disk format version is incorrect.
This message will normally come up when you first turn on the 1541 and
read the error channel. If you write a $00 or a $41 into 1541 memory
location $00FF (for device 0), then you can circumvent this type of
write-protection, and change the DOS version back to what it should be.

The BAM entries require a bit (no pun intended) more of a breakdown.
Take the first entry at bytes $04-$07 ($12 $FF $F9 $17).  The first
byte ($12) is the number of free sectors on that track.  Since we are
looking at the track 1 entry, this means it has 18 (decimal) free
sectors. The next three bytes represent the bitmap of which sectors are
used/free. Since it is 3 bytes (8 bits/byte) we have 24 bits of
storage. Remember that at most, each track only has 21 sectors, so
there are a few unused bits.

Bytes          Data                          Description
$04-$07        $12 $FF $F9 $17               Track 1 BAM
$08-$0B        $15 $FF $FF $FF               Track 2 BAM
$0C-$0F        $15 $FF $FF $1F               Track 3 BAM
...            ...                           ...
$8C-$8F        $11 $FF $FF $01               Track 35 BAM

These entries must be viewed in binary to make any sense. We will use
the first entry (track 1) at bytes 04-07:

FF=11111111, F9=11111001, 17=00010111

In order to make any sense from the binary notation, flip the bits
around.

111111 11112222
01234567 89012345 67890123
--------------------------
11111111 10011111 11101000
^                     ^
sector 0           sector 20

Since we are on the first track, we have 21 sectors, and only use up to
the bit 20 position. If a bit is on (1), the sector is free. Therefore,
track 1 has sectors 9, 10 and 19 used, all the rest are free. Any
leftover bits that refer to sectors that don't exist, like bits 21-23
in the above example, are set to allocated.

Each filetype has its own unique properties, but most follow one simple
structure. The first file sector is pointed to by the directory and
follows a t/s chain, until the track value reaches $00. When this
happens, the value in the sector link location indicates how much of
the sector is used. For example, the following chain indicates a file 6
sectors long, and ends when we encounter the $00/$34 chain. At this
point the last sector occupies from bytes $02-$34.

1            2            3            4            5            6
---          ---          ---          ---          ---          ---
17/0         17/10        17/20        17/1         17/11        0/52
(11/00)      (11/0A)      (11/14)      (11/01)      (11/0B)      (0/34)

15.4.3 Variations on the D64 layout
-----------------------------------

These are some variations of the D64 layout:

1. Standard 35 track layout but with 683 error bytes added on to the
end of the file. Each byte of the error info corresponds to a single
sector stored in the D64, indicating if the sector on the original disk
contained an error. The first byte is for track 1/0, and the last byte
is for track 35/16.

2. A 40 track layout, following the same layout as a 35 track disk, but
with 5 extra tracks. These contain 17 sectors each, like tracks 31-35.
Some of the PC utilities do allow you to create and work with these
files. This can also have error bytes attached like variant #1.

3. The Commodore 128 allowed for "auto-boot" disks. With this, t/s 1/0
holds a specific byte sequence which the computer recognizes as boot
code.

Below is a small chart detailing the standard file sizes of D64 images,
35 or 40 tracks, with or without error bytes.

Disk type                            Size
35 track, no errors                  174848
35 track, 683 error bytes            175531
40 track, no errors                  196608
40 track, 768 error bytes            197376

The following table (provided by Wolfgang Moser) outlines the
differences between the standard 1541 DOS and the various "speeder"
DOS's that exist. The 'header 7/8' category is the 'fill bytes' as the
end of the sector header of a real 1541 disk.

Disk format                          tracks  header  Dos     Diskdos vs.
7/8     type    type
Original CBM DOS v2.6                35      $0f $0f "2A"    $41/'A'
*SpeedDOS+                           40      $0f $0f "2A"    $41/'A'
Professional DOS Initial             35      $0f $0f "2A"    $41/'A'
Professional DOS Version 1/Prototype 40      $0f $0f "2A"    $41/'A'
ProfDOS Release                      40      $0f $0f "4A"    $41/'A'
Dolphin-DOS 2.0/3.0                  35      $0f $0f "2A"    $41/'A'
Dolphin-DOS 2.0/3.0                  40      $0d $0f "2A"    $41/'A'
PrologicDOS 1541                     35      $0f $0f "2A"    $41/'A'
PrologicDOS 1541                     40      $0f $0f "2P"    $50/'P'
ProSpeed 1571 2.0                    35      $0f $0f "2A"    $41/'A'
ProSpeed 1571 2.0                    40      $0f $0f "2P"    $50/'P'

*Note: There are also clones of SpeedDOS that exist, such as RoloDOS
and DigiDOS. Both are just a change of the DOS startup string.

The location of the extra BAM information in sector 18/0, for 40 track
images, will be different depending on what standard the disks have
been formatted with. SPEED DOS stores them from $C0 to $D3, DOLPHIN DOS
stores them from $AC to $BF and PrologicDOS stored them right after the
existing BAM entries from $90-A3. PrologicDOS also moves the disk label
and ID forward from the standard location of $90 to $A4. 64COPY and
Star Commander let you select from several different types of extended
disk formats you want to create/work with.

All three of the speeder DOS's mentioned above don't alter the standard
sector interleave of 10 for files and 3 for directories. The reason is
that they use a memory cache installed in the drive which reads the
entire track in one pass. This alleviates the need for custom
interleave values.  They do seem to alter the algorithm that finds the
next available free sector so that the interleave value can deviate
from 10 under certain circumstances, but I don't know why they would
bother.

Below is a HEX dump of a Speed DOS BAM sector. Note the location of the
extra BAM info from $C0-D3.

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
0070: 12 FF FF 03 12 FF FF 03 12 FF FF 03 11 FF FF 01
0080: 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01
0090: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
00A0: A0 A0 30 30 A0 32 41 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00
00B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00C0: 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01
00D0: 11 FF FF 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Below is a HEX dump of a Dolphin DOS BAM sector. Note the location of
the extra BAM info from $AC-BF.

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
0070: 12 FF FF 03 12 FF FF 03 12 FF FF 03 11 FF FF 01
0080: 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01
0090: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
00A0: A0 A0 30 30 A0 32 41 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 11 FF FF 01
00B0: 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01
00C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Below is a HEX dump of a PrologicDOS BAM sector. Note that the disk
name and ID are now located at $A4 instead of starting at $90.

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
0070: 12 FF FF 03 12 FF FF 03 12 FF FF 03 11 FF FF 01
0080: 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01
0090: 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01
00A0: 11 FF FF 01 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
00B0: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 30 30 A0 32 50 A0 A0 A0 A0 00
00C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

15.4.4 Error codes
------------------

Here is the meaning of the error bytes added onto the end of any
extended D64. The CODE is the same as that generated by the 1541 drive
controller... it reports these numbers, not the error code we usually
see when an error occurs.

Some of what comes below is taken from Immers/Neufeld book "Inside
Commodore DOS". Note the descriptions are not completely accurate as to
what the drive DOS is actually doing to seek/read/decode/write sectors,
but serve as simple examples only. The "type" field is where the error
usually occurs, whether it's searching for any SYNC mark, any header
ID, any valid header, or reading a sector.

These first errors are "seek" errors, where the disk controller is
simply reading headers and looking at descriptor bytes, checksums,
format ID's and reporting what errors it sees. These errors do *not*
necessarily apply to the exact sector being looked for. This fact makes
duplication of these errors very unreliable.

Code    : $03 Error   : 21 Type    : Seek Message : No SYNC sequence
found.

Each sector data block and header block are preceeded by SYNC marks. If
*no* sync sequence is found within 20 milliseconds (only ~1/10 of a
disk rotation!) then this error is generated. This error used to mean
the entire track is bad, but it does not have to be the case. Only a
small area of the track needs to be without a SYNC mark and this error
will be generated.

Converting this error to a D64 is very problematic because it depends
on where the physical head is on the disk when a read attempt is made.
If it is on valid header/sectors then it won't occur. If it happens over
an area without SYNC marks, it will happen.

Code    : $02 Error   : 20 Type    : Seek Message : Header descriptor
byte not found (HEX $08, GCR $52)

Each sector is preceeded by an 8-byte GCR header block, which starts
with the value $52 (GCR). If this value is not found after 90 attempts,
this error is generated.

Basically, what a track has is SYNC marks, and possibly valid data
blocks, but no valid header descriptors.

Code    : $09 Error   : 27 Type    : Seek Message : Checksum error in
header block

The header block contains a checksum value, calculated by XOR'ing the
TRACK, SECTOR, ID1 and ID2 values. If this checksum is wrong, this
error is generated.

Code    : $0B Error   : 29 Type    : Seek Message : Disk sector ID
mismatch

The ID's from the header block of the currently read sector are
compared against the ones from the low-level header of 18/0. If there
is a mismatch, this error is generated.

Code    : $02 Error   : 20 Type    : Seek Message : Header block not
found

This error can be reported again when searching for the correct header
block. An image of the header is built and searched for, but not found
after 90 read attempts. Note the difference from the first occurance.
The first one only searches for a valid ID, not the whole header.

Note that error 20 occurs twice during this phase. The first time is
when a header ID is being searched for, the second is when the proper
header pattern for the sector being searched for is not found.

From this point on, all the errors apply to the specific sector you are
looking for. If a read passed all the previous checks, then we are at
the sector being searched for.

Note that the entire sector is read before these errors are detected.
Therefore the data, checksum and off bytes are available.

Code    : $04 Error   : 22 Type    : Read Message : Data descriptor
byte not found (HEX $07, GCR $55)

Each sector data block is preceeded by the value $07, the "data block"
descriptor. If this value is not there, this error is generated. Each
encoded sector has actually 260 bytes. First is the descriptor byte,
then follows the 256 bytes of data, a checksum, and two "off" bytes.

Code    : $05 Error   : 23 Type    : Read Message : Checksum error in
data block

The checksum of the data read of the disk is calculated, and compared
against the one stored at the end of the sector. If there's a
discrepancy, this error is generated.

Code    : $0F Error   : 74 Type    : Read Message : Drive Not Ready (no
disk in drive or no device 1)

These errors only apply when writing to a disk. I don't see the
usefulness of having these as they cannot be present when only
*reading* a disk.

Code    : $06 Error   : 24 Type    : Write Message : Write verify (on
format)

Code    : $07 Error   : 25 Type    : Write Message : Write verify error

Once the GCR-encoded sector is written out, the drive waits for the
sector to come around again and verifies the whole 325-byte GCR block.
Any errors encountered will generate this error.

Code    : $08 Error   : 26 Type    : Write Message : Write protect on

Self explanatory. Remove the write-protect tab, and try again.

Code    : $0A Error   : 28 Type    : Write Message : Write error

In actual fact, this error never occurs, but it is included for
completeness.

This is not an error at all, but it gets reported when the read of a
sector is ok.

Code    : $01 Error   : 00 Type    : N/A Message : No error.

Self explanatory. No errors were detected in the reading and decoding
of the sector.

The advantage with using the 35 track D64 format, regardless of error
bytes, is that it can be converted directly back to a 1541 disk by
either using the proper cable and software on the PC, or send it down
to the C64 and writing it back to a 1541. It is the best documented
format since it is also native to the C64, with many books explaining
the disk layout and the internals of the 1541.

15.5 The X64 disk image format
==============================

(This section was contributed by Peter Schepers and slightly edited by
Marco van den Heuvel.)

This file type, created by Teemu Rantanen, is used on the X64 emulator
(a UNIX-based emulator) which has been superceeded by VICE. Both VICE
and X64 support the X64 file standard, with VICE also supporting the
regular D64 and T64 files.

X64 is not a specific type of file, but rather encompasses *all* known
C64 disk types (hard disk, floppies, etc). An X64 is created by
prepending a 64-byte header to an existing image (1541, 1571, etc) and
setting specific bytes which describe what type of image follows. This
header has undergone some revision, and this description is based on
the 1.02 version, which was the last known at the time of writing.

The most common X64 file you will see is the D64 variety, typically
174912 bytes long (174848 for the D64 and 64 bytes for the header,
assuming no error bytes are appended). The header layout (as used in
64COPY) is as follows:

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
0000: 43 15 41 64 01 02 01 23 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0010: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0020: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0040: XX XX XX <- standard C64 image starts here....

Bytes          Description
$00-$03        This is the "Magic header" ($43 $15 $41 $64)
$04            Header version major ($01)
$05            Header version minor ($01, now its up to $02)
$06            Device type represented
$07            Maximum tracks in image (only in version 1.02 or greater)
1540/41/70: 35 1571: 35 1581: 80 (Logical single-sided
disk)
$08            Number of disk sides in image. This value must be $00 for
all 1541 and 1581 formats. $00=No second side $01=Second
side
$09            Error data flag.
$0A-$1F        Unused, set to $00
$20-$3E        Disk image description (in ASCII or ISO Latin/1)
$3F            Always set to $00
$40-           Standard C64 file begins here.

The device types are:

Value          Drive type
$00            1540 See note below...
$01            1541 (Default)
$02            1542
$03            1551
$04            1570
$05            1571
$06            1572
$08            1581
$10            2031 or 4031
$11            2040 or 3040
$12            2041
$18            4040
$20            8050
$21            8060
$22            8061
$30            SFD-1001
$31            8250
$32            8280

The first four bytes used for the device type at position $06 ($00 to
$03) are functionally the same, and are compatible with older version
of X64 files. Some old X64 files might have $00 for the device type
(instead of $01), but it makes no real difference.

As most instances of X64 files will be strictly 1541 images, bytes
$08-$3F are set to zero, and some versions of the X64 emulator don't
use bytes $08-$3F.

15.6 The D71 disk image format
==============================

(This section was contributed by Peter Schepers and slightly edited by
Marco van den Heuvel.)

Similar to the D64 (1541), the 1571 drive can operate in either
single-sided (1541 compatible) mode or double-sided (1571) mode. In
this section I will be dealing with the double-sided mode only. For the
breakdown of the single-sided mode, see the D64 section.

The D71 has 70 tracks, double that of the 1541, with a DOS file size of
349696 bytes. If the error byte block (1366 bytes) is attached, this
makes the file size 351062 bytes. The track range and offsets into the
D71 files are as follows:

Track                                Sec/trk            # Sectors
1-17 (side 0)                        21                 357
18-24 (side 0)                       19                 133
25-30 (side 0)                       18                 108
31-35 (side 0)                       17                 85
36-52 (side 1)                       21                 357
53-59 (side 1)                       19                 133
60-65 (side 1)                       18                 108
66-70 (side 1)                       17                 85

Track              #Sect              #SectorsIn         D71 Offset
1                  21                 0                  $00000
2                  21                 21                 $01500
3                  21                 42                 $02A00
4                  21                 63                 $03F00
5                  21                 84                 $05400
6                  21                 105                $06900
7                  21                 126                $07E00
8                  21                 147                $09300
9                  21                 168                $0A800
10                 21                 189                $0BD00
11                 21                 210                $0D200
12                 21                 231                $0E700
13                 21                 252                $0FC00
14                 21                 273                $11100
15                 21                 294                $12600
16                 21                 315                $13B00
17                 21                 336                $15000
18                 19                 357                $16500
19                 19                 376                $17800
20                 19                 395                $18B00
21                 19                 414                $19E00
22                 19                 433                $1B100
23                 19                 452                $1C400
24                 19                 471                $1D700
25                 18                 490                $1EA00
26                 18                 508                $1FC00
27                 18                 526                $20E00
28                 18                 544                $22000
29                 18                 562                $23200
30                 18                 580                $24400
31                 17                 598                $25600
32                 17                 615                $26700
33                 17                 632                $27800
34                 17                 649                $28900
35                 17                 666                $29A00
36                 21                 683                $2AB00
37                 21                 704                $2C000
38                 21                 725                $2D500
39                 21                 746                $2EA00
40                 21                 767                $2FF00
41                 21                 788                $31400
42                 21                 809                $32900
43                 21                 830                $33E00
44                 21                 851                $35300
45                 21                 872                $36800
46                 21                 893                $37D00
47                 21                 914                $39200
48                 21                 935                $3A700
49                 21                 956                $3BC00
50                 21                 977                $3D100
51                 21                 998                $3E600
52                 21                 1019               $3FB00
53                 19                 1040               $41000
54                 19                 1059               $42300
55                 19                 1078               $43600
56                 19                 1097               $44900
57                 19                 1116               $45C00
58                 19                 1135               $46F00
59                 19                 1154               $48200
60                 18                 1173               $49500
61                 18                 1191               $4A700
62                 18                 1209               $4B900
63                 18                 1227               $4CB00
64                 18                 1245               $4DD00
65                 18                 1263               $4EF00
66                 17                 1281               $50100
67                 17                 1298               $51200
68                 17                 1315               $52300
69                 17                 1332               $53400
70                 17                 1349               $54500

The directory structure is the same as a D64/1541. All the same
filetypes apply, the directory still only holds 144 files per disk and
should only exist on track 18.

The first two bytes of the sector ($12/$04 or 18/4) indicate the
location of the next track/sector of the directory. If the track value
is set to $00, then it is the last sector of the directory. It is
possible, however unlikely, that the directory may *not* be competely
on track 18 (some disks do exist like this). Just follow the chain
anyhow.

When the directory is done, the track value will be $00. The sector
link should contain a value of $FF, meaning the whole sector is
allocated, but the actual value doesn't matter. The drive will return
all the available entries anyways. This is a breakdown of a standard
directory sector and entry:

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 12 04 82 11 00 4A 45 54 20 53 45 54 20 57 49 4C
10: 4C 59 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2B 00
20: 00 00 82 0F 01 4A 53 57 20 31 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
30: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 BF 00
40: 00 00 82 06 03 53 4F 4E 20 4F 46 20 42 4C 41 47
50: 47 45 52 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 AE 00
60: 00 00 82 15 0D 50 4F 54 54 59 20 50 49 47 45 4F
70: 4E A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 A2 00
80: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
90: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Bytes          Description
$00-$1F        First directory entry
$20-$3F        Second dir entry
$40-$5F        Third dir entry
$60-$7F        Fourth dir entry
$80-$9F        Fifth dir entry
$A0-$BF        Sixth dir entry
$C0-$DF        Seventh dir entry
$E0-$FF        Eighth dir entry

This is a breakdown of a standard directory entry:

Bytes          Description
$00-$01        Track/Sector location of next directory sector ($00/$FF
if its the last sector)
$02            File type
$03-$04        Track/sector location of first sector of file
$05-$14        16 character filename (in PETASCII, padded with $A0)
$15-$16        Track/Sector location of first side-sector block (REL
file only)
$17            REL file record length (REL file only, max. value 254)
$18-$1D        Unused (except with GEOS disks)
$1E-$1F        File size in sectors, low/high byte order ($1E+$1F*256).
The approx. filesize in bytes is <= #sectors * 254

The file type field is used as follows:

Bits           Description
0-3            The actual file type
4              Unused
5              Used only during SAVE-@ replacement
6              Locked flag (Set produces ">" locked files)
7              Closed flag (Not set produces "*", or "splat" files)

The actual file type can be one of the following:

Binary         Decimal        File type
0000           0              DEL
0001           1              SEQ
0010           2              PRG
0011           3              USR
0100           4              REL

Values 5-15 are illegal, but if used will produce very strange results.
The 1571 is inconsistent in how it treats these bits.  Some routines
use all 4 bits, others ignore bit 3, resulting in values from 0-7.

When the 1571 is in is native ("1571") mode, files are stored with a
sector interleave of 6, rather than 10 which the 1541 (and the 1571 in
"1541" mode) uses. The directory still uses an interleave of 3.

15.6.1 Non-Standard & Long Directories
--------------------------------------

Most Commodore floppy disk drives use a single dedicated directory
track where all filenames are stored. This limits the number of files
stored on a disk based on the number of sectors on the directory track.
There are some disk images that contain more files than would normally
be allowed. This requires extending the directory off the default
directory track by changing the last directory sector pointer to a new
track, allocating the new sectors in the BAM, and manually placing (or
moving existing) file entries there. The directory of an extended disk
can be read and the files that reside there can be loaded without
problems on a real drive. However, this is still a very dangerous
practice as writing to the extended portion of the directory will cause
directory corruption in the non- extended part. Many of the floppy
drives core ROM routines ignore the track value that the directory is
on and assume the default directory track for operations.

To explain: assume that the directory has been extended from track 18
to track 19/6 and that the directory is full except for a few slots on
19/6. When saving a new file, the drive DOS will find an empty file
slot at 19/6 offset $40 and correctly write the filename and a few
other things into this slot. When the file is done being saved the
final file information will be written to 18/6 offset $40 instead of
19/6 causing some directory corruption to the entry at 18/6. Also, the
BAM entries for the sectors occupied by the new file will not be saved
and the new file will be left as a SPLAT (*) file.

Attempts to validate the disk will result in those files residing off
the directory track to not be allocated in the BAM, and could also send
the drive into an endless loop. The default directory track is assumed
for all sector reads when validating so if the directory goes to 19/6,
then the validate code will read 18/6 instead. If 18/6 is part of the
normal directory chain then the validate routine will loop endlessly.

15.6.2 Bam layout The BAM is somewhat different as it now has to
----------------------------------------------------------------

take 35 new tracks into account. In order to do this, most of the extra
BAM information is stored on track 53/0, and the remaining sectors on
track 53 are marked in the BAM as allocated. This does mean that except
for one allocated sector on track 53, the rest of the track is unused
and wasted. (Track 53 is the equivalent to track 18, but on the flip
side of the disk). Here is a dump of the first BAM sector...

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 12 01 41 80 12 FF F9 17 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F
10: 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F
20: 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F
30: 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F
40: 15 FF FF 1F 15 FF FF 1F 11 FC FF 07 13 FF FF 07
50: 13 FF FF 07 13 FF FF 07 13 FF FF 07 13 FF FF 07
60: 13 FF FF 07 12 FF FF 03 12 FF FF 03 12 FF FF 03
70: 12 FF FF 03 12 FF FF 03 12 FF FF 03 11 FF FF 01
80: 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01 11 FF FF 01
90: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
A0: A0 A0 30 30 A0 32 41 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00
B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 15 15 15
E0: 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 00 13
F0: 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 11

Bytes                                Description
$00-$01                              Track/Sector location of the first
directory sector (should be set to
18/1 but it doesn't matter, and
don't trust what is there, always
go to 18/1 for first directory
entry)
$02                                  Disk DOS version type (see note
below) $41 ('A') = 1541
$03                                  Double-sided flag $00 - Single
sided disk $80 - Double sided disk
$04-8F                               BAM entries for each track, in
groups of four bytes per track,
starting on track 1.
$90-$9F                              Disk Name (padded with $A0)
$A0-$A1                              Filled with $A0
$A2-$A3                              Disk ID
$A4                                  Usually $A0
$A5-$A6                              DOS type, usually "2A"
$A7-$AA                              Filled with $A0
$AB-$DC                              Not used ($00's)
$DD-$FF                              Free sector count for tracks 36-70
(1 byte/track).

The "free sector" entries for tracks 36-70 are likely included here in
the first BAM sector due to some memory restrictions in the 1571 drive.
There is only enough memory available for one BAM sector, but in order
to generate the "blocks free" value at the end of a directory listing,
the drive needs to know the extra track "free sector" values. It does
make working with the BAM a little more difficult, though.

These are the values that would normally be with the 4-byte BAM entry,
but the rest of the entry is contained on 53/0.

Note: If the DOS version byte is set to anything other than $41 or $00,
then we have what is called "soft write protection". Any attempt to
write to the disk will return the "DOS Version" error code 73. The 1571
is simply telling you that it thinks the disk format version is
incorrect.

The BAM entries require some explanation. Take the first entry at bytes
$04-$07 ($12 $FF $F9 $17). The first byte ($12) is the number of free
sectors on that track. Since we are looking at the track 1 entry, this
means it has 18 (decimal) free sectors.

The next three bytes represent the bitmap of which sectors are
used/free. Since it is 3 bytes (8 bits/byte) we have 24 bits of
storage. Remember that at most, each track only has 21 sectors, so
there are a few unused bits. These entries must be viewed in binary to
make any sense. We will use the first entry (track 1) at bytes 04-07:

FF=11111111, F9=11111001, 17=00010111

In order to make any sense from the binary notation, flip the bits
around.

111111 11112222
01234567 89012345 67890123
--------------------------
11111111 10011111 11101000
^                     ^
sector 0           sector 20

Since we are on the first track, we have 21 sectors, and only use up to
the bit 20 position. If a bit is on (1), the sector is free. Therefore,
track 1 has sectors 9,10 and 19 used, all the rest are free.

In order to complete the BAM, we must check 53/0.

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: FF FF 1F FF FF 1F FF FF 1F FF FF 1F FF FF 1F FF
10: FF 1F FF FF 1F FF FF 1F FF FF 1F FF FF 1F FF FF
20: 1F FF FF 1F FF FF 1F FF FF 1F FF FF 1F FF FF 1F
30: FF FF 1F 00 00 00 FF FF 07 FF FF 07 FF FF 07 FF
40: FF 07 FF FF 07 FF FF 07 FF FF 03 FF FF 03 FF FF
50: 03 FF FF 03 FF FF 03 FF FF 03 FF FF 01 FF FF 01
60: FF FF 01 FF FF 01 FF FF 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
70: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
80: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
90: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Each track from 36-70 has 3 byte entries, starting at address $00.

Byte: $00-$02: $FF $FF $1F - BAM map for track 36
$03-$05: $FF $FF $1F - BAM map for track 37
...
$33-$35: $00 $00 $00 - BAM map for track 53
...
$66-$68: $FF $FF $01 - BAM map for track 70
$69-$FF:             - Not used

You can break down the entries for tracks 36-70 the same way as track
1, just combine the free sector bytes from 18/0 and the BAM usage from
53 to get the full 4-byte entry.

Just like a D64, you can attach error bytes to the file, for sector
error information. This block is 1366 bytes long, 1 byte for each of
the 1366 sectors in the image. With the error bytes, the file size is
351062 bytes.

15.7 The D81 disk image format
==============================

(This section was contributed by Peter Schepers and slightly edited by
Marco van den Heuvel.)

Like D64 and D71, this is a byte for byte copy of a physical 1581 disk.
It consists of 80 tracks, 40 sectors each (0 to 39) for a size of
819200 bytes, or 3200 sectors. If the error byte block is attached,
this makes the file size 822400 bytes.

There are three sectors on the directory track used for disk internals
(header and BAM), leaving 37 sectors for filename entries, thus
allowing for 296 files (37 * 8) to be stored at the root level of the
disk.

The actual physical layout on the disk is quite different from what the
user sees, but this is unimportant to the scope of this section.  One
important difference from the D64 and D71 is all the sector interleaves
are now 1 for both files and directory storage (rather than 3 for
directory and 10 for file on a D64/D71). This is due to the built-in
buffering in the 1581. When reading a sector, the whole track will be
buffered in memory, and any sectors being modified will be done in
memory. Once it has to be written, the whole track will be written out
in one step.

The track range and offsets into the D81 files are as follows:

Track              #Sect              #SectorsIn         D81 Offset
1                  40                 0                  $00000
2                  40                 40                 $02800
3                  40                 80                 $05000
4                  40                 120                $07800
5                  40                 160                $0A000
6                  40                 200                $0C800
7                  40                 240                $0F000
8                  40                 280                $11800
9                  40                 320                $14000
10                 40                 360                $16800
11                 40                 400                $19000
12                 40                 440                $1B800
13                 40                 480                $1E000
14                 40                 520                $20800
15                 40                 560                $23000
16                 40                 600                $25800
17                 40                 640                $28000
18                 40                 680                $2A800
19                 40                 720                $2D000
20                 40                 760                $2F800
21                 40                 800                $32000
22                 40                 840                $34800
23                 40                 880                $37000
24                 40                 920                $39800
25                 40                 960                $3C000
26                 40                 1000               $3E800
27                 40                 1040               $41000
28                 40                 1080               $43800
29                 40                 1120               $46000
30                 40                 1160               $48800
31                 40                 1200               $4B000
32                 40                 1240               $4D800
33                 40                 1280               $50000
34                 40                 1320               $52800
35                 40                 1360               $55000
36                 40                 1400               $57800
37                 40                 1440               $5A000
38                 40                 1480               $5C800
39                 40                 1520               $5F000
40                 40                 1560               $61800
41                 40                 1600               $64000
42                 40                 1640               $66800
43                 40                 1680               $69000
44                 40                 1720               $6B800
45                 40                 1760               $6E000
46                 40                 1800               $70800
47                 40                 1840               $73000
48                 40                 1880               $75800
49                 40                 1920               $78000
50                 40                 1960               $7A800
51                 40                 2000               $7D000
52                 40                 2040               $7F800
53                 40                 2080               $82000
54                 40                 2120               $84800
55                 40                 2160               $87000
56                 40                 2200               $89800
57                 40                 2240               $8C000
58                 40                 2280               $8E800
59                 40                 2320               $91000
60                 40                 2360               $93800
61                 40                 2400               $96000
62                 40                 2440               $98800
63                 40                 2480               $9B000
64                 40                 2520               $9D800
65                 40                 2560               $A0000
66                 40                 2600               $A2800
67                 40                 2640               $A5000
68                 40                 2680               $A7800
69                 40                 2720               $AA000
70                 40                 2760               $AC800
71                 40                 2800               $AF000
72                 40                 2840               $B1800
73                 40                 2880               $B4000
74                 40                 2920               $B6800
75                 40                 2960               $B9000
76                 40                 3000               $BB800
77                 40                 3040               $BE000
78                 40                 3080               $C0800
79                 40                 3120               $C3000
80                 40                 3160               $C5800

The header sector is stored at 40/0, and contains the disk name, ID and
DOS version bytes, but the BAM is no longer contained here (like the
D64).

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 28 03 44 00 31 35 38 31 20 55 54 49 4C 49 54 59
10: 20 56 30 31 A0 A0 47 42 A0 33 44 A0 A0 00 00 00
20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
40: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
50: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
60: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
70: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
80: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
90: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Bytes          Description
$00-$01        Track/Sector location of the first directory sector
(should be set to 40/3 but it doesn't matter, and don't
trust what is there, always go to 40/3 for first
directory entry)
$02            Disk DOS version type (see note below) $44 ('D')=1581
$03            $00
$04-$13        16 character Disk Name (padded with $A0)
$14-$15        $A0
$16-$17        Disk ID
$18            $A0
$19            DOS Version ("3")
$1A            Disk version ("D")
$1B-$1C        $A0
$1D-$FF        Unused (usually $00)

The following might be set if the disk is a GEOS format (this info is
based on the D64 layout, and might not prove to be true)

Bytes          Description
$AB-$AC        Border sector (GEOS only, else set to $00)
$AD-$BC        GEOS ID string ("geos FORMAT V1.x" GEOS only, else $00)
$BD-$FF        Unused (usually $00)

Note: If the DOS version byte is changed to anything other than a $44
(or $00), then we have what is called "soft write protection". Any
attempt to write to the disk will return the "DOS Version" error code
73. The drive is simply telling you that it thinks the disk format
version is incompatible.

The directory track should be contained totally on track 40.  Sectors
3-39 contain the entries and sector 1 and 2 contain the BAM (Block
Availability Map). Sector 0 holds the disk name and ID. The first
directory sector is always 40/3, even though the t/s pointer at 40/0
(first two bytes) might point somewhere else. It goes linearly up the
sector count, 3-4-5-6-etc. Each sector holds up to eight entries.

The first two bytes of the sector ($28/$04) indicate the location of
the next track/sector of the directory (40/4). If the track is set to
$00, then it is the last sector of the directory. It is possible,
however unlikely, that the directory may *not* be competely on track
40. Just follow the chain anyhow.

When the directory is done (track=$00), the sector should contain an
$FF, meaning the whole sector is allocated. Theactual value doesn't
matter as all the entries will be returned anyways. Each directory
sector has the following layout:

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 28 04 81 2B 00 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 20 33 A0 A0
10: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00
20: 00 00 81 2B 01 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 20 34 A0 A0
30: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00
40: 00 00 81 2B 02 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 20 35 A0 A0
50: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 00
60: 00 00 81 2B 08 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 20 36 A0 A0
70: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00
80: 00 00 81 2B 14 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 20 37 A0 A0
90: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 00
A0: 00 00 81 24 00 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 20 38 A0 A0
B0: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0B 00
C0: 00 00 82 24 04 46 49 4C 45 34 32 39 33 36 39 30
D0: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 00
E0: 00 00 82 24 06 46 49 4C 45 32 35 37 38 38 31 35
F0: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 00

Bytes          Description
$00-$1F        First directory entry
$20-$3F        Second dir entry
$40-$5F        Third dir entry
$60-$7F        Fourth dir entry
$80-$9F        Fifth dir entry
$A0-$BF        Sixth dir entry
$C0-$DF        Seventh dir entry
$E0-$FF        Eighth dir entry

This is a breakdown of a standard directory entry:

Bytes          Description
$00-$01        Track/Sector location of next directory sector
$02            File type
$03-$04        Track/sector location of first sector of file or partition
$05-$14        16 character filename (in PETASCII, padded with $A0)
$15-$16        Track/Sector location of first SUPER SIDE SECTOR block
(REL file only)
$17            REL file record length (REL file only)
$18-$1B        Unused (except with GEOS disks)
$1C-$1D        (Used during an SAVE or OPEN, holds the new t/s link)
$1E-$1F        File or partition size in sectors, low/high byte order
($1E+$1F*256). The approx. file size in bytes is <=
#sectors * 254

The file type field is used as follows:

Bits           Description
0-3            The actual file type
4              Unused
5              Used only during SAVE-@ replacement
6              Locked flag (Set produces ">" locked files)
7              Closed flag (Not set produces "*", or "splat" files)

The actual file type can be one of the following:

Binary         Decimal        File type
0000           0              DEL
0001           1              SEQ
0010           2              PRG
0011           3              USR
0100           4              REL
0101           5              CBM (partition or sub-directory)

Values 6-15 are illegal, but if used will produce very strange results.

15.7.1 Non-Standard & Long Directories
--------------------------------------

Most Commdore floppy disk drives use a single dedicated directory track
where all filenames are stored. This limits the number of files stored
on a disk based on the number of sectors on the directory track. There
are some disk images that contain more files than would normally be
allowed. This requires extending the directory off the default
directory track by changing the last directory sector pointer to a new
track, allocating the new sectors in the BAM, and manually placing (or
moving existing) file entries there. The directory of an extended disk
can be read and the files that reside there can be loaded without
problems on a real drive. However, this is still a very dangerous
practice as writing to the extended portion of the directory will cause
directory corruption in the non-extended part. Many of the floppy
drives core ROM routines ignore the track value that the directory is
on and assume the default directory track for operations.

15.7.2 BAM layout
-----------------

The BAM is located on 40/1 (for side 0, tracks 1-40) and 40/2 (for side
1, tracks 41-80). Each entry takes up six bytes, one for the "free
sector" count and five for the allocation bitmap.

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 28 02 44 BB 47 42 C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
10: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF
20: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF
30: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF
40: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF
50: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF
60: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF
70: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF
80: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF
90: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF
A0: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF
B0: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF
C0: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF
D0: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF
E0: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF
F0: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 24 F0 FF 2D FF FE

Bytes:
$00-$01: Track/sector of next bam sector (40/2)
$02: Version # ('D')
$03: One's complement of version# ($BB)
$04-$05: Disk ID bytes (same as 40/0 Disk ID)
$06: I/O byte
bit 7 set - Verify on
bit 7 clear - Verify off
bit 6 set - Check header CRC
bit 6 clear - Don't check header CRC
$07: Auto-boot-loader flag
$08-$0F: Reserved for future (set to $00)
$10-$15: BAM entry for track 1 (track 41, side 1)
$16-$1B: BAM entry for track 2 (track 42, side 1)
...
$46-$4B: BAM entry for track 10 (track 50, side 1)
...
$82-$87: BAM entry for track 20 (track 60, side 1)
...
$BE-$C3: BAM entry for track 30 (track 70, side 1)
...
$FA-$FF: BAM entry for track 40 (track 80, side 1)

The BAM entries require some explanation, so lets look at the track 40
entry at bytes $FA-FF ($24 $F0 $FF $2D $FF $FE). The first byte ($24,
or 36 decimal) is the number of free sectors on that track. The next
five bytes represent the bitmap of which sectors are used/free. Since
it is five bytes (8 bits/byte) we have 40 bits of storage. Since this
format has 40 sectors/track, the whole five bytes are used.

F0: .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 F0 FF 2D FF FE

The last five bytes of any BAM entry must be viewed in binary to make
any sense. We will once again use track 40 as our reference:

F0=11110000, FF=11111111, 2D=00101101, FF=11111111, FE=11111110

In order to make any sense from the binary notation, flip the bits
around.

111111 11112222 22222233 33333333
Sector 01234567 89012345 67890123 45678901 23456789
-------------------------- -------- --------
00001111 11111111 10110100 11111111 01111111

Note that if a bit is on (1), the sector is free. Therefore, track 40
has sectors 0-3, 17, 20, 22, 23 and 32 used, all the rest are free.

The second BAM (for side 1) contains the entries for tracks 41-80.

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 00 FF 44 BB 47 42 C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
10: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF
20: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF
30: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF
40: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF
50: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF
60: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF
70: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF
80: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF
90: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF
A0: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF
B0: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF
C0: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF
D0: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF
E0: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF
F0: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF

It is laid out exactly as the side 0 BAM except for one difference. The
track/sector reference for the next sector should be set to $00/$FF,
indicating there is no next sector.

15.7.3 REL files The REL filetype requires some extra explaining.
-----------------------------------------------------------------

It was designed to make access to data *anywhere* on the disk very
fast. Take a look at this directory entry...

00: 00 FF 84 27 00 41 44 44 49 54 49 4F 4E 41 4C 20
10: 49 4E 46 4F A0 27 02 FE 00 00 00 00 00 00 D2 0B

The third byte ($84) indicates this entry is a REL file and that the
three normally empty entries at offset $15, $16 and $17 are now used as
they are explained above. It's the track/sector chain that this entry
points to, called the SUPER SIDE SECTOR, which is of interest here (in
this case, 39/2).  The SUPER SIDE SECTOR is very different from the D64
format. If you check the D64 entry for a REL file and do the
calculations, you will find that the maximum file size of the REL file
is 720 data sectors. With the new SUPER SIDE SECTOR, you can now have
126 groups of these SIDE SECTORS chains, allowing for file sizes up to
(theoretically) 90720 sectors, or about 22.15 Megabytes.

Here is a dump of the beginning of the SUPER SIDE SECTOR...

00: 27 01 FE 27 01 15 09 03 0F 38 16 4A 1C 00 00 00
10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Bytes:
$00-$01: Track/sector of first side sector in group 0
$02: Always $FE
$03-$04: Track/sector of first side sector in group 0 (again)
...
$FD-$FE: Track/sector of first side sector in group 125
$FF: Unused (likely $00)

The side sector layout is the same as the D64/1571.

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 12 0A 00 FE 15 09 12 0A 0F 0B 0C 0C 09 0D 06 0E
10: 15 07 15 08 15 0A 15 0B 15 0C 15 0D 15 0E 15 0F
20: 15 10 15 11 15 12 15 13 15 14 15 15 15 16 15 17
30: 15 18 15 19 15 1A 15 1B 15 1C 15 1D 15 1E 15 1F
40: 15 20 15 21 15 22 15 23 15 24 15 25 15 26 15 27
50: 14 00 14 01 14 02 14 03 14 04 14 05 14 06 14 07
60: 14 08 14 09 14 0A 14 0B 14 0C 14 0D 14 0E 14 0F
70: 14 10 14 11 14 12 14 13 14 14 14 15 14 16 14 17
80: 14 18 14 19 14 1A 14 1B 14 1C 14 1D 14 1E 14 1F
90: 14 20 14 21 14 22 14 23 14 24 14 25 14 26 14 27
A0: 13 00 13 01 13 02 13 03 13 04 13 05 13 06 13 07
B0: 13 08 13 09 13 0A 13 0B 13 0C 13 0D 13 0E 13 0F
C0: 13 10 13 11 13 12 13 13 13 14 13 15 13 16 13 17
D0: 13 18 13 19 13 1A 13 1B 13 1C 13 1D 13 1E 13 1F
E0: 13 20 13 21 13 22 13 23 13 24 13 25 13 26 13 27
F0: 12 00 12 01 12 02 12 03 12 04 12 05 12 06 12 07

Bytes:
$00: Track location of next side-sector ($00 if last sector)
$01: Sector location of next side-sector
$02: Side-sector block number (first sector is $00, the next is
$01, then $02, etc)
$03: REL file RECORD size (from directory entry)
$04-$0F: Track/sector locations of the six other side-sectors. Note
the first entry is this very sector we have listed here.
The next is the next t/s listed at the beginning of the
sector. All of this information must be correct. If one of
these chains is $00/$00, then we have no more side sectors.
Also, all of these (up to six) side sectors must have the
same values in this range.
$10-$FF: T/S chains of *each* sector of the data portion. When we
get a $00/$00, we are at the end of the file.

15.7.4 1581 Partitions and Sub-directories
------------------------------------------

At the beginning of this section it was stated that the 1581 can hold
296 entries "at the root level". The 1581 also has the ability to
partition areas of the disk. Under the right conditions these can
become sub-directories, acting as a small diskette, complete with its
own directory and BAM. When you are inside of a sub-directory, no other
files except those in that directory are visible, or can be affected.

To the 1581, this file will show up as a "CBM" filetype in a directory.
All this does is tell the disk that a file, starting at X/Y
track/sector and Z sectors large exists. Doing a validate will not harm
these files as they have a directory entry, and are fully allocated in
the BAM.

There are two main uses for partitions. One is to simply allocate a
section of the disk to be used for direct-access reads/writes, and lock
it away from being overwritten after a VALIDATE. The second is as a
sub-directory, basically a small "disk within a disk".

In order to use a partition as a sub-directory, it must adhere to the
following four rules:

1. If must start on sector 0
2. It's size must be in multiples of 40 sectors
3. It must be a minimum of 120 sectors long (3 tracks)
4. If must not start on or cross track 40, which limits the
biggest directory to 1600 sectors (tracks 1-39).

This is a dump of a sub-directory entry:

00: 00 FF 85 29 00 50 41 52 54 49 54 49 4F 4E 20 31
10: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 06

It is a partition starting on track 41/0, extends for 1600 sectors, and
has been formatted as a sub-directory. Note that when a partition is
created, the area being allocated is not touched in any way. If you
want it set up as a sub-directory, you must issue the FORMAT command to
the 1581 to create the central directory and BAM. Also note that from
the directory entry you can't tell whether it is a sub-directory or
not, just that it fits the sub-directory parameters.

The BAM track for the sub-directory exists on the first track of the
partition, and has the same layout as the disk BAM on track 40. The
biggest difference is the "disk name" is what what given when the
partition was formatted rather than what the actual disk name is. Also,
except for the free sectors in the partition area, all other sectors in
the BAM will be allocated.

If the partition size doesn't match the above rules for a
sub-directory, it will simply exist as a "protected" area of the disk,
and can't be used as a sub-directory. Either way, it still shows up as
a "CBM" type in a directory listing. Below is a dump of a 10-sector
partition starting on track 5/1, which does not qualify as a
sub-directory...

00: 00 00 85 05 01 53 4D 41 4C 4C 50 41 52 54 20 32
10: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0A 00

The master BAM shows the entry for this partition on track 5...

00: 28 02 44 BB 43 44 C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
10: 23 C1 FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF
20: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 1E 01 F8 FF FF FF 28 FF
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The breakdown of the BAM shows the allocation for this track, with
sectors 1-10 allocated, as it should be.

10000000 00011111 11111111 11111111 11111111
^          ^          ^         ^          ^
0          10         20        30         39

Partitions and sub-directories share one very important trait.  When
created, the sub-directory entry simply has the starting track/sector
and the size of the partition in sectors.  Partitions are created
linearly, meaning if one starts on 30/1 and is of size 15 sectors, then
the sector range from 1 through 15 on track 30 will be allocated. If a
partition size crosses a track boundary, the allocation will continue
on the next track starting on sector 0, and going up.

The section allocated will *not* have a track/sector chain like a file
would, but rather is dependant on the directory entry to keep it from
being overwritten. You can store whatever you want to in the allocated
area.

15.7.5 AUTO-BOOT LOADER
-----------------------

If byte $07 in the BAM is set, then when the drive is reset (and other
circumstances) it will look for a USR file called "COPYRIGHT CBM 86".
This file will then be loaded into the drive RAM and executed.

The format for this auto-loader file is fairly basic. It starts with a
two-byte load address, a size byte, program data, and a checksum at the
end.

Bytes:
$00-$01: Load address, low/high format
$02: Size of program (SZ) (smaller than 256 bytes)
$03-($03+SZ-1): Program data
$03+SZ: Checksum byte

15.8 The D80 disk image format
==============================

(This section was contributed by Peter Schepers and slightly edited by
Marco van den Heuvel.)

This is a sector-for-sector copy of an 8050 floppy disk. The file size
for an 8050 image is 533248 bytes. It is comprised of 256-byte sectors
arranged across 77 tracks, with a varying number of sectors per track
for a total of 2083 sectors. Track counting starts at 1 (not 0) and
sector counting starts at 0 (not 1), therefore a track with 29 sectors
will go from 0 to 28.

The original media (a 5.25" disk) has the tracks laid out in circles,
with track 1 on the very outside of the disk (closest to the sides) to
track 77 being on the inside of the disk (closest to the inner hub
ring). Commodore, in their infinite wisdom, varied the number of
sectors per track and data densities across the disk to optimize
available storage, resulting in the chart below. It shows the
sectors/track for a D80. Since the outside diameter of a circle is the
largest (versus closer to the center), the outside tracks have the
largest amount of storage.

Track Range              Sectors/track            # Sectors
1-39                     29                       1131
40-53                    27                       378
54-64                    25                       275
65-77                    23                       299

Track              #Sect              #SectorsIn         D8x Offset
1                  29                 0                  $00000
2                  29                 29                 $01D00
3                  29                 58                 $03A00
4                  29                 87                 $05700
5                  29                 116                $07400
6                  29                 145                $09100
7                  29                 174                $0AE00
8                  29                 203                $0CB00
9                  29                 232                $0E800
10                 29                 261                $10500
11                 29                 290                $12200
12                 29                 319                $13F00
13                 29                 348                $15C00
14                 29                 377                $17900
15                 29                 406                $19600
16                 29                 435                $1B300
17                 29                 464                $1D000
18                 29                 493                $1ED00
19                 29                 522                $20A00
20                 29                 551                $22700
21                 29                 580                $24400
22                 29                 609                $26100
23                 29                 638                $27E00
24                 29                 667                $29B00
25                 29                 696                $2B800
26                 29                 725                $2D500
27                 29                 754                $2F200
28                 29                 783                $30F00
29                 29                 812                $32C00
30                 29                 841                $34900
31                 29                 870                $36600
32                 29                 899                $38300
33                 29                 928                $3A000
34                 29                 957                $3BD00
35                 29                 986                $3DA00
36                 29                 1015               $3F700
37                 29                 1044               $41400
38                 29                 1073               $43100
39                 29                 1102               $44E00
40                 27                 1131               $46B00
41                 27                 1158               $48600
42                 27                 1185               $4A100
43                 27                 1212               $4BC00
44                 27                 1239               $4D700
45                 27                 1266               $4F200
46                 27                 1293               $50D00
47                 27                 1320               $52800
48                 27                 1347               $54300
49                 27                 1374               $55E00
50                 27                 1401               $57900
51                 27                 1428               $59400
52                 27                 1455               $5AF00
53                 27                 1482               $5CA00
54                 25                 1509               $5E500
55                 25                 1534               $5FE00
56                 25                 1559               $61700
57                 25                 1584               $63000
58                 25                 1609               $64900
59                 25                 1634               $66200
60                 25                 1659               $67B00
61                 25                 1684               $69400
62                 25                 1709               $6AD00
63                 25                 1734               $6C600
64                 25                 1759               $6DF00
65                 23                 1784               $6F800
66                 23                 1807               $70F00
67                 23                 1830               $72600
68                 23                 1853               $73D00
69                 23                 1876               $75400
70                 23                 1899               $76B00
71                 23                 1922               $78200
72                 23                 1945               $79900
73                 23                 1968               $7B000
74                 23                 1991               $7C700
75                 23                 2014               $7DE00
76                 23                 2037               $7F500
77                 23                 2060               $80C00

The BAM (Block Availability Map) is on track 38. The D80 is only 77
tracks and so the BAM is contained on 38/0 and 38/3. The BAM interleave
is 3.

The directory is on track 39, with 39/0 contains the header (DOS type,
disk name, disk ID's) and sectors 1-28 contain the directory entries.
Both files and the directory use an interleave of 1. Since the
directory is only 28 sectors large (29 less one for the header), and
each sector can contain only 8 entries (32 bytes per entry), the
maximum number of directory entries is 28 * 8 = 224. The first
directory sector is always 39/1. It then follows a chain structure
using a sector interleave of 1 making the links go 39/1, 39/2, 39/3 etc.

When reading a disk, you start with 39/0 (disk label/ID) which points
to 38/0 (BAM0), 38/3 (BAM1), and finally to 39/1 (first dir entry
sector). When writing a file to a blank disk, it will start at 38/1
because 38/0 is already allocated.

Below is a dump of the header sector 39/0:

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 26 00 43 00 00 00 73 61 6D 70 6C 65 20 64 38 30
10: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 65 72 A0 32 43 A0 A0 A0
20: A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
...
F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Bytes                  Description
$00-$01                T/S pointer to first BAM sector (38/0)
$02                    $43 'C' is for DOS format version
$03                    Reserved
$04-$05                Unused
$06-$16                Disk name, padded with 0xA0 ("sample d80")
$17                    0xA0
$18-$19                Disk ID bytes "er"
$1A                    0xA0
$1B-$1C                DOS version bytes "2C"
$1D-$20                0xA0
$21-$FF                Unused

Below is a dump of the first directory sector, 39/1

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 27 02 82 26 01 54 45 53 54 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
10: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00
20: 00 00 82 26 02 54 45 53 54 32 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
30: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00
40: 00 00 82 26 04 54 45 53 54 33 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
50: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 00
60: 00 00 82 26 0B 54 45 53 54 34 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
70: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 09 00
80: 00 00 82 26 14 54 45 53 54 35 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
90: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0C 00
A0: 00 00 82 28 00 54 45 53 54 36 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
B0: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00
C0: 00 00 82 28 01 54 45 53 54 37 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
D0: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00
E0: 00 00 82 28 02 54 45 53 54 38 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
F0: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00

The first two bytes of the directory sector ($27/$02) indicate the
location of the next track/sector of the directory (39/2).  If the
track is set to $00, then it is the last sector of the directory.

When the directory is done, the track value will be $00. The sector
link should contain a value of $FF, meaning the whole sector is
allocated, but the actual value doesn't matter. The drive will return
all the available entries anyways. This is a breakdown of a standard
directory sector:

Bytes          Description
$00-$1F        First directory entry
$20-$3F        Second dir entry
$40-$5F        Third dir entry
$60-$7F        Fourth dir entry
$80-$9F        Fifth dir entry
$A0-$BF        Sixth dir entry
$C0-$DF        Seventh dir entry
$E0-$FF        Eighth dir entry

This is a breakdown of a standard directory entry:

Bytes          Description
$00-$01        Track/Sector location of next directory sector ($00 $00
if not the first entry in the sector)
$02            File type
$03-$04        Track/sector location of first sector of file
$05-$14        16 character filename (in PETASCII, padded with $A0)
$15-$16        Track/Sector location of first side-sector block (REL
file only)
$17            REL file record length (REL file only, max. value 254)
$18-$1D        Unused
$1E-$1F        File size in sectors, low/high byte order ($1E+$1F*256).
The approx. filesize in bytes is <= #sectors * 254

The file type field is used as follows:

Bits           Description
0-3            The actual file type
4              Unused
5              Used only during SAVE-@ replacement
6              Locked flag (Set produces ">" locked files)
7              Closed flag (Not set produces "*", or "splat" files)

The actual file type can be one of the following:

Binary         Decimal        File type
0000           0              DEL
0001           1              SEQ
0010           2              PRG
0011           3              USR
0100           4              REL

Values 5-15 are illegal, but if used will produce very strange results.

15.8.1 Non-Standard & Long Directories
--------------------------------------

Most Commdore floppy disk drives use a single dedicated directory track
where all filenames are stored. This limits the number of files stored
on a disk based on the number of sectors on the directory track. There
are some disk images that contain more files than would normally be
allowed. This requires extending the directory off the default
directory track by changing the last directory sector pointer to a new
track, allocating the new sectors in the BAM, and manually placing (or
moving existing) file entries there. The directory of an extended disk
can be read and the files that reside there can be loaded without
problems on a real drive. However, this is still a very dangerous
practice as writing to the extended portion of the directory will cause
directory corruption in the non-extended part. Many of the floppy
drives core ROM routines ignore the track value that the directory is
on and assume the default directory track for operations.

15.8.2 BAM layout
-----------------

The BAM only occupies up to four sectors on track 38, so the rest of
the track is empty and is available for file storage.  Below is a dump
of the first BAM block, 38/0. A D80 will only contain two BAM sectors,
38/0 and 38/3. Each entry takes 5 bytes, 1 for the free count on that
track, and 4 for the BAM bits.

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 26 03 43 00 01 33 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F
10: 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D
20: FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF
30: FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF
40: FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF
50: 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F
60: 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D
70: FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF
80: FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF
90: FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF
A0: 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F
B0: 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1B
C0: F6 FF FF 1F 1B FC FF FF 1F 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF
D0: FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF
E0: FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF
F0: 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07

Bytes                  Description
$00-$01                T/S pointer to second BAM sector (38/3)
$02                    DOS version byte (0x43='C')
$03                    Reserved
$04                    Lowest track covered by this BAM (0x01=1)
$05                    Highest+1 track covered by this BAM (0x33=51)
$06-$0A                BAM for track 1. The first byte shows the "blocks
free" for this track, the remaining 4 show the
BAM for the track.
$0B-$0F                BAM for track 2
...                    ...
$FB-$FF                BAM for track 50

Being bit-based, the BAM entries need some explanation. The first track
entry in the above BAM sector is at offset 06, "1D FF FF FF 1F". The
first number is how many blocks are free on this track ($1D=29) and the
remainder is the bit representation of the usage map for the track.
These entries must be viewed in binary to make any sense. First convert
the values to binary:

FF=11111111, FF=11111111, FF=11111111, 1F=00011111

In order to make any sense from the binary notation, flip the bits
around.

111111 11112222 222222
01234567 89012345 67890123 456789...
-------------------------- ---------
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000
^                              ^
sector 0                   sector 28

Since we are on the first track, we have 29 sectors, and only use up to
the bit 28 position. If a bit is on (1), the sector is free. Therefore,
track 1 is clean, all sectors are free.  Any leftover bits that refer
to sectors that don't exist, like bits 29-31 in the above example, are
set to allocated.

Second BAM block 38/3.

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 27 01 43 00 33 4E 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07
10: 1B FF FF FF 07 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19
20: FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF
30: FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF
40: FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 17 FF FF 7F
50: 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00
60: 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17
70: FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF
80: FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 00 00 00
90: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Bytes                  Description
$00-$01                T/S pointer to second BAM sector (39/1)
$02                    DOS version byte (0x43='C')
$03                    Reserved
$04                    Lowest track covered by this BAM (0x33=51)
$05                    Highest+1 track covered by this BAM (0x43=78)
$06-$0A                BAM for track 51. The first byte shows the
"blocks free" for this track, the remaining 4
show the BAM for the track.
$0B-$0F                BAM for track 52
...                    ...
$88-$8C                BAM for track 77
$8D-$FF                Not used

15.9 The D82 disk image format
==============================

(This section was contributed by Peter Schepers and slightly edited by
Marco van den Heuvel.)

This is a sector-for-sector copy of an 8250 floppy disk. The file size
for an 8250 image is 1066496 bytes. It is comprised of 256-byte sectors
arranged across 154 tracks, with a varying number of sectors per track
for a total of 4166 sectors. Track counting starts at 1 (not 0) and
sector counting starts at 0 (not 1), therefore a track with 29 sectors
will go from 0 to 28.

The original media (a 5.25" disk) has the tracks laid out in circles,
with track 1 on the very outside of the disk (closest to the sides) to
track 77 being on the inside of the disk (closest to the inner hub
ring). Commodore, in their infinite wisdom, varied the number of
sectors per track and data densities across the disk to optimize
available storage, resulting in the chart below. It shows the
sectors/track for a D82. Since the outside diameter of a circle is the
largest (versus closer to the center), the outside tracks have the
largest amount of storage.

Track Range              Sectors/track            # Sectors
1-39                     29                       1131
40-53                    27                       378
55-64                    25                       275
65-77                    23                       299
78-116                   29                       1131
117-130                  27                       378
131-141                  25                       275
142-154                  23                       299

Track              #Sect              #SectorsIn         D82 Offset
1                  29                 0                  $000000
2                  29                 29                 $001D00
3                  29                 58                 $003A00
4                  29                 87                 $005700
5                  29                 116                $007400
6                  29                 145                $009100
7                  29                 174                $00AE00
8                  29                 203                $00CB00
9                  29                 232                $00E800
10                 29                 261                $010500
11                 29                 290                $012200
12                 29                 319                $013F00
13                 29                 348                $015C00
14                 29                 377                $017900
15                 29                 406                $019600
16                 29                 435                $01B300
17                 29                 464                $01D000
18                 29                 493                $01ED00
19                 29                 522                $020A00
20                 29                 551                $022700
21                 29                 580                $024400
22                 29                 609                $026100
23                 29                 638                $027E00
24                 29                 667                $029B00
25                 29                 696                $02B800
26                 29                 725                $02D500
27                 29                 754                $02F200
28                 29                 783                $030F00
29                 29                 812                $032C00
30                 29                 841                $034900
31                 29                 870                $036600
32                 29                 899                $038300
33                 29                 928                $03A000
34                 29                 957                $03BD00
35                 29                 986                $03DA00
36                 29                 1015               $03F700
37                 29                 1044               $041400
38                 29                 1073               $043100
39                 29                 1102               $044E00
40                 27                 1131               $046B00
41                 27                 1158               $048600
42                 27                 1185               $04A100
43                 27                 1212               $04BC00
44                 27                 1239               $04D700
45                 27                 1266               $04F200
46                 27                 1293               $050D00
47                 27                 1320               $052800
48                 27                 1347               $054300
49                 27                 1374               $055E00
50                 27                 1401               $057900
51                 27                 1428               $059400
52                 27                 1455               $05AF00
53                 27                 1482               $05CA00
54                 25                 1509               $05E500
55                 25                 1534               $05FE00
56                 25                 1559               $061700
57                 25                 1584               $063000
58                 25                 1609               $064900
59                 25                 1634               $066200
60                 25                 1659               $067B00
61                 25                 1684               $069400
62                 25                 1709               $06AD00
63                 25                 1734               $06C600
64                 25                 1759               $06DF00
65                 23                 1784               $06F800
66                 23                 1807               $070F00
67                 23                 1830               $072600
68                 23                 1853               $073D00
69                 23                 1876               $075400
70                 23                 1899               $076B00
71                 23                 1922               $078200
72                 23                 1945               $079900
73                 23                 1968               $07B000
74                 23                 1991               $07C700
75                 23                 2014               $07DE00
76                 23                 2037               $07F500
77                 23                 2060               $080C00
78                 29                 2083               $082300
79                 29                 2112               $084000
80                 29                 2141               $085D00
81                 29                 2170               $087A00
82                 29                 2199               $089700
83                 29                 2228               $08B400
84                 29                 2257               $08D100
85                 29                 2286               $08EE00
86                 29                 2315               $090600
87                 29                 2344               $092800
88                 29                 2373               $094500
89                 29                 2402               $096200
90                 29                 2431               $097F00
91                 29                 2460               $099C00
92                 29                 2489               $09B900
93                 29                 2518               $09D600
94                 29                 2547               $09F300
95                 29                 2576               $0A1000
96                 29                 2605               $0A2D00
97                 29                 2634               $0A4A00
98                 29                 2663               $0A6700
99                 29                 2692               $0A8400
100                29                 2721               $0AA100
101                29                 2750               $0ABE00
102                29                 2779               $0ADB00
103                29                 2808               $0AF800
104                29                 2837               $0B1500
105                29                 2866               $0B3200
106                29                 2895               $0B4F00
107                29                 2924               $0B6C00
108                29                 2953               $0B8900
109                29                 2982               $0BA600
110                29                 3011               $0BC300
111                29                 3040               $0BE000
112                29                 3069               $0BFD00
113                29                 3098               $0C1A00
114                29                 3137               $0C3700
115                29                 3156               $0C5400
116                29                 3185               $0C7100
117                27                 3214               $0C8E00
118                27                 3241               $0CA900
119                27                 3268               $0CC400
120                27                 3295               $0CDF00
121                27                 3322               $0CFA00
122                27                 3349               $0D1500
123                27                 3376               $0D3000
124                27                 3403               $0D4B00
125                27                 3430               $0D6600
126                27                 3457               $0D8100
127                27                 3484               $0D9C00
128                27                 3511               $0DB700
129                27                 3538               $0DD200
130                27                 3565               $0DED00
131                25                 3592               $0E0800
132                25                 3617               $0E2100
133                25                 3642               $0E3A00
134                25                 3667               $0E5300
135                25                 3692               $0E6C00
136                25                 3717               $0E8500
137                25                 3742               $0E9E00
138                25                 3767               $0EB700
139                25                 3792               $0ED000
140                25                 3817               $0EE900
141                25                 3842               $0F0200
142                23                 3867               $0F1B00
143                23                 3890               $0F3200
144                23                 3913               $0F4900
145                23                 3936               $0F6000
146                23                 3959               $0F7700
147                23                 3982               $0F8E00
148                23                 4005               $0FA500
149                23                 4028               $0FBC00
150                23                 4051               $0FD300
151                23                 4074               $0FEA00
152                23                 4097               $100100
153                23                 4120               $101800
154                23                 4143               $102F00

The BAM (Block Availability Map) is on track 38. The D82 is 154 tracks
and so the BAM is contained on 38/0, 38/3, 38/6 and 38/9.  The BAM
interleave is 3.

The directory is on track 39, with 39/0 contains the header (DOS type,
disk name, disk ID's) and sectors 1-28 contain the directory entries.
Both files and the directory use an interleave of 1. Since the
directory is only 28 sectors large (29 less one for the header), and
each sector can contain only 8 entries (32 bytes per entry), the
maximum number of directory entries is 28 * 8 = 224. The first
directory sector is always 39/1. It then follows a chain structure
using a sector interleave of 1 making the links go 39/1, 39/2, 39/3 etc.

When reading a disk, you start with 39/0 (disk label/ID) which points
to 38/0 (BAM0), 38/3 (BAM1), 38/6 (BAM2), 38/9 (BAM3, and finally to
39/1 (first dir entry sector). When writing a file to a blank disk, it
will start at 38/1 because 38/0 is already allocated.

Below is a dump of the header sector 39/0:

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 26 00 43 00 00 00 73 61 6D 70 6C 65 20 64 38 30
10: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 65 72 A0 32 43 A0 A0 A0
20: A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
...
F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Bytes                  Description
$00-$01                T/S pointer to first BAM sector (38/0)
$02                    $43 'C' is for DOS format version
$03                    Reserved
$04-$05                Unused
$06-$16                Disk name, padded with 0xA0 ("sample d82")
$17                    0xA0
$18-$19                Disk ID bytes "er"
$1A                    0xA0
$1B-$1C                DOS version bytes "2C"
$1D-$20                0xA0
$21-$FF                Unused

Below is a dump of the first directory sector, 39/1

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 27 02 82 26 01 54 45 53 54 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
10: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00
20: 00 00 82 26 02 54 45 53 54 32 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
30: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00
40: 00 00 82 26 04 54 45 53 54 33 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
50: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 00
60: 00 00 82 26 0B 54 45 53 54 34 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
70: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 09 00
80: 00 00 82 26 14 54 45 53 54 35 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
90: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0C 00
A0: 00 00 82 28 00 54 45 53 54 36 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
B0: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00
C0: 00 00 82 28 01 54 45 53 54 37 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
D0: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00
E0: 00 00 82 28 02 54 45 53 54 38 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 A0
F0: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00

The first two bytes of the directory sector ($27/$02) indicate the
location of the next track/sector of the directory (39/2).  If the
track is set to $00, then it is the last sector of the directory.

When the directory is done, the track value will be $00. The sector
link should contain a value of $FF, meaning the whole sector is
allocated, but the actual value doesn't matter. The drive will return
all the available entries anyways. This is a breakdown of a standard
directory sector:

Bytes          Description
$00-$1F        First directory entry
$20-$3F        Second dir entry
$40-$5F        Third dir entry
$60-$7F        Fourth dir entry
$80-$9F        Fifth dir entry
$A0-$BF        Sixth dir entry
$C0-$DF        Seventh dir entry
$E0-$FF        Eighth dir entry

This is a breakdown of a standard directory entry:

Bytes          Description
$00-$01        Track/Sector location of next directory sector ($00 $00
if not the first entry in the sector)
$02            File type
$03-$04        Track/sector location of first sector of file
$05-$14        16 character filename (in PETASCII, padded with $A0)
$15-$16        Track/Sector location of first side-sector block (REL
file only)
$17            REL file record length (REL file only, max. value 254)
$18-$1D        Unused
$1E-$1F        File size in sectors, low/high byte order ($1E+$1F*256).
The approx. filesize in bytes is <= #sectors * 254

The file type field is used as follows:

Bits           Description
0-3            The actual file type
4              Unused
5              Used only during SAVE-@ replacement
6              Locked flag (Set produces ">" locked files)
7              Closed flag (Not set produces "*", or "splat" files)

The actual file type can be one of the following:

Binary         Decimal        File type
0000           0              DEL
0001           1              SEQ
0010           2              PRG
0011           3              USR
0100           4              REL

Values 5-15 are illegal, but if used will produce very strange results.

15.9.1 Non-Standard & Long Directories
--------------------------------------

Most Commdore floppy disk drives use a single dedicated directory track
where all filenames are stored. This limits the number of files stored
on a disk based on the number of sectors on the directory track. There
are some disk images that contain more files than would normally be
allowed. This requires extending the directory off the default
directory track by changing the last directory sector pointer to a new
track, allocating the new sectors in the BAM, and manually placing (or
moving existing) file entries there. The directory of an extended disk
can be read and the files that reside there can be loaded without
problems on a real drive. However, this is still a very dangerous
practice as writing to the extended portion of the directory will cause
directory corruption in the non-extended part. Many of the floppy
drives core ROM routines ignore the track value that the directory is
on and assume the default directory track for operations.

15.9.2 BAM layout
-----------------

The BAM only occupies up to four sectors on track 38, so the rest of
the track is empty and is available for file storage.  Below is a dump
of the first BAM block, 38/0. A D82 will contain four BAM sectors,
38/0, 38/3, 38/6 and 38/9. Each entry takes 5 bytes, 1 for the free
count on that track, and 4 for the BAM bits.

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 26 03 43 00 01 33 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F
10: 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D
20: FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF
30: FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF
40: FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF
50: 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F
60: 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D
70: FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF
80: FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF
90: FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF
A0: 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F
B0: 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1B
C0: F6 FF FF 1F 1B FC FF FF 1F 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF
D0: FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF
E0: FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF
F0: 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07

Bytes                  Description
$00-$01                T/S pointer to second BAM sector (38/3)
$02                    DOS version byte (0x43='C')
$03                    Reserved
$04                    Lowest track covered by this BAM (0x01=1)
$05                    Highest+1 track covered by this BAM (0x33=51)
$06-$0A                BAM for track 1. The first byte shows the "blocks
free" for this track, the remaining 4 show the
BAM for the track.
$0B-$0F                BAM for track 2
...                    ...
$FB-$FF                BAM for track 50

Being bit-based, the BAM entries need some explanation. The first track
entry in the above BAM sector is at offset 06, "1D FF FF FF 1F". The
first number is how many blocks are free on this track ($1D=29) and the
remainder is the bit representation of the usage map for the track.
These entries must be viewed in binary to make any sense. First convert
the values to binary:

FF=11111111, FF=11111111, FF=11111111, 1F=00011111

In order to make any sense from the binary notation, flip the bits
around.

111111 11112222 222222
01234567 89012345 67890123 456789...
-------------------------- ---------
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000
^                              ^
sector 0                  sector 28

Since we are on the first track, we have 29 sectors, and only use up to
the bit 28 position. If a bit is on (1), the sector is free. Therefore,
track 1 is clean, all sectors are free. Any leftover bits that refer to
sectors that don't exist, like bits 29-31 in the above example, are set
to allocated.

Second BAM block 38/3

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 26 06 43 00 33 65 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07
10: 1B FF FF FF 07 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19
20: FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF
30: FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF
40: FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 17 FF FF 7F
50: 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00
60: 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17
70: FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF
80: FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 1D FF FF
90: FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF
A0: 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F
B0: 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D
C0: FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF
D0: FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF
E0: FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF
F0: 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F

Bytes                  Description
$00-$01                T/S pointer to third BAM sector (38/6)
$02                    DOS version byte (0x43='C')
$03                    Reserved
$04                    Lowest track covered by this BAM (0x33=51)
$05                    Highest+1 track covered by this BAM (0x65=101)
$06-$0A                BAM for track 51. The first byte shows the
"blocks free" for this track, the remaining 4
show the BAM for the track.
$0B-$0F                BAM for track 52
...                    ...
$FB-$FF                BAM for track 100

Third BAM block 38/6

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 26 09 43 00 65 97 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F
10: 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D
20: FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF
30: FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF
40: FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1D FF FF FF
50: 1F 1D FF FF FF 1F 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07
60: 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B
70: FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF
80: FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF
90: FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 1B FF FF FF 07 19 FF FF FF
A0: 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01
B0: 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19
C0: FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF FF FF 01 19 FF
D0: FF FF 01 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF
E0: 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F
F0: 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00

Bytes                  Description
$00-$01                T/S pointer to fourth BAM sector (38/9)
$02                    DOS version byte (0x43='C')
$03                    Reserved
$04                    Lowest track covered by this BAM (0x65=101)
$05                    Highest+1 track covered by this BAM (0x97=151)
$06-$0A                BAM for track 101. The first byte shows the
"blocks free" for this track, the remaining 4
show the BAM for the track.
$0B-$0F                BAM for track 102
...                    ...
$FB-$FF                BAM for track 150

Fourth BAM block 38/9

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 27 01 43 00 97 9B 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00
10: 17 FF FF 7F 00 17 FF FF 7F 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
40: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Bytes                  Description
$00-$01                T/S pointer to first directory sector (39/1)
$02                    DOS version byte (0x43='C')
$03                    Reserved
$04                    Lowest track covered by this BAM (0x97=151)
$05                    Highest+1 track covered by this BAM (0x9B=155)
$06-$0A                BAM for track 151. The first byte shows the
"blocks free" for this track, the remaining 4
show the BAM for the track.
$0B-$0F                BAM for track 152
...                    ...
$15-$19                BAM for track 154
$1A-$FF                Not used

15.10 The P00 image format
==========================

(This section was contributed by Peter Schepers and slightly edited by
Marco van den Heuvel.)

These files were created for use in the PC64 emulator, written by
Wolfgang Lorenz. Each one has the same layout with the filetype being
stored in the DOS extension (i.e. Pxx is a PRG, Sxx is a SEQ, Uxx is a
USR and Rxx is a RELative file), and the header is only 26 bytes long.

This is a dump of a Pxx file (PRG)...

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
0000: 43 36 34 46 69 6C 65 00 43 52 49 53 49 53 20 4D
0010: 4F 55 4E 54 41 49 4E 00 00 00

Bytes                  Description
$00-$06                ASCII string "C64File"
$07                    Always $00
$08-$17                Filename in PETASCII, padded with $00 (not $A0,
like a D64)
$18                    Always $00
$19                    REL file record size ($00 if not a REL file)
$1A-??                 Program data

The 'xx' in the extension of the file is usually 00, except when we
have two DOS filenames which would be the same, but the C64 filenames
are different! If we have two C64 filenames which are the same, they
*cannot* co-exist in the same directory. If we have two files which do
convert down to be the same DOS filename, the extension is incremented
until an unused one is found (x01, x02, x03, up to x99). We can have up
to 99 different C64 files with the same corresponding DOS names as
that's all the extension will hold (from P00 to P99).

Each PC64 file only has one entry, there are no multi-file containers
allowed. This could result in a large number of these files in a
directory, even for only a few programs, as each C64 file will result
in a PC64 file entry. The best use for a PC64 file is a single-file
program, one which does not load anything else.

15.11 The CRT cartridge image format
====================================

This chapter is based on CRT.txt (rev1.14) compiled by Peter Schepers,
with additional contributions from Per Hakan Sundell, Markus Brenner,
Marco Van Den Heuvel, Groepaz.

Cartridge files were introduced in the CCS64  emulator,  written  by
Per Hakan Sundell, and use the ".CRT" file extension. This format  was
created to handle the various ROM cartridges that exist, such as Action
Replay, the Power cartridge, and the Final Cartridge.

Normal game cartridges can load  into  several  different  memory
ranges ($8000-9FFF,  $A000-BFFF  or  $E000-FFFF).  Newer   utility
and   freezer cartridges were less intrusive, hiding themselves until
called  upon,  and still others used bank-switching techniques to allow
much larger ROM's than normal. Because of these "stealthing" and
bank-switching methods, a special cartridge format  was  necessary,  to
let  the  emulator  know  where  the cartridge should reside, the
control line  states  to  enable  it  and  any special hardware
features it uses.

15.11.1 Header contents
-----------------------

Here is a dump of a sample 8K normal cartridge,  "Attack  Of  The
Mutant Camels"...

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 41 54 54 41 43 4B 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 4D 55   ATTACK?OF?THE?MU
0030: 54 41 4E 54 20 43 41 4D 45 4C 53 00 00 00 00 00   TANT?CAMELS?????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
0050: D3 9B BC FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 EA EA EA A9 01 85 13   .›?....80....?…?
0060: 4C B3 9B A9 08 85 5A 88 D0 FD C6 5A D0 F9 60 D0   L³›.?…Zˆ...Z.?`.

Bytes:$0000-000F - 16-byte cartridge signature  "C64  CARTRIDGE"  (padded
with space characters)
0010-0013 - File header length  ($00000040,  in  high/low  format,
calculated from offset $0000). The default  (also  the
minimum) value is $40.  Some  cartridges  exist  which
show a value of $00000020 which is wrong.
0014-0015 - Cartridge version (high/low, presently 01.00)
0016-0017 - Cartridge hardware type ($0000, high/low)
0 - Normal cartridge
1 - Action Replay
2 - KCS Power Cartridge
3 - Final Cartridge III
4 - Simons' BASIC
5 - Ocean type 1*
6 - Expert Cartridge
7 - Fun Play, Power Play
8 - Super Games
9 - Atomic Power
10 - Epyx Fastload
11 - Westermann Learning
12 - Rex Utility
13 - Final Cartridge I
14 - Magic Formel
15 - C64 Game System, System 3
16 - Warp Speed
17 - Dinamic**
18 - Zaxxon, Super Zaxxon (SEGA)
19 - Magic Desk, Domark, HES Australia
20 - Super Snapshot V5
21 - Comal-80
22 - Structured BASIC
23 - Ross
24 - Dela EP64
25 - Dela EP7x8
26 - Dela EP256
27 - Rex EP256
28 - Mikro Assembler
29 - Final Cartridge Plus
30 - Action Replay 4
31 - Stardos
32 - EasyFlash
33 - EasyFlash Xbank
34 - Capture
35 - Action Replay 3
36 - Retro Replay
37 - MMC64
38 - MMC Replay
39 - IDE64
40 - Super Snapshot V4
41 - IEEE-488
42 - Game Killer
43 - Prophet64
44 - EXOS
45 - Freeze Frame
46 - Freeze Machine
47 - Snapshot64
48 - Super Explode V5.0
49 - Magic Voice
50 - Action Replay 2
51 - MACH 5
52 - Diashow-Maker
53 - Pagefox
0018 - Cartridge port EXROM line status
0 - inactive
1 - active
0019 - Cartridge port GAME line status
0 - inactive
1 - active
001A-001F - Reserved for future use
0020-003F - 32-byte cartridge  name  "CCSMON"  (uppercase,  padded
with null characters)
0040-xxxx - Cartridge contents (called CHIP PACKETS, as there  can
be more than one  per  CRT  file).  See  below  for  a
breakdown of the CHIP format.

(*Note: Ocean type 1 includes Navy Seals, Robocop 2 & 3,  Shadow  of
the     Beast, Toki, Terminator 2 and more)

(**Note: Dinamic includes Narco Police and more)

15.11.2 CHIP Contents
---------------------

The following is the contents of the CHIP packet, from position $0040
on in the CRT file. Note I have re-adjusted the starting address to be
$0000, since we are now looking at a file contained in the .CRT file,
and all size references are from where it starts.

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
0010: D3 9B BC FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 EA EA EA A9 01 85 13   .›?....80....?…?
0020: 4C B3 9B A9 08 85 5A 88 D0 FD C6 5A D0 F9 60 D0   L³›.?…Zˆ...Z.?`.
0030: F2 60 A9 04 85 49 A9 00 85 48 A2 00 A5 48 9D 40   ?`.?…I.?…H.?¥H�@
0040: 03 A5 49 9D 60 03 A5 48 18 69 28 85 48 A5 49 69   ?¥I�`?¥H?i(…H¥Ii
0050: 00 85 49 E8 E0 18 D0 E4 60 A6 03 A4 02 BD 40 03   ?…I???.?`?????@?

Bytes:$0000-0003 - Contained ROM signature "CHIP" (note there can be more
than one image in a .CRT file)
0004-0007 - Total packet length ($00002010,  ROM  image  size  and
header combined) (high/low format)
0008-0009 - Chip type
0 - ROM
1 - RAM, no ROM data
2 - Flash ROM
000A-000B - Bank number ($0000 - normal cartridge)
000C-000D - Starting load address (high/low format)
000E-000F - ROM image size in bytes  (high/low  format,  typically
$2000 or $4000)
0010-xxxx - ROM data

The following is a chart taken from the "Commodore Programmers
Reference Guide". It details the state of various areas of memory
depending  on  the state of the control lines.

Legend: L - ROML (low) H - ROMH (high) G - GAME E - EXROM

Addr       LHGE   LHGE   LHGE   LHGE   LHGE   LHGE   LHGE   LHGE   LHGE
Range
1111   101X   1000   011X   001X   1110   0100   1100   XX01
default                00X0                             Ultimax
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
E000-FFFF Kernal  RAM    RAM   Kernal  RAM   Kernal Kernal Kernal ROMH(*)
D000-DFFF IO/CHR IO/CHR IO/RAM IO/CHR  RAM   IO/CHR IO/CHR IO/CHR   I/O
C000-CFFF  RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM     -
A000-BFFF BASIC   RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM   BASIC   ROMH   ROMH    -
8000-9FFF  RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    ROML   RAM    ROML  ROML(*)
4000-7FFF  RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM     -
1000-3FFF  RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM     -
0000-0FFF  RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM    RAM

(*) Internal memory does not respond to write accesses in these areas

From the above chart, the following table can be built. It shows
standard cartridges, either 8K or 16K in size, and the memory ranges
they load into.

Type     Size   Game   EXRom  Low Bank  High Bank
in K   Line   Line    (ROML)    (ROMH)
-------------------------------------------------
Normal    8k     hi     lo     $8000      ----
Normal    16k    lo     lo     $8000     $A000
Ultimax   8k     lo     hi     $E000      ----

The ROMH and ROML lines are CPU-controlled status  lines,  used  to
bank in/out RAM, ROM or I/O, depending on what is needed at the time.

Ultimax cartridges typically are situated  in  the  $E000-FFFF  (8K)
ROM address range. There are some cartridges  which  only  use  4K  of
the  8K allocation. If the cartridge is 16K in size, then it will
reside  in  both $8000-9FFF and $E000-FFFF.

15.11.3 Cartridge Specifics
---------------------------

15.11.3.1 0 - Normal cartridge
..............................

Size                   8Kb
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 41 54 54 41 43 4B 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 4D 55   ATTACK?OF?THE?MU
0030: 54 41 4E 54 20 43 41 4D 45 4C 53 00 00 00 00 00   TANT?CAMELS?????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
0050: D3 9B BC FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 EA EA EA A9 01 85 13   .›?....80....?…?

The second sample below is a dump of "Music Machine", a  4Kb  ULTIMAX
mode cartridge. It  is  still  identified  as  a  "standard  cartridge"
according to the ID.

Normal cartridge

Size                   4Kb (ULTIMAX mode)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $F000-F7FF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 4D 55 53 49 43 20 4D 41 43 48 49 4E 45 00 00 00   MUSIC?MACHINE???
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 10 10 00 00 00 00 F0 00 10 00   CHIP????????????
0050: 3C 66 C3 C3 66 3C FF FF 18 3C 66 7E 66 66 66 00   <f..f<???<f~fff?

The third sample is a dump of "Adventure Creator",  a  16Kb  standard
cartridge.

Normal cartridge

Size                   16Kb
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-BFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 41 64 76 65 6E 74 75 72 65 20 43 72 65 61 74 6F   Adventure?Creato
0030: 72 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   r???????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 40 00   CHIP???????.?@?
0050: 09 80 81 EA C3 C2 CD 38 30 A2 00 78 D8 8E 11 D0   ?.�....80.?x.Ž?.

15.11.3.2 1 - Action Replay
...........................

Size                   32Kb (4 banks of 8Kb each)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-9FFF (all modules)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 41 63 74 69 6F 6E 20 52 65 70 6C 61 79 20 56 00   Action?Replay?V?
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
0050: 09 80 0C 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 4C 60 80 4C 63 80 4C   ?.?....80L`.Lc.L

This cart has 32Kb of ROM, and 8Kb of RAM. The bank switching  is  done
by writing to the I/O-1 range as follows:

bit  meaning
---  -------
7    extra ROM bank selector (A15) (unused)
6    1 = resets FREEZE-mode (turns back to normal mode)
5    1 = enable RAM at ROML ($8000-$9FFF) &
I/O-2 ($DF00-$DFFF = $9F00-$9FFF)
4    ROM bank selector high (A14)
3    ROM bank selector low  (A13)
2    1 = disable cartridge (turn off $DE00)
1    1 = /EXROM high
0    1 = /GAME low

Additionally the RAM or ROM can be available through a  window  in  the
I/O-2 range.

15.11.3.3 2 - KCS Power Cartridge
.................................

Size                   16Kb (2 banks of 8K each)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           module #1 - $8000-9FFF                    module
#2 - $A000-BFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 20 01 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ????????????????
0020: 4B 43 53 20 50 6F 77 65 72 20 43 61 72 74 72 69   KCS?Power?Cartri
0030: 64 67 65 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   dge?????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
0050: 09 80 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 78 D8 A2 FF 9A A9 27   ?.^....80x..?..'
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 A0 00 20 00   CHIP???????? ???
2060: 97 E3 16 A1 FF FF FF 20 13 A0 A5 01 09 01 85 01   —.?.????? ¥???…?

15.11.3.4 3 - Final Cartridge III
.................................

Size                   64Kb (4 banks of 16Kb each)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-BFFF (all modules)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 03 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 46 69 6E 61 6C 20 43 61 72 74 72 69 64 67 65 20   Final?Cartridge?
0030: 49 49 49 20 31 39 38 37 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   III?1987????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 40 00   CHIP??@?????.?@?
0050: 09 80 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 4C 4C 80 4C 55 95 4C   ?.^....80LL.LU•L
...
4050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 40 00   CHIP??@?????.?@?
4060: 01 02 00 81 5D 81 61 81 99 81 D8 81 0B 82 33 82   ???�]�a�™�.�?‚3‚
...
8060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 02 80 00 40 00   CHIP??@?????.?@?
8070: 20 43 80 20 52 80 A9 4E 20 05 DE 20 FD BF AD 39   ?C.?R..N??.?..­9
...
C070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 03 80 00 40 00   CHIP??@?????.?@?
C080: A2 06 BD DD 85 95 05 CA 10 F8 AE A0 02 E8 EC A2   .??.…•?.??® ???.

A total of 64 kB of ROM memory  is  organized  into  four  $4000  banks
located at $8000-$BFFF.

The banks are arranged in the following way:

Bank 0:  BASIC, Monitor, Disk-Turbo
Bank 1:  Notepad, BASIC (Menu Bar)
Bank 2:  Desktop, Freezer/Print
Bank 3:  Freezer, Compression

The cartridges uses the entire I/O-1 and I/O-2 range. Bank switching is
done by writing the bank number plus $40 into  memory  location
$DFFF.      For instance, to select bank 2, $DFFF is set to $42.

The CRT file contains four CHIP blocks, each block with a start address
of $8000, length $4000 and the bank number in the bank  field.  In
the     cartridge header, both EXROM ($18) and GAME  ($19)  are  set
to  1  to     enable the 16 kB ROM configuration.

The registers are arranged in the following way:

One register at $DFFF:

bit  meaning
---  -------
7      Hide this register (1 = hidden)
6      NMI line  (0 = low = active) *1)
5      GAME line  (0 = low = active) *2)
4      EXROM line (0 = low = active)
2-3    unassigned (usually set to 0)
0-1    number of bank to show at $8000

1) if either the freezer button is pressed, or bit 6 is 0, then an  NMI
is generated

2) if the freezer button is pressed, GAME is also forced low

The rest of I/O-1/I/O-2 contain a mirror of the last  2  pages  of  the
currently selected ROM bank (also at $dfff, contrary to what some
other     documents say)

15.11.3.5 4 - Simons' Basic
...........................

Size                   16Kb (2 banks of 8kb each)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           module #1 - $8000-9FFF                    module
#2 - $A000-BFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 04 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 53 69 6D 6F 6E 27 73 20 42 61 73 69 63 00 00 00   Simon's?Basic???
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
0050: 52 81 52 81 C3 C2 CD 38 30 41 4C 52 81 20 2C 81   R�R�...80ALR�?,�
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 A0 00 20 00   CHIP???????? ???
2060: 20 A4 A6 99 9E CB A0 05 A5 A8 91 20 A4 A6 99 A2   ???™ž. ?¥?.???™.

Simons' BASIC permanently uses 16 kB ($4000) bytes of cartridge  memory
from $8000-$BFFF. However, through some custom bank-switching logic
the     upper area ($A000-$BFFF) may be disabled so Simons' BASIC may
use it as     additional RAM. Writing a value of $01 to address
location $DE00  banks     in ROM, $00 disables ROM and enables RAM.

The CRT file contains two CHIP blocks of length $2000 each,  the  first
block having a start address of $8000, the second block $A000.  In
the     cartridge header, EXROM ($18) is set to 0, GAME ($19) is set
to  1  to     indicate the RESET/power-up configuration of 8 kB ROM.

15.11.3.6 5 - Ocean type 1
..........................

Size                   32Kb, 128Kb, 256Kb or 512Kb sizes (4, 16, 32 or
64 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           Banks 00-15 - $8000-9FFF                    Banks
16-31 - $A000-BFFF  (except Terminator 2)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
00000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
00010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
00020: 53 48 41 44 4F 57 20 4F 46 20 54 48 45 20 42 45   SHADOW?OF?THE?BE
00030: 41 53 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   AST?????????????
00040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
00050: 09 80 83 81 C3 C2 CD 38 30 4C 83 81 4C 76 82 80   ?.ƒ�...80Lƒ�Lv‚.
...
02050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
02060: 59 6D 00 56 AD 00 55 AE F0 00 01 A0 FE 00 01 F8   Ym?V­?U®??? .???
...
20140: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 10 A0 00 20 00   CHIP???????? ???
20150: 0A 9A 55 FF 9B 69 57 FE AA 65 96 FE 65 0F D6 D9   ?.U?›iW.×e–.e?..

Here is a list of the known OCEAN cartridges:

Batman The Movie    (128 kB)
Battle Command      (128 kB)
Double Dragon       (128 kB)
Navy Seals          (128 kB)
Pang                (128 kB)
Robocop 3           (128 kB)
Space Gun           (128 kB)
Toki                (128 kB)
Chase H.Q. II       (256 kB)
Robocop 2           (256 kB)
Shadow of the Beast (256 kB)
Terminator 2        (512 kB)

The 32Kb type of cart  has  4  banks  of  8Kb  ($2000),  banked  in  at
$8000-$9FFF.

The 128Kb type of cart has  16  banks of  8Kb  ($2000),  banked  in  at
$8000-$9FFF.

The 256Kb type of cart has 32 banks of 8Kb ($2000),  16  banked  in  at
$8000-$9FFF, and 16 banked in at $A000-$BFFF.

The 512Kb type of cart has 64  banks  of  8Kb  ($2000),  banked  in  at
$8000-$9FFF.

Bank switching is done by writing to $DE00. The lower six bits give the
bank number (ranging from 0-63). Bit 8 in this selection word is
always     set.

15.11.3.7 6 - Expert Cartridge
..............................

Size                   8Kb
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 06 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 45 78 70 65 72 74 20 43 61 72 74 72 69 64 67 65   Expert?Cartridge
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 02 00 00 80 00 20 00   CHIP??@?????.???
0050: 00 00 00 0A F3 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ????????????????

15.11.3.8 7 - Fun Play, Power Play
..................................

Size                   128Kb (16 banks of 8Kb modules)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-9FFF (all modules)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
00000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
00010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
00020: 46 55 4E 20 50 4C 41 59 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   FUN?PLAY????????
00030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ????????????????
00040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
00050: 1E 80 86 EA C3 C2 CD 38 30 1B 00 81 0D 08 80 00   ?.†....80??�??.?
...
02050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 08 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
02060: 78 A2 F0 86 01 BD 1D 08 9D F8 00 CA D0 F7 4C 00   x.?†????�??..?L?
...
04060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 10 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
04070: 38 E5 68 85 03 B0 11 27 03 12 C0 18 69 27 42 90   8?h…?°?'??.?i'B�
...
06070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 18 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
06080: 44 D0 5E 06 02 C0 44 11 40 04 11 44 01 5F 1C 73   D.^??.D?@??D?_?s
...
1E130: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 39 80 00 20 00   CHIP???????9.???
1E140: 85 EB 41 EA 9E 08 03 00 C0 06 18 01 00 C0 08 03   …?A.ž???.????.??

The FUN PLAY Cartridge uses $DE00 for  bank  selection,  and  uses  8Kb
banks ($2000) at $8000-$9FFF. There are 16 banks of ROM memory and
are     referenced by the following values:

$00 -> Bank 0
$08 -> Bank 1
$10 -> Bank 2
$18 -> Bank 3
$20 -> Bank 4
$28 -> Bank 5
$30 -> Bank 6
$38 -> Bank 7
$01 -> Bank 8
$09 -> Bank 9
$11 -> Bank 10
$19 -> Bank 11
$21 -> Bank 12
$29 -> Bank 13
$31 -> Bank 14
$39 -> Bank 15

The bank field in the chip  headers  is  set  according  to  the  value
written to $DE00. The following bits are  used  for  bank  decoding
in     $DE00 (0 being the LSB, 3 being the MSB).

Bit# 76543210
xx210xx3

After copying memory from the ROM banks, the selection  program  writes
a value of $86 to $DE00. This seems either  to  reset  or  disable
the     cartridge ROM.

15.11.3.9 8 - Super Games
.........................

Size                   64Kb (4 banks of 16Kb each)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-BFFF (all modules)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 53 55 50 45 52 20 47 41 4D 45 53 00 00 00 00 00   SUPER?GAMES?????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 40 00   CHIP??@?????.?@?
0050: 0A 80 0A 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 00 A9 80 A0 00 85 FB   ?.?....80?.. ?….
...
4050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 40 00   CHIP??@?????.?@?
4060: 27 80 A8 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 00 40 C0 40 C0 40 C0   '.?....80?@.@.@.
...
8060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 02 80 00 40 00   CHIP??@?????.?@?
8070: 00 00 00 49 4D C7 64 47 46 45 F3 48 DC 08 7E 0B   ???IM.dGFE?H.?~?
...
C070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 03 80 00 40 00   CHIP??@?????.?@?
C080: D5 F9 F0 C1 D5 F7 F0 BD E8 B5 02 F0 FB C9 05 30   .??..????µ??..?0

The Super Games cartridge  uses  4  16Kb  banks  ($8000-$BFFF)  of  ROM
memory. Bank selecting is done by writing to $DF00.

$DF00 register is as follows:

bit  meaning
---  -------
0    bank bit 0
1    bank bit 1
2    inverted GAME line
3    inverted EXROM line
4-7  unused

15.11.3.10 9 - Atomic Power
...........................

Size                   32Kb (4 banks of 8Kb modules)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-9FFF (all modules)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 09 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 41 74 6F 6D 69 63 20 50 6F 77 65 72 00 00 00 00   Atomic?Power????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
0050: 09 80 0C 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 4C 41 80 4C 1E 80 4C   ?.?....80LA.L?.L
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
2060: 09 80 0C 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 4C 3F 80 4C 91 80 4C   ?.?....80L?.L..L
...
4060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 02 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
4070: EF FC 09 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 4C 27 80 4C DB 81 4C   ?.?....80L'.L.�L
...
6070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 03 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
6080: 09 80 0C 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 4C 73 86 4C 30 80 4C   ?.?....80Ls†L0.L

This cart has 32Kb of ROM and 8Kb of RAM

Writing to I/O-1 will do the following:

bit  meaning
---  -------
7    extra ROM bank selector (A15) (unused)
6    1 = resets FREEZE-mode (turns back to normal mode)
5    1 = enable RAM at ROML ($8000-$9FFF) &
I/O-2 ($DF00-$DFFF = $9F00-$9FFF)
4    ROM bank selector high (A14)
3    ROM bank selector low  (A13)
2    1 = disable cartridge (turn off $DE00)
1    1 = /EXROM high
0    1 = /GAME low

If bit 5 (RAM enable) is 1, bit 0,1 (exrom/game) is ==  2  (cart  off),
bit 2,6,7 (cart disable, freeze clear) are 0, then cart ROM (Bank
0..3)     is mapped at 8000-9FFF, and cart RAM (Bank 0) is  mapped  at
A000-BFFF     and cart RAM (Bank 0) is is enabled in the I/O-2 area
using  16Kb  game     config.

The cart RAM or ROM is available through a window in the I/O-2 range.

15.11.3.11 10 - Epyx Fastload
.............................

Size                   8Kb
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 0A 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 45 50 59 58 20 46 41 53 54 4C 4F 41 44 00 00 00   EPYX?FASTLOAD???
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
0050: 30 80 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 20 04 90 4C 38 DF AB   0.^....80??�L8?«

The Epyx FastLoad cart uses a simple capacitor to toggle the ROM on
and off:

the capacitor is discharged, and 8k game config enabled, by either
reading ROML or reading I/O-1. If none of those accesses happen the
capacitor will charge, and if it is charged (after 512 cycles) then
the ROM will get disabled.

15.11.3.12 11 - Westermann Learning
...................................

Size                   16Kb
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-BFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 0B 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 57 45 53 54 45 52 4D 41 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00   WESTERMANN??????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 40 00   CHIP????????.?@?
0050: 09 80 9C 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 A2 00 8E 16 D0 20 84   ?.œ....80.?Ž?.?„

Any read from the I/O-2 range will switch the cart off.

15.11.3.13 12 - Rex Utility
...........................

Size                   8K
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 0C 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 52 45 58 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   REX?????????????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00   CHIP????????.???
0050: 08 80 C1 FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 6C 95 E3 20 A3 FD 20   ?......80l•.?£.?

Reading from $DF00-DFBF disables ROM, reading from $DFC0-DFFF enables
ROM (8k game config).

15.11.3.14 13 - Final Cartridge I
.................................

Size                   16Kb
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-BFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F        ASCII
-----------------------------------------------   ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20   C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 0D 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00   ???@????????????
0020: 54 68 65 20 46 69 6E 61 6C 20 43 61 72 74 72 69   The?Final?Cartri
0030: 64 67 65 20 49 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   dge?I???????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 40 00   CHIP??@?????.?@?
0050: 80 BA 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 00 A0 A0 20 2D FE 58   .÷^....80?  ?-.X

Any access to I/O-1 turns cartridge ROM off. Any access to I/O-2  turns
cartridge ROM on.

The cart ROM is visible in I/O-1 and I/O-2.

15.11.3.15 14 - Magic Formel
............................

Size                   64Kb (8 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   Inactive (0)
EXROM                  Inactive (0)
Load Address           $E000-FFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 0E 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 4D 61 67 69 63 20 46 6F 72 6D 65 6C 00 00 00 00  Magic?Formel????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 E0 00 20 00  CHIP????????????
0050: 4D 46 30 8D 00 DF 60 8D 01 DF 60 8D 02 DF 60 8D  MF0�??`�??`�??`�
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 E0 00 20 00  CHIP????????????
2060: 4C 5F E4 8D 00 DF 60 8D 01 DF 60 8D 02 DF 60 8D  L_?�??`�??`�??`�
...
4060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 02 E0 00 20 00  CHIP????????????
4070: 4D 46 32 8D 00 DF 60 8D 01 DF 60 8D 02 DF 60 8D  MF2�??`�??`�??`�
...
6070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 03 E0 00 20 00  CHIP????????????
6080: 4D 46 33 8D 00 DF 60 8D 01 DF 60 8D 02 DF 60 8D  MF3�??`�??`�??`�
...
8080: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 04 E0 00 20 00  CHIP????????????
8090: 4D 46 34 8D 00 DF 60 8D 01 DF 60 8D 02 DF 60 8D  MF4�??`�??`�??`�
...
A090: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 05 E0 00 20 00  CHIP????????????
A0A0: 4D 46 35 8D 00 DF 60 8D 01 DF 60 8D 02 DF 60 8D  MF5�??`�??`�??`�
...
C0A0: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 06 E0 00 20 00  CHIP????????????
C0B0: 4D 46 36 8D 00 DF 60 8D 01 DF 60 8D 02 DF 60 8D  MF6�??`�??`�??`�
..
E0B0: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 07 E0 00 20 00  CHIP????????????
E0C0: 4D 46 37 8D 00 DF 60 8D 01 DF 60 8D 02 DF 60 8D  MF7�??`�??`�??`�

15.11.3.16 15 - C64 Game System, System 3
.........................................

Size                   512Kb (64 banks of 8Kb each)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-9FFF (all modules)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
000000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
000010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 0F 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
000020: 43 36 34 47 53 20 43 61 72 74 72 69 64 67 65 00  C64GS?Cartridge?
000030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
000040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
000050: 6D 80 C5 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 4C CB 80 4C 36 84 4C  m......80L..L6„L
...
002050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
002060: 18 D0 A9 FF 8D 15 D0 8D 1D D0 8D 17 D0 A2 07 A9  ?..?�?.�?.�?..?.
...
004060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 02 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
004070: E0 08 19 21 77 84 52 98 9F 80 A5 21 31 01 31 89  ???!w„R˜Ÿ.¥!1?1‰
...
006070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 03 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
006080: C0 08 1C 1D A0 92 03 03 D8 AA 04 C0 B8 01 40 EA  .??? .??.×?.??@.
...
07E430: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 3F 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
07E440: 45 20 41 20 42 49 47 20 58 FE 4F 4E 20 54 48 49  E?A?BIG?X.ON?THI

Here is a list of the known cartridges:

C64GS 4-in-1      (Commodore)  (512 kB)
Last Ninja Remix  (System 3)   (512 kB)
Myth              (System 3)   (512 kB)

ROM memory is organized in 8Kb ($2000) banks  located  at  $8000-$9FFF.
Bank switching is done by writing to address $DE00+X, where  X  is
the     bank number (STA $DE00,X). For instance, to read from bank  3,
address     $DE03 is written to. Reading from anywhere  in  the  I/O-1
range  will     disable the cart.

The CRT file contains a string of CHIP blocks, each block with a  start
address of $8000, length $2000 and the bank number in the  bank
field.      In the cartridge header, EXROM ($18) is set to 0, GAME
($19) is set  to     1 to enable the 8 kB ROM configuration.

15.11.3.17 16 - Warp Speed
..........................

Size                   16Kb
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-BFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 10 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 57 61 72 70 73 70 65 65 64 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  Warpspeed???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
0050: 4C 22 80 4C 22 80 FF 43 42 4D 20 53 E4 20 18 E5  L".L".?CBM?S????

After  RESET  or  POWER  ON,  16kB  of  cartridge  ROM  is  visible  at
$8000-$BFFF. Additionally,  ROM  normally  located  at  $9E00-$9FFF
is     mirrored into I/O-1 and I/O-2 at $DE00-$DFFF.  ROM  at
$8000-$BFFF  is     disabled by writing into the I/O-2 area (typically
$DF00)  and  may  be     re-enabled by writing into  I/O-1  ($DE00).
However,  the  $DE00-$DFFF     (I/O-1/I/O-2) area itself always remains
mapped to cartridge ROM.

15.11.3.18 17 - Dinamic
.......................

Size                   128Kb (16 banks of 8Kb each)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-9FFF (all modules)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
000000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
000010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 11 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
000020: 4E 61 72 63 6F 20 50 6F 6C 69 63 65 00 00 00 00  Narco?Police????
000030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
000040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
000050: 0B 80 0B 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 00 00 78 A2 FF 9A D8  ?.?....80??x.?..
..
002050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
002060: 1C 8C 1B 8C 16 16 8F 16 16 88 1C 1C 86 1C 1C 89  ?Œ?Œ??�??ˆ??†??‰
..
004060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 02 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
004070: B6 02 07 08 07 07 00 0A 0A B6 00 05 0A 00 07 07  ¶????????¶??????
..
01E130: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 0F 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
01E140: 00 D5 70 03 F5 70 0F 5F 70 0F F7 70 35 FD F0 37  ?.p??p?_p??p5.?7

Here is a list of the known DINAMIC cartridges:

Narco Police  (128 kB)
Satan         (128 kB)

ROM memory is organized in 8Kb ($2000) banks  located  at  $8000-$9FFF.
Bank switching is done by reading from address $DE00+X, where X is
the     bank number (LDA $DE00,X). For instance, to read from bank  3,
address     $DE03 is accessed.

The CRT file contains a string of CHIP blocks, each block with a  start
address of $8000, length $2000 and the bank number in the  bank
field.      In the cartridge header, EXROM ($18) is set to 0, GAME
($19) is set  to     1 to enable the 8 kB ROM configuration.

15.11.3.19 18 - Zaxxon, Super Zaxxon (SEGA)
...........................................

Size                   20Kb (3 banks of different sizes)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-8FFF (mirrored in $9000-9FFF, module 0,
chip U1)                     $A000-BFFF (banked
modules 1 and 2, chip U2)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
000000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
000010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
000020: 5A 61 78 78 6F 6E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  Zaxxon??????????
000030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
000040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 10 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 10 00  CHIP????????.???
000050: 0D 80 29 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 78 4C 09 80 78 A9 00  ?.)....80xL?.x.?
..
001050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 A0 00 20 00  CHIP???????? ???
001060: A2 0F BD 00 20 D0 04 CA 10 F8 60 BD 70 20 F0 0D  .????.?.??`?p???
..
003060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 A0 00 20 00  CHIP???????? ???
003070: 65 A2 36 A3 E7 A3 CB A4 94 A5 86 A6 5E A7 35 A8  e.6£?£.?”¥†?^§5?

The (Super) Zaxxon carts use a 4Kb ($1000) ROM at $8000-$8FFF (mirrored
in $9000-$9FFF) along with two 8Kb ($2000) cartridge banks  located
at     $A000-$BFFF. One of the two banks is selected by doing a read
access to     either the $8000-$8FFF area (bank 0 is selected) or to
$9000-$9FFF area     (bank 1 is selected). EXROM ($18 = $00) and GAME
($19 = $00) lines  are     always pulled to GND to select the 16 kB ROM
configuration.

The CRT file includes three CHIP blocks:
a) bank = 0, load address = $8000, size = $1000
b) bank = 0, load address = $A000, size = $2000
c) bank = 1, load address = $A000, size = $2000

15.11.3.20 19 - Magic Desk, Domark, HES Australia
.................................................

Size                   32Kb, 64Kb or 128Kb sizes (4 to 16 banks of 8Kb
each)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           (banks 00-15) - $8000-9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 13 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 4D 61 67 69 63 20 44 65 73 6B 00 00 00 00 00 00  Magic?Desk??????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 09 80 C6 CA C3 C2 CD 38 30 8E 16 D0 20 A3 FD 20  ?......80Ž?.?£.?
..
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
2060: 00 3F 0A 01 00 86 4E 24 28 31 30 29 3A 4A 4F 59  ?????†N$(10):JOY
..
4060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 02 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
4070: 00 8B C9 28 4E 24 2C 31 29 B3 B1 22 FF 22 A7 32  ?‹.(N$,1)³±"?"§2
..
6070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 03 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
6080: AE 01 83 33 2C 37 2C 22 32 29 20 44 45 4C 20 4B  ®?ƒ3,7,"2)?DEL?K

This cartridge type is very similar to the OCEAN cart type: ROM  memory
is  organized  in  8Kb  ($2000)  banks  located  at  $8000-$9FFF.
Bank     switching is done by writing the bank number to $DE00. Deviant
from the     Ocean type, bit 8 is cleared for selecting one of the ROM
banks. If bit     8 is set ($DE00 = $80), the GAME/EXROM lines are
disabled,  turning  on     RAM at $8000-$9FFF instead of ROM.

In the cartridge header, EXROM ($18) is set to 0, GAME ($19) is set  to
1 to indicate the RESET/power-up configuration of 8 kB ROM.

Here is a list of the known cartridges:

Ghosbusters        (HES Australia)   (32 kB)
Magic Desk         (Commodore)       (32 kB)
Badlands           (Domark)          (64 kB)
Vindicators        (Domark)          (64 kB)
Wonderboy          (HES Australia)   (64 kB)
Cyberball          (Domark)         (128 kB)

15.11.3.21 20 - Super Snapshot V5
.................................

Size                   64Kb (4 banks of 16Kb each)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-BFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 14 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 53 75 70 65 72 20 53 6E 61 70 73 68 6F 74 20 35  Super?Snapshot?5
0030: 20 4E 54 53 43 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ?NTSC???????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
0050: 09 80 59 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 20 03 9F 00 FA F4 20  ?.Y....80??Ÿ????
...
4050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
4060: 79 DE BC FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 A9 05 8D 20 D0 8D 21  y.?....80.?�?.�!
...
8060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 02 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
8070: 50 DE BC FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 A9 0A 85 6A A9 0D 85  P.?....80.?…j.?…
...
C070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 03 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
C080: 50 DE BC FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 85 07 20 1A AD A5 76  P.?....80…???­¥v

The first page of the currently selected ROM bank is  mirrored  in  the
I/O-1 range when reading.

The control Register is the I/O-1 range when writing:

bit  meaning
---  -------
7-5  unused
4    ROM/RAM bank bit 1
3    ROM enable
2    ROM/RAM bank bit 0
1    RAM enable, EXROM
0    release freeze, !GAME

15.11.3.22 21 - Comal-80
........................

Size                   64Kb (4 banks of 16Kb each)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-BFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 15 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 43 6F 6D 61 6C 20 38 30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  Comal?80????????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
0050: 87 87 70 CF C3 C2 CD 38 30 4C AA CF 4C 70 CF 4C  ..p....80L×.Lp.L
...
4050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
4060: AA CF 70 CF C3 C2 CD 38 30 01 29 01 28 01 2C 04  ×.p....80?)?(?,?
...
8060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 02 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
8070: AA CF 70 CF C3 C2 CD 38 30 91 92 92 92 92 92 92  ×.p....80.......
...
C070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 03 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
C080: 7B C8 7E C8 C3 C2 CD 38 30 43 4F 4D 41 4C 80 93  ..~....80COMAL..

The Comal-80 Cartridge uses $DE00 for bank  selection,  and  uses  16Kb
banks ($4000) at $8000-$BFFF. There are 4 banks of ROM memory  and
are     referenced by the following values:

$80 -> Bank 0
$81 -> Bank 1
$82 -> Bank 2
$83 -> Bank 3

15.11.3.23 22 - Structured Basic
................................

Size                   16Kb (2 banks of 8Kb each)
GAME                   active (0)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-9FFF

No sample data/file available.

Any read/write access to $DE00 or $DE01 will  switch  in  bank  0.  Any
read/write access to $DE02 will switch in bank 1. Any read/write
access     to $DE03 will switch off EXROM.

15.11.3.24 23 - Ross
....................

Size                   16Kb or 32Kb sizes (1 or 2 banks of 16Kb each)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-BFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 17 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 52 6F 73 73 20 31 34 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  Ross?14?????????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
0050: 09 80 09 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 A2 00 BD 20 80 4D 0E  ?.?....80.???.M?
...
4050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
4060: 3F 5A 4D 4D 50 4D 8D 25 3F 1A 1F 77 3F CD E0 3F  ?ZMMPM�%???w?.??

Any read access to $DE00 will switch in bank 1 (if cart is  32Kb).  Any
read access to $DF00 will switch off EXROM and GAME.

15.11.3.25 24 - Dela EP64
.........................

Size                   8Kb to 72kb sizes (1 to 9 banks of 8Kb each,
or 1 bank of 8Kb and 1 or
2 banks                               of 32Kb
each)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 18 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 44 45 4C 41 20 45 50 36 34 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  DELA?EP64???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 00 85 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF  ?…^....80???????
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 80 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 80 00  CHIP??.?????.?.?
2060: 54 45 53 54 0D 2A 0D 54 45 20 36 34 0D 00 00 00  TEST?*?TE?64????

This is an eprom cartridge. It has 1 2764 (8Kb) which  holds  the  base
eprom with the base menu, and 2 27256 eproms of  which  8Kb  parts
are     banked into the $8000-9FFF area.

The bank selecting is done by writing to $DE00. The following bits  are
used for bank decoding in $DE00 (0 being the LSB, 3 being the MSB).

Bit# 76543210
xx10xx32

Any bank value below 4 or above 11 switches in the base bank (bank 0).

The bit values for each eprom bank are :

eprom bank 1 : xx00xx01
eprom bank 2 : xx01xx01
eprom bank 3 : xx10xx01
eprom bank 4 : xx11xx01
eprom bank 5 : xx00xx10
eprom bank 6 : xx01xx10
eprom bank 7 : xx10xx10
eprom bank 8 : xx11xx10

Setting bit 7 high will switch off EXROM.

15.11.3.26 25 - Dela EP7x8
..........................

Size                   8Kb to 64kb sizes (1 to 8 banks of 8Kb each)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 19 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 44 45 4C 41 20 45 50 37 78 38 00 00 00 00 00 00  DELA?EP7x8??????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 09 80 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 78 A2 FF 9A D8 8E 16  ?.^....80x.?..Ž?
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
2060: 94 83 A0 83 C3 C2 CD 38 30 02 BB 5A 30 5F EE 3D  ”ƒ ƒ...80?»Z0_?=

This is an eprom cartridge. It has 8 8Kb banks of which the first holds
the base menu, the other eproms can be banked into the $8000-9FFF
area.

The bank selecting is done by writing to $DE00. Each low bit is used to
bank in the respective eprom. If all bits are high then  the  EXROM
is     switched off.

The bit values for each eprom bank is:

eprom bank 1 : 11111110 ($FE) (base eprom)
eprom bank 2 : 11111101 ($FD)
eprom bank 3 : 11111011 ($FB)
eprom bank 4 : 11110111 ($F7)
eprom bank 5 : 11101111 ($EF)
eprom bank 6 : 11011111 ($DF)
eprom bank 7 : 10111111 ($BF)
eprom bank 8 : 01111111 ($7F)

EXROM off    : 11111111 ($FF)

15.11.3.27 26 - Dela EP256
..........................

Size                   8Kb to 262kb sizes (1 to 33 banks of 8Kb each)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 1A 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 44 45 4C 41 20 45 50 32 35 36 00 00 00 00 00 00  DELA?EP256??????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 00 85 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 93 0D 2B 2B 2B 20 45  ?…^....80.?+++?E
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
2060: 09 80 28 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 78 A2 05 8E 16 D0 20  ?.(....80x.?Ž?.?
...
4060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 02 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
4070: 0B 80 BC FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 DC 10 8E 16 D0 20 87  ?.?....80.?Ž?.?.
...
6070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 03 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
6080: 09 80 F6 8E C3 C2 CD 38 30 A2 C8 8E 16 D0 20 ..  ?.?Ž...80..Ž?.?.
...
8080: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 04 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
8090: 94 83 A0 83 C3 C2 CD 38 30 02 BB 5A 30 5F EE 3D  ”ƒ ƒ...80?»Z0_?=

This is an eprom cartridge. It has 33 8Kb  banks  of  which  the  first
holds the base menu, the other eproms can be banked into the
$8000-9FFF     area.

The bank selecting is done by writing to $DE00.

The values for the (extra) eprom banks are:

eprom banks  1- 8 : $38-3F
eprom banks  9-16 : $28-2F
eprom banks 17-24 : $18-1F
eprom banks 25-32 : $08-0F

Setting bit 7 high will switch off EXROM.

15.11.3.28 27 - Rex EP256
.........................

Size                   8Kb to 262kb sizes (1 bank of 8Kb and 1 to 8
banks of either
8Kb, 16Kb or 32Kb)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 1B 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 52 45 58 20 45 50 32 35 36 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  REX?EP256???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 09 80 C1 FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 20 A3 FD 20 50 FD 20  ?......80?£.?P.?
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
2060: 09 80 F2 8F C3 C2 CD 38 30 A2 C8 8E 16 D0 20 A3  ?.?�...80..Ž?.?£
...
4060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 02 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
4070: 09 80 09 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 58 D8 20 84 FF 20 8A  ?.?....80X.?„??Š

This is an eprom cartridge. It has 9 eprom sockets, of which the  first
holds the base eprom with the base menu which  is  an  8Kb  eprom,
the     other eprom sockets can handle 8Kb, 16Kb or 32Kb eproms, of
which  8kb     can be banked into the $8000-9FFF area.

The bank selecting is done by  writing  to  $DFA0.  Bits  2,  1  and  0
determine which socket is used and bits 5 and 4 are used to  select
an     8Kb piece of the eprom.

The possible values for bits 5 and 4 for the (extra) eprom banks are:

8Kb        : 3, 2, 1, 0

16Kb bank 0 : 2, 0
16Kb bank 1 : 3, 1

32Kb bank 0 : 0
32Kb bank 1 : 1
32Kb bank 2 : 2
32Kb bank 3 : 3

Reading from $DFC0 switches off the EXROM.      Reading from $DFE0
switches on the EXROM.

15.11.3.29 28 - Mikro Assembler
...............................

Size                   8Kb (1 bank of 8Kb)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 1C 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 60 80 FE 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 4C 07 87 4C CA 82 41  `......80L?.L.‚A

The $9E00-$9EFF range is mirrored at $DE00-$DEFF. The $9F00-$9FFF range
is mirrored at $DF00-$DFFF.

15.11.3.30 29 - Final Cartridge Plus
....................................

Size                   32Kb (1 bank of 32Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $0000-$7FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 1D 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 80 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 00  CHIP??.???????.?
0050: FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF  ????????????????

This cart has 32Kb of ROM, bank 0 is in the cart image but is  unused.
The first 8Kb of the cart image is unused, the second 8Kb of the
cart     image is mapped to $E000-$FFFF, the third 8Kb of  the  cart
image  is     mapped to $8000-$9FFF and the fourth 8Kb of the cart
image  is  mapped     to $A000-$BFFF. An NMI can be triggered by the
cart, if address  $0001     is written to and the cartridge is enabled.
The cart can  be  disabled     by software, by clearing bit 4 when
writing to $DF00-$DFFF.  Cart  ROM     at $E000-$FFFF can be disabled
by setting bit 5 to 0 when  writing  to     $DF00-$DFFF. Cart ROM at
$8000-$BFFF can be disabled by setting bit  6     to 1 when  writing
to  $DF00-$DFFF.  Bit  7  of  a  byte  written  to     $DF00-$DFFF can
be read back from the cartridge  if  enabled  (like  a     memory cell).

15.11.3.31 30 - Action Replay 4
...............................

Size                   32Kb (4 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 1E 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: EA 78 48 A9 7F 8D 0D DD D0 0E 48 AD 0D DD 10 04  .xP.?�?..?P?.??
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
2060: 09 80 0C 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 4C E9 80 4C 81 81 4C  ?.?....80L?.L��L
...
4060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 02 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
4070: 09 80 0E 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 A2 00 4C EF FC 20 BC  ?.?....80.?L?.??
...
6070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 03 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
6080: 09 80 0C 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 4C 70 88 4C 3F 80 4C  ?.?....80LpˆL?.L

The control register is the I/O-1 range:

bit  meaning
---  -------
0    Eprom banking bit 0 (bank address 13)
1    Controls the GAME line (0 sets GAME low, 1 sets GAME high)
2    Freeze-end bit (disables the register and hides any rom bank)
3    Controls the Exrom line (1 sets EXROM low, 0 sets EXROM high)
4    Eprom banking bit 1 (bank address 14)
5-7  Unused

The first page of the currently banked ROM block can be  read  in  the
I/O-2 range.

15.11.3.32 31 - Stardos
.......................

Size                   16Kb (2 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF (bank 0),
$E000-$FFFF (bank 1)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 1F 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: F9 80 B6 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 FD 80 89 80 4C 0C 88  ?.¶....80..‰.L?ˆ
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 E0 00 20 00  CHIP????????????
2060: 85 56 20 0F BC A5 61 C9 88 90 03 20 D4 BA 20 CC  …V???¥a.ˆ�??.÷?.

This cart has 16Kb of ROM, of which the first  8Kb  is  mapped  in  at
$8000-$9FFF and the second 8Kb is used as a  kernel  replacement.  The
kernel replacement is achieved by a clip that needs  to  be
installed     inside the C64.

Reading from I/O-1 causes a capacitor to get charged with every  read,
once the capacitor is charged enough it switches the cart on.

Reading from I/O-2 causes a different capacitor to  get  charged  with
every read, once the capacitor is charged enough it switched the  cart
off.

15.11.3.33 32 - EasyFlash
.........................

Size                   1024Kb (64 banks of 2 * 8Kb)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF (ROML), $A000-$BFFF or $E000-$FFFF
(ROMH)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 20 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@????????????
0020: 45 61 73 79 46 6C 61 73 68 20 43 61 72 74 72 69  EasyFlash?Cartri
0030: 64 67 65 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  dge?????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 00 85 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 93 0D 2B 2B 2B 20 45  ?…^....80.?+++?E

EasyFlash is a 1 MByte Flash EPROM card with  multiple  configurations
and banks possible, it also has 256 bytes of RAM which is mapped  into
the I/O-2 range.

There are two control registers, one at $DE00 and one at $DE02.

The register at $DE00 does the following:

bit  meaning
---  -------
7    LED control
6-3  Unused
2    Mode (0/1)
1    Exrom line control
0    Game line control

The register at $DE02 controls which bank  is  mapped  into  ROMH  and
ROML.

15.11.3.34 33 - EasyFlash Xbank
...............................

Size                   -
GAME                   -
EXROM                  -
Load address           -

This CRT type is not actually related to a seperate hardware, it is
used by some EasyFlash related tools as a container format.
Consequently VICE does (can) not load files of this type.

15.11.3.35 34 - Capture
.......................

Size                   8Kb (1 bank of 8Kb)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $E000-$FFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 22 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???"????????
0020: 4D 61 67 69 63 20 46 6F 72 6D 65 6C 00 00 00 00  Magic?Formel????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 E0 00 20 00  CHIP????????????
0050: 00 0A 0D 8A B4 A1 20 80 00 0A 82 8A 8D 20 9E 20  ???Š?.?.??‚Š�?ž?

This cart has 8Kb of ROM which is mapped to  $E000,  and  8Kb  of  RAM
which is mapped to $6000. The cartridge is disabled after a reset.

When the freeze button is pressed the following happens:

* an NMI is generated

* as soon as the current adress is in bank 0xfe the cart  switches
to       ultimax  mode.  The  cart  ROM  then  contains  one  page
full   of       "jmp $eaea", which ultimately calls the freezer
code.

* the $FFF7/$FFF8 "register" logic is enabled and any access (read
or       write) to $FFF7 will turn the cart_enabled off (leave
ultimax mode),       and an access to $FFF8 will turn the cart
back  on  (enter  ultimax       mode). the "register logic" that
causes this can  only  be  disabled       again by a hardware
reset.

15.11.3.36 35 - Action Replay 3
...............................

Size                   16Kb (2 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 23 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???#????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: EA A9 E3 48 A9 7B 48 08 4C 1A 80 EA EA EA 48 AD  ...H..H?L?....H
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
2060: 09 80 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 78 A2 FB D8 9A A9 27  ?.^....80x.....'

This cart has 16Kb of ROM of which 8Kb is mapped in at both  ROML  and
ROMH. Bank switching and control register is done  through  the  I/O-1
range:

bit  meaning
---  -------
7-4  unused
3    Exrom line control
2    Disable cart
1    Unused
0    Bank

15.11.3.37 36 - Retro Replay
............................

Size                   32Kb, 64Kb or 128Kb (4, 8 or 16 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???$????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 09 80 0C 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 4C 7F 81 4C 87 81 4C  ?.?....80L?�L.�L

The Retro Replay has three registers: Two write-only ($DE00  &  $DE01)
and one read-only register ($DE00 & $DE01 giving the same results).

The register at $DE00 is reset to $00 on a hard reset if not in  flash
mode. If in flash mode, it is set to  $02  in  order  to  prevent  the
computer from starting the normal cartridge. Flash  mode  is
selected     with a jumper.

Register at $DE00:

bit  meaning
---  -------
0    Controls the GAME line: A 1 asserts the line, a 0  will  deassert
it.
1    Controls the EXROM line: A 0 will assert it, a  1  will  deassert
it.
2    Writing a 1 will disable further write accesses to all  registers
of the Retro Replay, and  set  the  memory  map  of  the  C64  to
standard, as if there is no cartridge installed at all.
3    Controls bank-address 13 for ROM and RAM banking.
4    Controls bank-address 14 for ROM and RAM banking.
5    Switches between ROM and RAM: 0=ROM, 1=RAM
6    Must be written once to "1" after a successful freeze in order to
set the correct memory map and  enable  bits  0  and  1  of  this
register. Otherwise no effect.
7    Controls bank-address 15 for ROM banking.

The register at $DE01 is the extended  control  register.  If  not  in
Flash mode, bits 1, 2 and 6 can only be  written  once.  If  in  Flash
mode, the REUcomp bit cannot be set, but  the  register  will  not
be     disabled by the first write. Bit 5 is always set to 0 if not in
Flash     mode.

Register at $DE01:

bit  meaning
---  -------
0    Enable clockport connector.
1    AllowBank (1 allows banking of RAM in $DF00/$DE02 area)
2    NoFreeze (1 disables Freeze function)
3    Bank-address 13 for RAM and ROM (mirror of $DE00)
4    Bank-address 14 for RAM and ROM (mirror of $DE00)
5    Bank-address 16 for ROM (only in flash mode)
6    REU compatibility bit. 0=standard memory map, 1 = REU  compatible
memory map
7    Bank-address 15 for ROM (mirror of $DE00)

Reading from the registers at either $DE00 or $DE01  will  return  the
content of the status register.

Status register:

bit  meaning
---  -------
0    1=Flashmode active (jumper set)
1    feedback of AllowBank bit
2    1=Freeze button pressed
3    feedback of banking bit 13
4    feedback of banking bit 14
5    feedback of banking bit 16
6    1=REU compatible memory map active
7    feedback of banking bit 15

The following memory maps are available:

* standard -     $DE00 and $DE01 registers are active,  $DF00-$DFFF
contain  the  last     page of the selected 8Kb bank  of  either
ROM  or  RAM,  whatever  is     selected. RAM can only be accessed
in $8000-$9FFF. ROM can  be  mapped     to $8000, $A000 or $E000
with the corresponding  status  on  GAME  and     EXROM.

Note: If the AllowBank bit is  not  set,  the  $DF00-$DFFF  area
will     always access bank 0 of the RAM, so the older  cartridge
images  will     work. The AllowBank bit does not have any effect
on the ROM mirror  in     that area.

* Freeze -     ROM is mapped to $E000-$FFFF, bank 0 is active
directly after  Freeze.      Writing to bits 0 and 1 of the $DE00
register will have no  effect  on     GAME and EXROM. RAM can be
selected  and  used  in  $DF00  or  $DE02,     respectively, but
not in $8000. Banking bits work, so  you  have  full     read
access to the ROM, and access to up to four RAM  pages  with  the
AllowBank bit set (minus 2 bytes if REU compatible bit  is
set).  You     should leave this memory map ASAP by setting bit 6
of  $DE00,  because     C64 RAM in the $E000 area is not
available, and you don't have control     of the GAME and EXROM
lines.

* REU compatible -     $DE00 and $DE01 registers are active,
$DE02-$DEFF contain a mirror  of     $9E02-$9EFF of the selected
8K-bank of either ROM or RAM, whatever  is     selected. RAM can
only be accessed in $8000-$9FFF. ROM can  be  mapped     to $8000,
$A000 or $E000 with the corresponding  status  on  GAME  and
EXROM. The $DF00 stays free for use with the 1764 Ram  Expansion
Unit     (REU).

Note: If the AllowBank bit is  not  set,  the  $DE02-$DEFF  area
will     always access bank 0 of the RAM, so the older  cartridge
images  will     work. The AllowBank bit does not have any effect
on the ROM mirror  in     that area.

15.11.3.38 37 - MMC64
.....................

Size                   8Kb (1 bank of 8Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 25 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???%????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 09 80 64 97 C3 C2 CD 38 30 78 D8 A2 FF 9A 20 D4  ?.d—...80x..?.?.

The clockport registers  of  this  cart  can  be  switched  to  either
$DE01-$DE0F or $DF21-$DF2F. The control  registers  are  available  at
$DF10-$DF13.

The register at $DE01 / $DF21 is write only:

bit  meaning
---  -------
7-1  Unused
0    0 = disable clock port, 1 = enable clockport

The registers at $DE02-$DE0F / $DF22-$DF2F are for the clock port  and
are read/write.

The register at $DF10 is the  MMC64  SPI  transfer  register,  a  byte
written to this registers is sent to the card & response from the card
is read here.

The register at $DF11 is the MMC64 control register:

bit  meaning
---  -------
0    0 = MMC64 BIOS active, 1 = external ROM active
1    0 = card selected, 1 = card not selected
2    0 = 250khz transfer, 1 = 8mhz transfer
3    0 = clock port @ $DE00, 1 = clock port @ $DF20
4    0 = normal Operation, 1 = flash mode (*)
5    0 = allow external rom when BIOS is disabled,
1 = disable external ROM
6    0 = SPI write trigger mode, 1 = SPI read trigger mode
7    0 = MMC64 is active, 1 = MMC64 is completely disabled (**)

(*) bit can only be programmed when flash jumper is set     (**) bit
can only be modified after unlocking

The  register  at  $DF12  is  the  MMC64  status  register,  which  is
read-only:

bit  meaning
---  -------
0    0 = SPI ready, 1 = SPI busy
1    external GAME line
2    external EXROM line
3    0 = card inserted, 1 = no card inserted
4    0 = card write enabled, 1 = card write disabled
5    0 = flash jumper not set, 1 = flash jumper set
6-7  unused

The register at $DF13 is the MMC64 identification register, which when
reading from it can have the following values:

$64 when bit 1 of $DF11 is 0.      $01 when bit 1 of $DF11 is 1 and REV
A hardware is used.      $02 when bit 1 of $DF11 is 1 and REV B
hardware is used.

when writing to it it can be used to unlock  bit  7  of  $DF11  or  to
re-enable the cart:

Write $55 & $AA into this register to unlock bit 7 of $DF11.      Write
$0A & $1C into this register to re-enable MMC64 hardware.

15.11.3.39 38 - MMC Replay
..........................

Size                   64Kb or 512Kb (8 or 64 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 26 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???&????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 1A 80 6E 9E C3 C2 CD 38 30 4D 4D 43 52 45 50 4C  ?.nž...80MMCREPL

The cart uses the following registers:

$DE00 - RR control register write

bit  meaning
---  -------
0    GAME line
1    EXROM line
2    1 = disable RR, bit can be reset by setting bit 6 of $DF12
3    bank address 13
4    bank address 14
5    0 = rom enable, 1 = ram enable
6    1 = exit freeze mode
7    bank address 15

$DE01 - extended RR control register write

bit  meaning
---  -------
0    0 = disable clockport, 1 = enable clockport
1    0 = disable I/O RAM banking, 1 = enable I/O RAM banking
2    0 = enable freeze, 1 = disable freeze
3    bank address 13 (mirror of $DE00)
4    bank address 14 (mirror of $DE00)
5    0 = enable MMC registers, 1 = disable MMC registers. Can only  be
written when bit 6 of $DF12 is 1. Register becomes effective when
bit 0 of $DF11 is 1.
6    0 = RAM/ROM at $DFxx, 1 = RAM/ROM at $DExx
7    bank address 15 (mirror of $DE00)

$DE02-$DE0F - Clockport memory area (when enabled)

$DF10 - MMC SPI transfer register, a byte written is sent to the  card
& response from the card is read here.

$DF11 - MMC control register

bit  meaning
---  -------
0    0 = MMC BIOS enabled, 1 = MMC BIOS disabled.  Enabling  MMC  BIOS
sets ROM banking to the last 64Kb bank.
1    0 = card selected, 1 = card not selected. This bit also  controls
the green activity LED.
2    0 = 250khz transfer, 1 = 8mhz transfer
3    ALWAYS 0
4    ALWAYS 0
5    (in RR-Mode:)
0 = allow RR rom when MMC BIOS disabled , 1 = disable RR ROM
(in mmcreplay bios mode:)
RAM banking (0 = $E000 - $FFFF, 1 = $8000 - $9FFF)
(in 16K mode:)
enable RAM at $A000 - $BFFF
6    0 = SPI write trigger mode, 1 = SPI read trigger mode
7    ALWAYS 0

$DF12 - MMC status register

bit  meaning
---  -------
0    0 = SPI ready, 1 = SPI busy (read)
1 = forbid ROM  write  accesses  (write).  Setting
this bit will disable writes  to  ROM  until  next
reset
1  feedback of $DE00 bit 0 (GAME)
2  feedback of $DE00 bit 1 (EXROM)
3  0 = card inserted, 1 = no card inserted
4  0 = card write enabled, 1 = card write disabled
5  EEPROM DATA line /  DDR  register.  Setting  DATA  to  "1"  enables
reading data bit from EEPROM at this position.
6  0 = RR compatibility mode, 1 = Extended mode
Selecting RR compatibility mode limits RAM  to  32Kb  and  disables
writes  to  extended  banking  register.  Selecting  Extended  mode
enables full RAM banking and enables Nordic Power mode in RR mode.
7  EEPROM CLK line

$DF13 - Extended banking register             Can only be read/written
to when bit 6 of $DF12 is 1

bit  meaning
---  -------
0    bank address 16
1    bank address 17
2    bank address 18
3    ALWAYS 0
4    ALWAYS 0
5    16K rom mapping
6    1 = enable  RR  register.  Disabling  RR  register  disables  ALL
ROM/RAM banking too.
7    ALWAYS 0

15.11.3.40 39 - IDE64
.....................

Size                   64Kb or 128Kb (8 or 16 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 26 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???'????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 63 80 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 20 49 44 45 36 34 20  c.^....80?IDE64?

The IDE64 cart uses the following registers:

$DE20 - $DE27  Primary HDD Registers
$DE28 - $DE2F  Secondary HDD Registers
$DE30 - Low Data HDD register
$DE31 - High Data HDD register

$DE32 register:

bit  meaning
---  -------
7    unused (0)
6    unused (0)
5    unused (0)
4    version number (1)
3    romaddr15
2    romaddr14
1    game
0    exrom

$DE33 - $DE35 = IDE64 ROM bank select registers
$DE5F         = RTC access (bit 0 only to serial accessed RTC)
$DE60 - $DEFA = RAM used by software
$DEFB         = IDE64 clock reset, kill the cartridge
$DEFC - $DEFF = IDE64 ROM configuration registers

15.11.3.41 40 - Super Snapshot V4
.................................

Size                   32Kb (4 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 28 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???(????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 80 AD B5 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 08 48 A9 06 8D 00 DF  .µ....80?P.?�??
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 A0 00 20 00  CHIP???????? ???
2060: 4C FA A0 A9 07 8D 00 DD 2C 00 DD 50 FB 2C 00 DD  L? .?�?.,?.P.,?.
...
4060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
4070: 13 80 BC FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 08 48 A9 02 8D 00 DF  ?.?....80?H.?�??
...
6070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 A0 00 20 00  CHIP???????? ???
6080: F0 8A 48 A9 00 85 22 85 23 8D 53 0F 20 0C A1 B0  ?ŠH.?…"…#�S???.°

This cart has 32Kb of ROM and 8Kb of RAM, it uses I/O-1 as a mirror of
the last page of cart RAM. It has the following registers in the I/O-2
range:

ROM config register at $DF00 (can only be written to):

bit  meaning
---  -------
0    ?
1    ? (write 1 to release freeze mode)
2    ROM bank select
3    write 1 to disable cartridge
4-6  unused
7    ?

Note: if bit0, bit1, bit7 are all 0, then ultimax mapping is  selected
and RAM is enabled at ROML, otherwise if bit 0 is 0, then 16Kb mapping
is enabled, or if bit 0 is 1, then 8Kb mapping is enabled.

RAM config register at $DF01 (read/write):

If written value == last value - 1, then ultimax mapping  is  selected
and RAM is enabled at ROML, if written value == last value +  1,  then
ROM is enabled at ROML and exrom is deasserted (switch to either 8k
or     16k mapping)

$DF02-$DFFF holds the last page of the first 8kb of the current bank.

15.11.3.42 41 - IEEE-488
........................

Size                   4Kb (1 bank of 4Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$8FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 29 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???)????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 10 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 10 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 09 80 7A 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 8E 16 D0 20 84 FF 20  ?.z....80Ž?.?„??

The cart uses a TPI for the  IEEE488  interface/communication  in  the
I/O-2 range:

$DF00 - Port A Data
$DF01 - Port B Data
$DF02 - Port C Data
$DF03 - Port A Direction
$DF04 - Port B Direction
$DF05 - Port C Direction
$DF06 - Control register
$DF07 - Active Interrupt register

15.11.3.43 42 - Game Killer
...........................

Size                   8Kb (1 bank of 8Kb)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $E000-$FFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 2A 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???*????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 E0 00 20 00  CHIP????????????
0050: 00 25 08 CF 07 9E 32 30 38 38 20 4D 43 2E 43 52  ?%?.?ž2088?MC.CR

When the cartridge is active, ultimax  is  enabled  when  the  address
being accessed is is the $E000-$FFFF range, so the ROM is  visible  at
$E000, below is normal C64 RAM. The cart can be disabled by writing
to     either I/O-1 or I/O-2 range. When the freezer button is
pressed,  the     cartridge will be enabled and an NMI will be
triggered.

15.11.3.44 43 - Prophet64
.........................

Size                   256Kb (32 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 2B 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???+????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 09 80 09 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 78 A0 00 84 F8 84 FA  ?.?....80x ?„?„?

The control register is the I/O-2 range:

bit  meaning
---  -------
7-6  unused
5    disable cart
4-0  bank select

15.11.3.45 44 - EXOS
....................

Size                   8Kb (1 bank of 8Kb)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $E000-$FFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 2C 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???,????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 E0 00 20 00  CHIP????????????
0050: 85 56 20 0F BC A5 61 C9 88 90 03 20 D4 BA 20 CC  …V???¥a.ˆ�??.÷?.

This cart has 8Kb of ROM, mapped in at $E000-$FFFF only when hirom  is
selected. The cart uses a clip that needs to be installed  inside  the
C64.

15.11.3.46 45 - Freeze Frame
............................

Size                   8Kb (1 bank of 8Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 2D 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???-????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 10 80 10 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 20 00 00 00 00 00 00  ?.?....80???????

When reading from the I/O-1 range the cart is  enabled,  when  reading
from the I/O-2 range the cart is disabled. When the freeze  button  is
pressed the ROM is mapped to both $8000-$9FFF and $E000-$FFFF.

15.11.3.47 46 - Freeze Machine
..............................

Size                   16Kb or 32Kb (2 or 4 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 2E 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???.????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 3A 83 60 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 20 00 00 40 00 00 00  :ƒ`....80???@???
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 A0 00 20 00  CHIP???????? ???
2060: 78 A9 34 85 01 A0 00 B1 F8 91 F6 E6 F8 D0 02 E6  x.4…? ?±?.?µ?.?µ
...
4060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
4070: 3A 83 60 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 20 00 00 40 00 00 00  :ƒ`....80???@???
...
6070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 A0 00 20 00  CHIP???????? ???
6080: 78 A9 34 85 01 A0 00 B1 F8 91 F6 E6 F8 D0 02 E6  x.4…? ?±?.?µ?.?µ

Warning, the following information is based on guess-work and might be
incorrect, any further information and/or corrections are appreciated.

When reading from  the  I/O-1  range  ROM  bank  0(/2)  is  mapped  to
$8000-$9FFF and ROM bank 1(/3) is mapped to $A000-$BFFF. When  reading
from the I/O-2 range the cart is disabled. When a  reset  happens
the     ROM banks get switched and ROM bank 0(/2) is  mapped  to
$8000-$9FFF.      When a freeze happens ROM bank 0(/2) is mapped to
both $8000-$9FFF and     $E000-$FFFF.

15.11.3.48 47 - Snapshot 64
...........................

Size                   4Kb (1 bank of 4Kb)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $E000-$EFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 2F 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???/????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 10 10 00 00 00 00 E0 00 10 00  CHIP????????????
0050: 78 D8 48 8A 48 98 48 AC 0D DD 10 03 4C EE F2 AD  x.HŠH˜H??.??L??

Warning, the following information is based on guess-work and might be
incorrect, any further information and/or corrections are appreciated.

The cart has a control bit (bit 0) in the I/O-2 range which is used to
disable or enable the cart.

15.11.3.49 48 - Super Explode V5.0
..................................

Size                   16Kb (2 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 30 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???0????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: D7 86 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 A9 00 2C A9 FF 85 FE  .†^....80.?,.?….
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
2060: E8 96 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 20 6C 81 A9 09 8D 99  ?–^....80?l�.?�™

Warning, the following information is based on guess-work and might be
incorrect, any further information and/or corrections are appreciated.

The cart has 16Kb of ROM which are used as two banks of 8Kb, they  are
mapped into $8000-$9FFF and the last page of the current ROM  bank  is
mirrored in $DF00-$DFFF. The cart has a control bit (bit 7) at
$DF00,     which is used to select what ROM bank is used.

15.11.3.50 49 - Magic Voice
...........................

Size                   16Kb (2 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF (bank 1),
$A000-$BFFF (bank 2)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 31 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???1????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: EA 2C 80 DF 50 FB A0 00 8C 80 DF B9 E3 A3 29 0F  .,.?P. ?Œ.?¹.£)?
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 A0 00 20 00  CHIP???????? ???
2060: 4A EB C0 49 6A EA BB FB 4E CA 43 1E 75 63 15 97  J?.Ij.».N.C?uc?—

This cart has 16Kb of ROM, mapped in at reset at $8000-$BFFF. The cart
is controled through a TPI at $DF80-$DF87:

$DF80 - Port A Data
$DF81 - Port B Data
$DF82 - Port C Data
$DF83 - Port A Direction
$DF84 - Port B Direction
$DF85 - Port C Direction
$DF86 - Control register
$DF87 - Active Interrupt register

The cart has a pass-through port and does the following at start-up:

* Program  starts  after  reset  at  $FFD3,  and  copies   code
from       $FF36-$FFD2 to $0200-$029C (157 bytes)

* Program continues at $021A, copies $A000-$BFFF from EPROM to RAM
at       $A000-$BFFF  (8Kb),  copies  $E000-$FFFF  from  EPROM  to
RAM   at       $E000-$FFFF (8Kb), copies $AE62-$B461 from RAM to
RAM at $C000-$C5FF       (Magic Voice Code)

* Jump to beginning of Magic Voice code at $C000

15.11.3.51 50 - Action Replay 2
...............................

Size                   16Kb (2 banks of 8Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 32 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???2????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: EA EA 68 AA 68 85 94 68 85 95 68 85 96 68 85 97  ..h×h…”h…•h…–h…—
...
2050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
2060: 30 80 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 20 04 90 4C 38 DF 1A  0.^....80??�L8??

Warning, the following information is based on guess-work and might be
incorrect, any further information and/or corrections are appreciated.

I/O-1 is somehow used to enable the cart, the exact way in which  this
is done is unknown. Reading from the I/O-2 range  will  give  you  the
last page of the current ROM bank, and writing to it will disable
the     cart.

15.11.3.52 51 - MACH 5
......................

Size                   4Kb or 8Kb (1 bank of 4Kb or 8Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$8FFF (4Kb),                    $8000-$9FFF
(8Kb)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 33 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???3????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: AF 83 5E FE C3 C2 CD 38 30 4D 41 43 48 35 A5 93  »ƒ^....80MACH5¥.

This cart has 8Kb ROM mapped at $8000-$9FFF, the $9E00-$9EFF range  is
mirrored at $DE00-$DEFF and  the  $9F00-$9FFF  range  is  mirrored  at
$DF00-$DFFF.

15.11.3.53 52 - Diashow maker
.............................

Size                   8Kb (1 bank of 8Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 34 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???4????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 20 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 20 00  CHIP????????.???
0050: 09 80 09 80 C3 C2 CD 38 30 AD 11 D0 29 10 D0 62  ?.?....80?.)?.b

Accessing I/O-1 (the software  uses  $DE00  only  it  seems)  disables
cartridge ROM. A reset enables 8K game mode and the ROM bank is mapped
to $8000. A freeze causes ROM to be mapped to $8000.

15.11.3.54 53 - Pagefox
.......................

Size                   64Kb (4 banks of 16Kb)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  active (1)
Load address           $8000-$BFFF

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F       ASCII
-----------------------------------------------  ----------------
0000: 43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20  C64?CARTRIDGE???
0010: 00 00 00 40 01 00 00 35 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  ???@???5????????
0020: 56 49 43 45 20 43 41 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  VICE?CART???????
0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ????????????????
0040: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 00 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
0050: 31 80 BB 0E C3 C2 CD 38 30 50 46 20 56 31 2E 30  1.»?...80PF?V1.0
...
4050: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 01 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
4060: A2 FE 9A 20 EC AE 20 82 80 20 74 86 20 A5 8B 4C  ...??®?‚.?t†?¥‹L
...
8060: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 02 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
8070: 5A 01 02 03 04 06 0A 0B 10 14 1E 28 3C 00 00 00  Z??????????(<???
...
C070: 43 48 49 50 00 00 40 10 00 00 00 03 80 00 40 00  CHIP??@?????.?@?
C080: 1E 03 14 82 09 05 09 0F 0C 0D 0F 05 09 09 0B 0A  ???‚????????????

This cart has 64Kb ROM (2 32Kb Eproms, mapped to $8000  and  $A000  in
16Kb Game Mode), and 32Kb RAM (mapped to $8000 and $A000 in  16K  Game
Mode). The cart has 1 (write-only)  bank  control  register  which
is     located at $DE80 and mirrored throughout the $DE80-$DEFF range:

Bit 0: unused/don't care
Bit 1: Bank select: 0=upper, 1=lower (not correct ?!)
Bit 2: chip select 0
Bit 3: chip select 1
Bit 4: cartridge enable/disable: 0=enable, 1=disable
Bits 5-7: unused/don't care

Chip select combinations of 0/1 are:
00: Eprom "79"
01: Eprom "ZS3"
10: Ram
11: empty space (reading returns VIC-II data)

note: on the original hardware "disabling" the  cartridge  by  setting
bit 4 of the control register does NOT prevent write accesses to
the cartridge RAM!. So  to  actually  disable  the  RAM,  it
is           suggested to write $FF to the register.

15.11.3.55 54 - Kingsoft
........................

Size                   -
GAME                   -
EXROM                  -
Load address           -

15.11.3.56 55 - Silverrock 128
..............................

Size                   128k (16 banks of 8k)
GAME                   active (1)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $8000-$9FFF

15.11.3.57 56 - Formel 64
.........................

Size                   32kb (4 banks of 8k)
GAME                   inactive (0)
EXROM                  inactive (0)
Load address           $E000-$FFFF

16 Acknowledgments
******************

VICE derives from X64, the first Commodore 64 emulator for the X Window
System. Here is an informal list of the people who were mostly involved
in the development of X64 and VICE:

The VICE core team:
* Dag Lem Implemented the reSID SID emulation engine and video
hardware scaling.

* Andreas Matthies Improved the datasette support, the VIC20 video
emulation and some UI stuff in the Win32 and DOS ports. He also
wrote the BeOS port and implemented video/audio capture support.
Improved history recording/playback and implemented support for
video recording and the netlink feature. Made the Win32 user
changable keyboard shortcut system. Improved CIA and VIA
emulation. Worked on x64sc, especially interrupt timing. Wrote
test programs. Various bug(fixe)s. ;-)

* Martin Pottendorfer Implemented the Gnome Port based on Oliver
Schaertels GTK+ port. Added support code for internationalization
based on gettext. Improved the *nix fullscreen support. Translated
the UI to German. Implemented the fliplists + UI (*nix).

* Marco van den Heuvel Translated the UI to Dutch. Made the
internationalization support for the Win32 and Amiga ports. Wrote
the GEO-RAM and RamCart cartridge code. Wrote the c64 +60K, +256K
and 256K memory expansions code. Wrote the pet REU code. Wrote the
plus4 memory expansions code. Made the ethernet support for the DOS
port. Maintains the QNX 4.x, QNX 6.x, Solaris, Openserver,
Unixware, Minix 3.x, Amiga, Syllable and OS/2 binary ports.
Maintains the Win64 and Open Watcom project files. Maintains the
SDL port(s). Added new .crt support. Added new screenshot formats.
Added new sound recording support. Added SIDcart support for xpet,
xplus4 and xvic. Improved the MMC64 emulation. Added 2 MHz mode
and banks 2/3 support for x128.  Added the various userport
joystick emulations. Added text copy and paste support to the
Amiga and BeOS ports. Added DQBB and ISEPIC cartridge support.
Added SFX Sound Sampler and SFX Sound Expander support. Added PCI
support to the Amiga and DOS ports.  Rewrote the sound system into
a modular one, added always mono and always stereo support for the
sound output. Added the RTC system. Added digiblaster support.
Added 3rd SID support. Added the 6309 CPU emulation. Added the
65(S)C02 emulation. And lots of other fixes and improvements.

* Christian Vogelgsang Maintains the Mac OS X port. Added Intel Mac
support and universal binary creation. Wrote the build scripts for
all external Mac libraries and the bindist bundle tool. Improved
the TFE chip emulation. Added some GTK+ fixes.

* Fabrizio Gennari Added some improvements to the DOS and GTK+
ports. Changed the Windows video to use GDI as fallback, making it
compile without DX if needed. Fixed the t64 support. Added monitor
window support using VTE to the GTK+ GUI.

* Daniel Kahlin Worked on DTV VIC emulation, palette, DTV SID
support in resid, better DMA/Blitter support and did lots of
refactoring. Added new monitor commands and features. Improved the
VIC emulation for xvic. Made MIDI driver code for Win32. Rewrote
the xvic cartridge system. Added Mega-Cart and Final Expansion V3.2
support to xvic. Wrote large parts of the new VIC-II emulation
used in x64sc, especially the dot clock domain emulation. Wrote
many test programs for hardware analysis.

* Antti S. Lankila Made the ReSID-fp engine, rewrote the PAL
emulation code and fixed the sound core for lower latency. Rewrote
DTV SID support (ReSID-dtv). Improved 1541 drive rotation
emulation. Worked on x64sc.

* Groepaz Added new more precise CRT emulation. Added support for
the new cartridge system and many new cartridges. Fixed up parts of
cartconv, c1541 and petcat. Added video to audio leak sound
support.  Implemented many bug fixes.  Wrote test programs.
Updated this document after a long period of outdated mess.

* Ingo Korb Corrected block allocation and interleave for
c1541/vdrive, added rudimentary xplus4 tape recording support,
corrected a case of missing Pi symbols in petcat, changed the trap
opcode byte, stopped the high-level serial drive code from
responding to addresses 16-30 and was forced to update this entry
himself.

* Errol Smith Improved VDC emulation.

* Olaf Seibert Contributed some PET, including PET DWW hires, Xaw,
lightpen, hardware scaling, and disk drive patches. Added proper
SuperPET support, including 6809/6309 CPU emulation. Maintains the
Xaw UI.

* Stefan Haubenthal Added some Amiga fixes.

* Thomas Giesel Added new monitor commands, features and
improvements.

* Marcus Sutton Made some console, dialog and joystick fixes for the
BeOS port.  Maintains the BeOS port.

Ulrich Schulz Maintains the Dingoo port(s).

* Kajtar Zsolt Wrote the IDE64 interface emulation, FD2000/4000
drive emulation and alot of fixes. Improved the mouse support.
Added drive burst modification support. Added 1541 drive sounds
emulation. Improved c64 cart emulation.


Former/inactive team members:

* Spiro Trikaliotis Copyright (C) 2000-2011 Wrote the Win32 console
implementation for the built-in monitor, corrected some REU
related bugs, improved the CIA emulation, added com-port CIA
support to the Win32 port, added text copy and paste support to
the Win32 port, added support for the TFE and RR-Net (cs8900a),
and wrote some further patches.

* Hannu Nuotio Copyright (C) 2007-2011 Implemented DTV flash
emulation, DTV support in the monitor, large parts of the DTV VIC,
burst mode and skip cycle emulation as well as many other things.
Added NEOS and Amiga mouse, paddle and light pen support. Added
new monitor commands and features, including memmap. Made MIDI
support and OSS MIDI driver. Implemented most of the SDL UI.
Rewrote xvic CPU/VIC-I core for cycle based emulation. Implemented
C64 cartridge snapshot support. Initiated and worked on all parts
of implementing x64sc. Wrote test programs.

* Andreas Boose Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Gave lots of information and
bug reports about the VIC-II, the 6510 and the CIAs; moreover, he
wrote several test-routines that were used to improve the
emulation. He also added cartridge support and has been the main
head behind the drive and datasette emulation since version 0.15.
Also added several UI elements to the DOS, Win32 and *nix ports.
He rewrote the C128 emulation adding Z80 mode, C64 mode and
function ROM support, wrote the screenshot and the event system
and started the plus4 emulator. Restructured the serial bus
emulation and added realdrive and rawdrive support.

* Tibor Biczo Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Improved the Win32 port and
plus4 emulation.

* M. Kiesel Copyright (C) 2007-2010 Started implementing x64dtv. The
C64DTV memory model and early versions of the DMA and Blitter
engine have been implemented by him. Added new monitor commands
and features.

* Andreas Dehmel Copyright (C) 1999-2007 Wrote the Acorn RISC OS
port.

* David Hansel Copyright (C) 2003-2005 Wrote the Star NL10 printer
driver, implemented IEC devices and improved the tape emulation.

* Markus Brenner Copyright (C) 2000-2004 Added VDC emulation to x128
and added support for some more cartridges.

* Thomas Bretz Copyright (C) 1999-2004 Started the OS/2 port.

* Daniel Sladic Copyright (C) 1997-2001 Started the work on
hardware-level 1541 emulation and wrote the new monitor introduced
with VICE 0.15.

* André Fachat Copyright (C) 1996-2001 Wrote the PET and CBM-II
emulators, the CIA and VIA emulation, the IEEE488 interface,
implemented the IEC serial bus in `xvic' and made tons of bug
fixes.

* Ettore Perazzoli Copyright (C) 1996-1999 Made the 6510, VIC-II,
VIC-I and CRTC emulations, part of the hardware-level 1541
emulation, speed optimizations, bug fixes, the event-driven
cycle-exact engine, the Xt/Xaw/Xfwf-based GUI for X11, a general
code reorganization, the new resource handling, most of the
documentation. He also wrote the DOS port and the initial Win32
port (well, somebody had to do it).

* Teemu Rantanen Copyright (C) 1993-1994, 1997-1999 Implemented the
SID emulation and the trap-based disk drive and serial bus
implementation; added support for multiple display depths under
X11. Also wrote `c1541'

* Jouko Valta Copyright (C) 1993-1996 Wrote `petcat' and `c1541',
`T64' handling, user service and maintenance (most of the work in
x64 0.3.x was made by him); retired from the project in July 96,
after VICE 0.10.0.

* Jarkko Sonninen Copyright (C) 1993-1994 He was the founder of the
project, wrote the old version of the 6502 emulation and the
XDebugger, and retired from the project after x64 0.2.1.


Internationalization Team:

* Mikkel Holm Olsen Provided the Danish user interface translations
and fixed a few monitor bugs.

Manuel Antonio Rodriguez Bas Provided the Spanish user interface
translations.

Paul Dubé From Rivière-du-Loup, Québec, provided the French user
interface translations.

Czirkos Zoltan and Karai Csaba Provided the Hungarian user
interface translations.

Andrea Musuruane Provided the Italian user interface translations.

Jesse Lee Provided the Korean user interface translations.

Jarek Sobolewski Provided the new Polish user interface
translations.

Michael Litvinov Provided the Russian user interface translations.

Peter Krefting Provided the Swedish user interface translations.

Emir Akaydin Provided the Turkish user interface translations (in
world record time).


External contributors:

* Christian Bauer Wrote the very interesting "VIC article" from
which we got invaluable information about the VIC-II chip: without
this, the VIC-II implementation would not have been possible.

* Eliseo Bianchi Provided the italian Amiga translations.

* ck!  Provided a win32 cbm character font.

* iAN CooG Added win32 vsid GUI and contributed various patches.

* Mike Dawson Provided the GP2X port.

* Paul David Doherty Wrote `zip2disk', on which the Zipcode support
in `c1541' is based.

* Sven A. Droll Added Supergrafik support to petcat.

* Peter Edwards Implemented the SDL UI slider control and fixed some
GP2X/Dingoo SDL UI issues.

* Daniel Fandrich Contributed some disk drive patches.

* Dirk Farin Rewrote the MITSHM code.

* Georg Feil Added support for toggling CB2 sound output line in the
PET emulator.

* Peter Andrew Felvegi aka Petschy Fixed a couple of bugs in the
fast serial emulation.

* Ricardo Ferreira Contributed the `unlynx' and `system' commands in
`c1541' and added aRts sound support.

* Flooder Provided parts of the Polish user interface translations.

* Robert H. Forsman Jr.  Provided parts of the widget set for
implementing the Xaw GUI.

* Ian Gledhill Added support for the catweasel.device driver.

* Peter Gordon Provided support for native AmigaOS4 compiling.

* Richard Hable Contributed the initial version of the REU emulation.

* Shawn Hargreaves Wrote Allegro, the graphics and audio library
used in the DOS version.

* Ville-Matias Heikkila Rewrote the vic20 sound code.

* David Holz Provided a label file which gives the built-in monitor
the labels for the C64.

* Nathan Huizinga Added support for Expert and Super Snapshot carts.

* Derrick Inksley Fixed loading of zip files with brackets ([]) in
the filename for the windows port. Added drive selection
functionality to the window sdl port.

* Craig Jackson Contributed miscellaneous patches in the old X64
times.

* Dirk Jagdmann Wrote the Catweasel sound driver.

* Uffe Jakobsen Wrote the Silverrock cartridge emulation and fixed
the ocean cartridge bank wrap.

* Lasse Jyrkinen Contributed miscellaneous patches in the old X64
times.

* Peter Karlsson Provided the swedish UI translations in the past.

* Greg King Added a working RTC to the emulation of the IDE64
cartridge. Provided some vdrive fixes.

* Michael Klein Contributed the ESD sound driver, basic support for
the OPENCBM library and some other patches.

* Frank König Contributed the Win32 joystick autofire feature.

* Bernd Kortz Provided some fixes for ZETA and the ZETA binary
package.

* Bernhard Kuhn Made some joystick improvements for Linux.

* Alexander Lehmann Added complete support for all the VIC20 memory
configurations for the old VICE 0.12.

* Ilkka "itix" Lehtoranta Provided the routines for the
cybergraphics support for the Amiga ports.

* Magnus Lind Atari ST mouse and Atari CX-22 trackball emulation and
pixel aspect fixes. Improved the Amiga mouse emulation. Improved
the vic20 sound output. Improved sound fragment size handling.

* Wolfgang Lorenz Wrote an excellent 6510 test suite that helped us
to debug the CPU emulation.

* Marko Mäkelä Wrote lots of CPU documentation. Wrote the VIC Flash
Plugin cartridge emulation in xvic.

* mar77i Fixed some resource handling issues.

* Robert W. McMullen Provided parts of the widget set for
implementing the Xaw GUI.

* Jennifer Medkief Is in charge of checking up on the GUIs for
elements that are wrong, unaccessable, and missing.

* Dan Miner Contributed some patches to the fast disk drive
emulation.

* Luca Montecchiani Contributed a new Unix joystick driver.

* Wolfgang Moser Provided small optimization fixes to the GCR code,
provided an excellent REU test suite and added REU fixes, and is
always the good guy reviewing and commenting changes in the
background.

* Roberto Muscedere Improved support for REL files.

* Tomi Ollila Donated `findpath.c'.

* Per Olofsson Digitalized the C64 colors used in the (old) default
palette.

* Lasse Öörni Contributed the Windows Multimedia sound driver

* Helfried Peyrl Supplied a patch that fixes REL file records larger
256 bytes when using vdrive.

* Frank Prindle Contributed some patches.

* Giuliano Procida Used to maintain the VICE `deb' package for the
Debian distribution, and also helped proofreading the
documentation.

* Vesa-Matti Puro Wrote the very first 6502 CPU emulator in x64
0.1.0. That was the beginning of the story...

* Rami Rasanen Rewrote the VIC20 sound code.

* David Roden Fixed various issues related to ffmpeg settings.

* Pablo Roldán Contributed initial patch for VIC-II PAL-N model
selection.

* Mathias Roslund Provided the AmigaOS4 port.

* Gunnar Ruthenberg Provided some VIC-II enhancements and improved
the Win32 port.

* Johan Samuelsson Provided the Swedish Amiga translations.

* Oliver Schaertel Wrote the X11 full screen, parts of custom ROM
set support and 1351 mouse emulation for unix.

* Peter Schepers Contributed a document describing the G64 image
format.

* Michael Schwendt Helped with the SID (audio) chip emulation,
bringing important suggestions and bug reports, as well as the
wave tables and filter emulation from his SIDplay emulator.

* Heiko Selber Contributed some VIC20 I/O patches.

* John Selck Improved the video rendering and added the fast PAL
emulation.  Implemented new color generation based on P.
Timmermanns knowledge.

* Chris Sharp Wrote the AIX sound driver.

* Andr351 "JoBBo" Siegel Provided the native MorphOS icons.

* Harry "Piru" Sintonen Provided lots of fixes and improvements for
the Amiga ports.

* Manfred Spraul Wrote the Win32 text lister.

* Markus Stehr Provided the MMC64 emulation.

* Dominique Strigl Contributed miscellaneous patches in the old X64
times.

* Samuli Suominen Fixed XShm includes for newer xextproto versions
and updated libpng check for newer versions.

* Steven Tieu Added initial support for 16/24 bpp X11 displays.

* Philip Timmermann Did a lot of research about the VIC-II colors.

* Brian Totty Provided parts of the widget set for implementing the
Xaw GUI.

* Mustafa "GnoStiC" Tufan Made improvements to the GP2x port.

* Lionel Ulmer Implemented joystick support for Linux and a first
try of a SID emulation for SGI machines.

* Krister Walfridsson Implemented joystick and sound support for
NetBSD.

* webulator Provided Win32 drag & drop support

* Robert Willie Added some additional commands to the fsdevice
emulation.

* Peter Weighill Gave many ideas and contributed the ROM patcher.

* Gerhard Wesp Contributed the `extract' command in `c1541'.

* Maciej Witkowiak Did some IDE64 and C1541 fixes.

* Peter Rittwage Made 1541 GCR hardware tests.

* Robert McIntyre Bugged people enough to get the improved g64
support rolling, updated g64 support to allow variable-length
tracks, and performed initial development of half-track support.

* István Fábián Contributed a initial patch with the more correct
1541 bus timing code and which gave us hints for to improving the
1541 emulation.


(We hope we have not forgotten anybody; if you think we have,  please
tell us.)

The people around the world providing results from running our test
programs on various machines deserve a special mention:

* hedning (Drean C64 PAL-N, various C64 PAL boxes)

* Jason Compton (Various C64 and C128 NTSC boxes)

* The Woz (Drean C64 PAL-N)

* Thierry (Drean C64 PAL-N)

* MOS6569 (C64C PAL)

* Mike (VIC-20 PAL)

* Wilson (VIC-20 NTSC)

* Vicassembly (VIC-20 NTSC)

* David "jbevren" Wood (C64 NTSC-OLD)

Thanks also to everyone else for sending suggestions, ideas, bug
reports, questions and requests. In particular, a warm thanks goes to
the following people:

* Lutz Sammer

* Ralph Mason

* George Caswell

* Jasper Phillips

* Luca Forcucci

* Asger Alstrup

* Bernhard Schwall

* Salvatore Valente

* Arthur Hagen

* Douglas Carmichael

* Ferenc Veres

* Frank Reichel

* Ullrich von Bassewitz

* Holger Busse

* David "jbevren" Wood

* Gary Glenn

Last but not least, a very special thank to Andreas Arens, Lutz Sammer,
Edgar Tornig, Christian Bauer, Wolfgang Lorenz, Miha Peternel, Per
Håkan Sundell and David Horrocks for writing cool emulators to compete
with.  :-)

17 Copyright
************

* Copyright (C) 1998-2012 Dag Lem

* Copyright (C) 1999-2012 Andreas Matthies

* Copyright (C) 1999-2012 Martin Pottendorfer

* Copyright (C) 2005-2012 Marco van den Heuvel

* Copyright (C) 2006-2012 Christian Vogelgsang

* Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Fabrizio Gennari

* Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Daniel Kahlin

* Copyright (C) 2009-2012 Groepaz

* Copyright (C) 2009-2012 Ingo Korb

* Copyright (C) 2009-2012 Errol Smith

* Copyright (C) 2010-2012 Olaf Seibert

* Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Marcus Sutton

* Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Ulrich Schulz

* Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Stefan Haubenthal

* Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Thomas Giesel

* Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Kajtar Zsolt

* Copyright (C) 2012-2012 Benjamin 'BeRo' Rosseaux

* Copyright (C) 2000-2011 Spiro Trikaliotis

* Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Tibor Biczo

* Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Andreas Boose

* Copyright (C) 2007-2010 M. Kiesel

* Copyright (C) 2007-2011 Hannu Nuotio

* Copyright (C) 1999-2007 Andreas Dehmel

* Copyright (C) 2003-2005 David Hansel

* Copyright (C) 2000-2004 Markus Brenner

* Copyright (C) 1999-2004 Thomas Bretz

* Copyright (C) 1997-2001 Daniel Sladic

* Copyright (C) 1996-1999 Ettore Perazzoli

* Copyright (C) 1996-1999 André Fachat

* Copyright (C) 1993-1994, 1997-1999 Teemu Rantanen

* Copyright (C) 1993-1996 Jouko Valta

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA

18 Contact information
**********************

18.1 VICE home page
===================

You can find the latest news about VICE at the official VICE home page:

http://vice-emu.sourceforge.net/

VICE has moved its source repository to public services provided by
SourceForge. You can find it at
http://sf.net/projects/vice-emu.

We would like to thank the SourceForge staff for that help.

If you are going to report a bug, please check those pages _first_; it
is possible that the problem you encountered has already been fixed
with a newer version.

Please, also have a look at the VICE knowledge base at

http://vicekb.trikaliotis.net/

18.2 How to send feedback
=========================

Before contacting us, have a look at the VICE knowledge base at
http://vicekb.trikaliotis.net/ if your question is answered there. Keep
in mind that we work on VICE in our spare-time, so the more time we
don't need to answer the same questions over and over again, the more
time we have to improve the emulation itself. On the other hand, that
does not mean that you should not contact us, especially if you find
bugs or have suggestions which might improve the emulation.

Bug reports, suggestions, support requests should be directed to the
SourceForge trackers at

* http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=223021.

This way, you, the users, and we, the developers, can track what has
been reported and what has been already fixed. Ideally, also sent the
report to the mailing address of the Vice team at

* VICE Mailing List (<vice-emu-mail@lists.sourceforge.net>) for all
general questions, bug reports, suggestions.


You can also contact (some of) us on IRC, at #vice-dev on freenode.

It's always nice to receive feedback and/or bugreports about VICE, but
please read these few notes before sending mail to anybody in the team.

* Please put the word `VICE' _in all capitals_ in your subject line
(e.g., `VICE fails to run game XXX').  This helps mail splitting
and reduces chances that your message is unintentionally deleted,
forgotten or lost.

* Please don't send any HTML mail (we really hate that!).  If you use
M$ Outlook or Netscape Communicator, make sure you turn off the
"rich text" (HTML) feature.

* Please don't send _any_ binaries without asking first.

* Please read the following documents carefully before reporting a
bug or a problem you cannot solve:

* the VICE documentation (you are reading it!);

* the VICE FAQ (it is available on the Internet, and reachable
from the VICE home page: http://vice-emu.sourceforge.net/);

* The VICE knowledge base (it is available on the Internet at
http://vicekb.trikaliotis.net/);

* the `comp.emulators.cbm' and `comp.sys.cbm' FAQs (*note FAQs
you should read::).

* When you report a bug, please try to be as accurate as possible and
describe how it can be reproduced to the very detail.  You should
also tell us what machine you are running on, what operating
system you are using as well as the version of it.

* Please don't ask us how to transfer original C64 disk or tapes to
your PC; this has been asked a gazillion times through email.  To
transfer disks, you can use the Star Commander
(http://sta.c64.org/sc.html) on DOS, and OpenCBM
(http://www.trikaliotis.net/opencbm) on Windows and Linux.  And
no, you cannot read C64 disks with your old 5"1/4 PC drive.

* Please don't ask us where to find games for the emulator on the
Internet.

* Please don't ask us when the next version will be out, because we
really don't know.

* Please write in English.


In any case, we would be _really_ glad to receive your comments about
VICE.  We cannot always answer all the email, but we surely read all of
it.

Thanks!

18.3 How to contribute
======================

If you want to make a major contribution, please _ask_ first.  It has
already happened a couple of times that somebody started working at
something that had already been done but not released to the public yet,
and we really do _not_ want anybody to waste time.

If you are going to make a patch, please make sure the patch is relative
to the very latest version, and provide us with the following:

* Make sure you are giving us a diff against the latest Subversion
trunk version of VICE. For instructions on accessing the Subversion
repository, first read http://sourceforge.net/svn/?group_id=223021
and get it with the command:
`svn co https://vice-emu.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/vice-emu/trunk vice-src'

* send a unified diff file against the trunk version of VICE (see
above bullet point) by using the command: `svn diff' inside of the
SVN workspace you checked out before.

* If you cannot use SVN for one or the other reason, send a unified
diff file containing all the changes you have made `diff -u';
please don't use plain `diff'), as it adds much work for us to get
it working;

* GNU-style `ChangeLog' entries with a description of the changes you
have made (look at the `ChangeLog's provided with the original VICE
sources for an example).

This is very important, and makes adding patches much smoother and
safer.

People willing to port VICE to other platforms are always welcome.  But
notice from experience it will take at least a full year of continuous
work to write a well working and stable port.

18.4 Interesting newsgroups
===========================

There are some Usenet newsgroups you might be interested in:

* `comp.emulators.cbm', discussing about emulators of Commodore 8-bit
machines (definitely not Amiga emulators).

* `comp.sys.cbm', discussing various topics regarding real Commodore
8-bit machines.  This newsgroup is mainly for people who actually
use original Commodore equipment (so please don't talk about
emulation here).

* `comp.emulators.misc', discussing emulators in general.


18.5 FAQs you should read
=========================

We recommend reading the `comp.emulators.cbm' and `comp.sys.cbm' FAQs,
which are posted regularly on the corresponding newsgroups and are also
available via FTP from ftp://rtfm.mit.edu.

Concept Index
*************

+cart <1>:                                     See 7.1.2.2. (line  4012)
+cart:                                         See 7.5.2.2. (line  6410)
-1:                                            See 3.1.     (line   987)
-10:                                           See 3.1.     (line   992)
-11:                                           See 3.1.     (line   993)
-256k, +256k:                                  See 7.1.8.2. (line  5141)
-256kbase:                                     See 7.1.8.2. (line  5146)
-256kimage:                                    See 7.1.8.2. (line  5143)
-40col:                                        See 7.2.3.2. (line  5465)
-6809romA:                                     See 7.6.4.2. (line  6902)
-6809romB:                                     See 7.6.4.2. (line  6903)
-6809romC:                                     See 7.6.4.2. (line  6906)
-6809romD:                                     See 7.6.4.2. (line  6909)
-6809romE:                                     See 7.6.4.2. (line  6912)
-6809romF:                                     See 7.6.4.2. (line  6915)
-8:                                            See 3.1.     (line   988)
-80col:                                        See 7.2.3.2. (line  5466)
-9:                                            See 3.1.     (line   991)
-?:                                            See 3.1.     (line   922)
-acia, +acia:                                  See 7.5.4.2. (line  6519)
-acia1, +acia1:                                See 7.1.6.2. (line  4926)
-attach10ro:                                   See 3.1.     (line   996)
-attach10rw:                                   See 3.1.     (line  1000)
-attach11ro:                                   See 3.1.     (line   996)
-attach11rw:                                   See 3.1.     (line  1000)
-attach8ro:                                    See 3.1.     (line   996)
-attach8rw:                                    See 3.1.     (line  1000)
-attach9ro:                                    See 3.1.     (line   996)
-attach9rw:                                    See 3.1.     (line  1000)
-autoload:                                     See 3.1.     (line   949)
-autostart <1>:                                See 3.2.     (line  1028)
-autostart:                                    See 3.1.     (line   946)
-autostart-delay:                              See 3.1.     (line   982)
-autostart-delay-random, +autostart-delay-random:See 3.1.   (line   980)
-autostart-handle-tde, +autostart-handle-tde:  See 3.1.     (line   965)
-autostart-warp, +autostart-warp:              See 3.1.     (line   969)
-autostartprgdiskimage:                        See 3.1.     (line   975)
-autostartprgmode:                             See 3.1.     (line   972)
-autostartwithcolon, +autostartwithcolon:      See 3.1.     (line   958)
-basic <1>:                                    See 7.1.7.2. (line  5069)
-basic <2>:                                    See 7.4.5.2. (line  6173)
-basic:                                        See 7.7.2.2. (line  7085)
-basic1, +basic1:                              See 7.6.6.2. (line  6968)
-basic1char, +basic1char:                      See 7.6.6.2. (line  6972)
-basic64:                                      See 7.2.2.2. (line  5382)
-basichi:                                      See 7.2.2.2. (line  5389)
-basiclo:                                      See 7.2.2.2. (line  5388)
-basicload, +basicload:                        See 3.1.     (line   952)
-bdesymkeymap, -bdeposkeymap:                  See 6.6.2.   (line  2146)
-buksymkeymap, -bukposkeymap:                  See 6.6.2.   (line  2134)
-burstmod:                                     See 7.1.6.2. (line  5009)
-c:                                            See 14.1.    (line  9352)
-c1hi:                                         See 7.5.3.2. (line  6472)
-c1lo:                                         See 7.5.3.2. (line  6471)
-c2hi:                                         See 7.5.3.2. (line  6478)
-c2lo:                                         See 7.5.3.2. (line  6475)
-c64dtvromimage:                               See 7.3.1.   (line  5509)
-c64dtvromrw, +c64dtvromrw:                    See 7.3.1.   (line  5512)
-cart:                                         See 7.5.2.2. (line  6407)
-cart1:                                        See 7.7.2.2. (line  7091)
-cart16:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4021)
-cart2 <1>:                                    See 7.4.5.2. (line  6179)
-cart2 <2>:                                    See 7.4.2.2. (line  5772)
-cart2:                                        See 7.7.2.2. (line  7093)
-cart4 <1>:                                    See 7.4.5.2. (line  6179)
-cart4 <2>:                                    See 7.4.2.2. (line  5773)
-cart4:                                        See 7.7.2.2. (line  7097)
-cart6 <1>:                                    See 7.7.2.2. (line  7101)
-cart6 <2>:                                    See 7.4.2.2. (line  5776)
-cart6:                                        See 7.4.5.2. (line  6179)
-cart8:                                        See 7.1.2.2. (line  4018)
-cartA <1>:                                    See 7.4.2.2. (line  5779)
-cartA:                                        See 7.4.5.2. (line  6179)
-cartap:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4030)
-cartar2:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4033)
-cartar3:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4036)
-cartar4:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4039)
-cartar5:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4042)
-cartB <1>:                                    See 7.4.5.2. (line  6179)
-cartB:                                        See 7.4.2.2. (line  5782)
-cartcap:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4045)
-cartcomal:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4048)
-cartcrt:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4027)
-cartdep256:                                   See 7.1.2.2. (line  4051)
-cartdep64:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4054)
-cartdep7x8:                                   See 7.1.2.2. (line  4057)
-cartdin:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4060)
-cartdqbb:                                     See 7.1.2.2. (line  4066)
-cartdsm:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4063)
-carteasy:                                     See 7.1.2.2. (line  4080)
-cartepyx:                                     See 7.1.2.2. (line  4091)
-cartexos:                                     See 7.1.2.2. (line  4094)
-cartexpert:                                   See 7.1.2.2. (line  4097)
-cartf64:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4111)
-cartfc1:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4114)
-cartfc3:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4117)
-cartfcplus:                                   See 7.1.2.2. (line  4120)
-cartfe:                                       See 7.4.2.2. (line  5800)
-cartff:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4123)
-cartfm:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4126)
-cartfp <1>:                                   See 7.4.2.2. (line  5807)
-cartfp:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4129)
-cartgeneric:                                  See 7.4.2.2. (line  5785)
-cartgeoram:                                   See 7.1.6.2. (line  4956)
-cartgk:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4132)
-cartgs:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4135)
-cartide64:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4138)
-cartieee:                                     See 7.1.2.2. (line  4195)
-cartisepic:                                   See 7.1.2.2. (line  4210)
-cartkcs:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4220)
-cartks:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4223)
-cartmach5:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4226)
-cartmd:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4229)
-cartmega:                                     See 7.4.2.2. (line  5790)
-cartmf:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4232)
-cartmikro:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4235)
-cartmmc64:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4242)
-cartmmcr:                                     See 7.1.2.2. (line  4260)
-cartmv:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4285)
-cartocean:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4288)
-cartp64:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4291)
-cartpf:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4294)
-cartramcart:                                  See 7.1.2.2. (line  4297)
-cartrep256:                                   See 7.1.2.2. (line  4314)
-cartreset, +cartreset <1>:                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4014)
-cartreset, +cartreset:                        See 7.5.2.2. (line  6405)
-cartreu:                                      See 7.1.6.2. (line  4974)
-cartross:                                     See 7.1.2.2. (line  4317)
-cartrr:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4320)
-cartru:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4335)
-carts64:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4338)
-cartsb:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4341)
-cartse5:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4344)
-cartsg:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4347)
-cartsilver:                                   See 7.1.2.2. (line  4350)
-cartsimon:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4353)
-cartss4:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4356)
-cartss5:                                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4359)
-cartstar:                                     See 7.1.2.2. (line  4362)
-cartultimax:                                  See 7.1.2.2. (line  4024)
-cartwl:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4365)
-cartws:                                       See 7.1.2.2. (line  4368)
-cartzaxxon:                                   See 7.1.2.2. (line  4371)
-chargde:                                      See 7.2.2.2. (line  5416)
-chargen <1>:                                  See 7.6.4.2. (line  6895)
-chargen <2>:                                  See 7.2.2.2. (line  5415)
-chargen <3>:                                  See 7.4.5.2. (line  6176)
-chargen <4>:                                  See 7.7.2.2. (line  7088)
-chargen:                                      See 7.1.7.2. (line  5072)
-chargfr:                                      See 7.2.2.2. (line  5419)
-chargse:                                      See 7.2.2.2. (line  5422)
-chdir:                                        See 3.1.     (line   943)
-cia1model:                                    See 7.1.3.2. (line  4391)
-cia2model:                                    See 7.1.3.2. (line  4394)
-ciamodel:                                     See 7.1.3.2. (line  4390)
-config:                                       See 3.1.     (line   928)
-confirmexit, +confirmexit:                    See 6.16.2.  (line  3449)
-console:                                      See 3.1.     (line   940)
-core, +core:                                  See 6.16.2.  (line  3455)
-cpu6502:                                      See 7.6.6.2. (line  6959)
-cpu6809:                                      See 7.6.6.2. (line  6960)
-cpuprog:                                      See 7.6.6.2. (line  6963)
-Crtcaudioleak, +Crtcaudioleak:                See 7.6.2.2. (line  6799)
-Crtcbrightness:                               See 7.6.2.2. (line  6776)
-Crtccontrast:                                 See 7.6.2.2. (line  6773)
-Crtccrtblur:                                  See 7.6.2.2. (line  6791)
-Crtccrtscanlineshade:                         See 7.6.2.2. (line  6794)
-Crtcdscan, +Crtcdscan:                        See 7.6.2.2. (line  6741)
-Crtcdsize, +Crtcdsize:                        See 7.6.2.2. (line  6733)
-Crtcextpal:                                   See 7.6.2.2. (line  6755)
-Crtcfilter:                                   See 7.6.2.2. (line  6745)
-Crtcfulldevice:                               See 7.6.2.2. (line  6761)
-Crtcgamma:                                    See 7.6.2.2. (line  6779)
-Crtchwscale, +Crtchwscale:                    See 7.6.2.2. (line  6748)
-Crtcintpal:                                   See 7.6.2.2. (line  6752)
-Crtcoddlinesoffset:                           See 7.6.2.2. (line  6788)
-Crtcoddlinesphase:                            See 7.6.2.2. (line  6785)
-Crtcpalette:                                  See 7.6.2.2. (line  6758)
-Crtcsaturation:                               See 7.6.2.2. (line  6772)
-CRTCstretchvertical, +CRTCstretchvertical:    See 7.6.2.2. (line  6737)
-Crtctint:                                     See 7.6.2.2. (line  6782)
-Crtcvcache, +Crtcvcache:                      See 7.6.2.2. (line  6731)
-CrtcVidmodefullmode:                          See 7.6.2.2. (line  6767)
-CrtcXRANDRfullmode:                           See 7.6.2.2. (line  6764)
-cs256k:                                       See 7.5.4.2. (line  6514)
-default:                                      See 3.1.     (line   923)
-device10:                                     See 6.11.1.2.
(line  2880)
-device11:                                     See 6.11.1.2.
(line  2880)
-device4:                                      See 6.11.2.2.
(line  2987)
-device5:                                      See 6.11.2.2.
(line  2987)
-device8:                                      See 6.11.1.2.
(line  2880)
-device9:                                      See 6.11.1.2.
(line  2880)
-diagpin, +diagpin:                            See 7.6.6.2. (line  6978)
-digiblaster, +digiblaster:                    See 7.5.2.2. (line  6415)
-digimax, +digimax <1>:                        See 7.4.2.2. (line  5838)
-digimax, +digimax:                            See 7.1.6.2. (line  4928)
-digimaxbase <1>:                              See 7.4.2.2. (line  5840)
-digimaxbase:                                  See 7.1.6.2. (line  4932)
-directory:                                    See 6.16.2.  (line  3437)
-displaydepth:                                 See 6.5.3.   (line  2053)
-doodlecrtctextcolor:                          See 9.2.     (line  8196)
-doodlemc:                                     See 9.2.     (line  8188)
-doodleoversize:                               See 9.2.     (line  8184)
-doodletedlum:                                 See 9.2.     (line  8192)
-dos1001:                                      See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dos1541:                                      See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dos1541II:                                    See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dos1551:                                      See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dos1570:                                      See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dos1571:                                      See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dos1571cr:                                    See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dos1581:                                      See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dos2000:                                      See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dos2031:                                      See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dos2040:                                      See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dos3040:                                      See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dos4000:                                      See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dos4040:                                      See 6.10.2.  (line  2704)
-dqbb, +dqbb:                                  See 7.1.2.2. (line  4069)
-dqbbimage:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4073)
-dqbbimagerw, +dqbbimagerw:                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4076)
-drive10extend:                                See 6.10.2.  (line  2696)
-drive10idle:                                  See 6.10.2.  (line  2688)
-drive10profdos, +drive10profdos:              See 6.10.2.  (line  2753)
-drive10ram2000, +drive10ram2000:              See 6.10.2.  (line  2723)
-drive10ram4000, +drive10ram4000:              See 6.10.2.  (line  2727)
-drive10ram6000, +drive10ram6000:              See 6.10.2.  (line  2733)
-drive10ram8000, +drive10ram8000:              See 6.10.2.  (line  2739)
-drive10rama000, +drive10rama000:              See 6.10.2.  (line  2745)
-drive10type:                                  See 6.10.2.  (line  2673)
-drive11extend:                                See 6.10.2.  (line  2696)
-drive11idle:                                  See 6.10.2.  (line  2688)
-drive11profdos, +drive11profdos:              See 6.10.2.  (line  2753)
-drive11ram2000, +drive11ram2000:              See 6.10.2.  (line  2723)
-drive11ram4000, +drive11ram4000:              See 6.10.2.  (line  2727)
-drive11ram6000, +drive11ram6000:              See 6.10.2.  (line  2733)
-drive11ram8000, +drive11ram8000:              See 6.10.2.  (line  2739)
-drive11rama000, +drive11rama000:              See 6.10.2.  (line  2745)
-drive11type:                                  See 6.10.2.  (line  2673)
-drive8extend:                                 See 6.10.2.  (line  2696)
-drive8idle:                                   See 6.10.2.  (line  2688)
-drive8profdos, +drive8profdos:                See 6.10.2.  (line  2753)
-drive8ram2000, +drive8ram2000:                See 6.10.2.  (line  2723)
-drive8ram4000, +drive8ram4000:                See 6.10.2.  (line  2727)
-drive8ram6000, +drive8ram6000:                See 6.10.2.  (line  2733)
-drive8ram8000, +drive8ram8000:                See 6.10.2.  (line  2739)
-drive8rama000, +drive8rama000:                See 6.10.2.  (line  2745)
-drive8type:                                   See 6.10.2.  (line  2673)
-drive9extend:                                 See 6.10.2.  (line  2696)
-drive9idle:                                   See 6.10.2.  (line  2688)
-drive9profdos, +drive9profdos:                See 6.10.2.  (line  2753)
-drive9ram2000, +drive9ram2000:                See 6.10.2.  (line  2723)
-drive9ram4000, +drive9ram4000:                See 6.10.2.  (line  2727)
-drive9ram6000, +drive9ram6000:                See 6.10.2.  (line  2733)
-drive9ram8000, +drive9ram8000:                See 6.10.2.  (line  2739)
-drive9rama000, +drive9rama000:                See 6.10.2.  (line  2745)
-drive9type:                                   See 6.10.2.  (line  2673)
-drivesound, +drivesound:                      See 6.10.2.  (line  2668)
-dsresetwithcpu, +dsresetwithcpu:              See 6.9.2.   (line  2458)
-dsspeedtuning:                                See 6.9.2.   (line  2465)
-dszerogapdelay:                               See 6.9.2.   (line  2462)
-dtvblitterlog, +dtvblitterlog:                See 7.3.5.   (line  5585)
-dtvdmalog, +dtvdmalog:                        See 7.3.5.   (line  5589)
-dtvflashlog, +dtvflashlog:                    See 7.3.5.   (line  5593)
-dtvrev:                                       See 7.3.2.   (line  5536)
-easyflashcrtwrite, +easyflashcrtwrite:        See 7.1.2.2. (line  4087)
-easyflashjumper, +easyflashjumper:            See 7.1.2.2. (line  4083)
-editor:                                       See 7.6.4.2. (line  6892)
-eoiblank, +eoiblank:                          See 7.6.6.2. (line  6975)
-expert, +expert:                              See 7.1.2.2. (line  4100)
-expertimagename:                              See 7.1.2.2. (line  4104)
-expertimagerw, +expertimagerw:                See 7.1.2.2. (line  4107)
-extfrom:                                      See 7.2.2.2. (line  5436)
-extfunc, +extfunc:                            See 7.2.2.2. (line  5434)
-extrajoydev1:                                 See 6.7.2.   (line  2234)
-extrajoydev2:                                 See 6.7.2.   (line  2234)
-f:                                            See 13.1.    (line  9119)
-fewriteback, +fewriteback:                    See 7.4.2.2. (line  5801)
-ffmpegaudiobitrate:                           See 9.2.     (line  8201)
-ffmpegvideobitrate:                           See 9.2.     (line  8202)
-flipname:                                     See 6.11.1.2.
(line  2895)
-fpwriteback, +fpwriteback:                    See 7.4.2.2. (line  5808)
-fs10:                                         See 6.11.1.2.
(line  2887)
-fs11:                                         See 6.11.1.2.
(line  2887)
-fs8:                                          See 6.11.1.2.
(line  2887)
-fs9:                                          See 6.11.1.2.
(line  2887)
-fsflash:                                      See 7.3.1.   (line  5525)
-fullscreen, +fullscreen:                      See 6.5.3.   (line  2056)
-functionhi:                                   See 7.5.3.2. (line  6466)
-functionlo:                                   See 7.5.3.2. (line  6465)
-georam, +georam <1>:                          See 7.4.2.2. (line  5867)
-georam, +georam:                              See 7.1.6.2. (line  4952)
-georamimage <1>:                              See 7.4.2.2. (line  5871)
-georamimage:                                  See 7.1.6.2. (line  4959)
-georamimagerw, +georamimagerw <1>:            See 7.4.2.2. (line  5874)
-georamimagerw, +georamimagerw:                See 7.1.6.2. (line  4962)
-georamioswap, +georamioswap:                  See 7.4.2.2. (line  5864)
-georamsize <1>:                               See 7.4.2.2. (line  5878)
-georamsize:                                   See 7.1.6.2. (line  4966)
-gluelogictype:                                See 7.1.8.2. (line  5121)
-go64, +go64:                                  See 7.2.3.2. (line  5471)
-grsymkeymap, -grposkeymap:                    See 6.6.2.   (line  2140)
-h:                                            See 14.1.    (line  9362)
-h1024k:                                       See 7.5.4.2. (line  6508)
-h256k:                                        See 7.5.4.2. (line  6507)
-h4096k:                                       See 7.5.4.2. (line  6511)
-help <1>:                                     See 14.1.    (line  9348)
-help:                                         See 3.1.     (line   921)
-htmlbrowser:                                  See 6.16.2.  (line  3438)
-hummeradc, +hummeradc:                        See 7.3.4.   (line  5569)
-i:                                            See 13.1.    (line  9098)
-ic:                                           See 14.1.    (line  9359)
-IDE64autosize1, +IDE64autosize1:              See 7.1.2.2. (line  4177)
-IDE64autosize2, +IDE64autosize2:              See 7.1.2.2. (line  4177)
-IDE64autosize3, +IDE64autosize3:              See 7.1.2.2. (line  4177)
-IDE64autosize4, +IDE64autosize4:              See 7.1.2.2. (line  4177)
-IDE64cyl1:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4150)
-IDE64cyl2:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4153)
-IDE64cyl3:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4155)
-IDE64cyl4:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4157)
-IDE64hds1:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4159)
-IDE64hds2:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4162)
-IDE64hds3:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4164)
-IDE64hds4:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4166)
-IDE64image1:                                  See 7.1.2.2. (line  4141)
-IDE64image2:                                  See 7.1.2.2. (line  4144)
-IDE64image3:                                  See 7.1.2.2. (line  4146)
-IDE64image4:                                  See 7.1.2.2. (line  4148)
-IDE64sec1:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4168)
-IDE64sec2:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4171)
-IDE64sec3:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4173)
-IDE64sec4:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4175)
-IDE64version4, +IDE64version4:                See 7.1.2.2. (line  4191)
-iecdevice10, +iecdevice10:                    See 6.11.1.2.
(line  2870)
-iecdevice11, +iecdevice11:                    See 6.11.1.2.
(line  2874)
-iecdevice4, +iecdevice4:                      See 6.11.2.2.
(line  2979)
-iecdevice5, +iecdevice5:                      See 6.11.2.2.
(line  2981)
-iecdevice8, +iecdevice8:                      See 6.11.1.2.
(line  2864)
-iecdevice9, +iecdevice9:                      See 6.11.1.2.
(line  2866)
-ieee488, +ieee488 <1>:                        See 7.4.2.2. (line  5814)
-ieee488, +ieee488:                            See 7.1.2.2. (line  4198)
-ieee488image:                                 See 7.1.2.2. (line  4203)
-initbreak:                                    See 6.13.2.  (line  3260)
-install, +install:                            See 6.5.3.   (line  2048)
-intfrom:                                      See 7.2.2.2. (line  5429)
-intfunc, +intfunc:                            See 7.2.2.2. (line  5427)
-iocollision <1>:                              See 7.4.2.2. (line  5766)
-iocollision:                                  See 7.1.2.2. (line  4006)
-isepic, +isepic:                              See 7.1.2.2. (line  4206)
-isepicimagename:                              See 7.1.2.2. (line  4213)
-isepicimagerw, +isepicimagerw:                See 7.1.2.2. (line  4216)
-joydev1:                                      See 6.7.2.   (line  2231)
-joydev2:                                      See 6.7.2.   (line  2231)
-k:                                            See 14.1.    (line  9383)
-k<version>:                                   See 14.1.    (line  9380)
-keepenv:                                      See 7.8.1.2. (line  7184)
-kernal <1>:                                   See 7.7.2.2. (line  7082)
-kernal <2>:                                   See 7.2.2.2. (line  5394)
-kernal <3>:                                   See 7.6.4.2. (line  6889)
-kernal <4>:                                   See 7.4.5.2. (line  6170)
-kernal:                                       See 7.1.7.2. (line  5066)
-kernal64:                                     See 7.2.2.2. (line  5383)
-kernalde:                                     See 7.2.2.2. (line  5395)
-kernalfi:                                     See 7.2.2.2. (line  5398)
-kernalfr:                                     See 7.2.2.2. (line  5401)
-kernalit:                                     See 7.2.2.2. (line  5404)
-kernalno:                                     See 7.2.2.2. (line  5407)
-kernalrev:                                    See 7.1.7.2. (line  5075)
-kernalse:                                     See 7.2.2.2. (line  5410)
-keybuf:                                       See 3.1.     (line   937)
-keymap:                                       See 6.6.2.   (line  2120)
-l:                                            See 14.1.    (line  9386)
-lightpen, +lightpen:                          See 6.7.2.   (line  2251)
-lightpentype:                                 See 6.7.2.   (line  2253)
-logfile:                                      See 3.1.     (line   931)
-mcnvramfile:                                  See 7.4.2.2. (line  5791)
-mcnvramwriteback, +mcnvramwriteback:          See 7.4.2.2. (line  5794)
-memory:                                       See 7.4.4.2. (line  6111)
-midi, +midi:                                  See 7.1.6.2. (line  4939)
-mididrv:                                      See 7.1.6.2. (line  4949)
-midiin:                                       See 7.1.6.2. (line  4943)
-midiout:                                      See 7.1.6.2. (line  4946)
-miditype:                                     See 7.1.6.2. (line  4935)
-mitshm, +mitshm <1>:                          See 2.11.2.  (line   821)
-mitshm, +mitshm:                              See 6.5.3.   (line  2043)
-mmc64, +mmc64:                                See 7.1.2.2. (line  4238)
-mmc64bios:                                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4245)
-mmc64bioswrite:                               See 7.1.2.2. (line  4257)
-mmc64image:                                   See 7.1.2.2. (line  4248)
-mmc64readonly:                                See 7.1.2.2. (line  4251)
-mmc64readwrite:                               See 7.1.2.2. (line  4254)
-mmcrcardimage:                                See 7.1.2.2. (line  4271)
-mmcrcardrw, +mmcrcardrw:                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4274)
-mmcreepromimage:                              See 7.1.2.2. (line  4278)
-mmcreepromrw, +mmcreepromrw:                  See 7.1.2.2. (line  4281)
-mmcrimagerw, +mmcrimagerw:                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4267)
-mmcrrescue, +mmcrrescue:                      See 7.1.2.2. (line  4263)
-model <1>:                                    See 7.7.3.   (line  7145)
-model:                                        See 7.6.6.2. (line  6947)
-moncommands:                                  See 6.13.2.  (line  3254)
-mouse, +mouse:                                See 6.7.2.   (line  2240)
-mouseport:                                    See 6.7.2.   (line  2246)
-mousetype:                                    See 6.7.2.   (line  2242)
-myaciadev:                                    See 6.12.2.  (line  3175)
-n:                                            See 13.1.    (line  9110)
-nc:                                           See 14.1.    (line  9355)
-nh:                                           See 14.1.    (line  9365)
-ntsc:                                         See 6.14.2.  (line  3287)
-ntscold:                                      See 6.14.2.  (line  3290)
-o:                                            See 13.1.    (line  9102)
-o <name>:                                     See 14.1.    (line  9389)
-OEMjoy, +OEMjoy:                              See 7.4.6.1. (line  6194)
-pal:                                          See 6.14.2.  (line  3286)
-paln:                                         See 6.14.2.  (line  3293)
-parallel10:                                   See 6.10.2.  (line  2682)
-parallel11:                                   See 6.10.2.  (line  2682)
-parallel8:                                    See 6.10.2.  (line  2682)
-parallel9:                                    See 6.10.2.  (line  2682)
-petdww, +petdww:                              See 7.6.3.2. (line  6857)
-petdwwimage:                                  See 7.6.3.2. (line  6859)
-petram9, +petram9:                            See 7.6.6.2. (line  6950)
-petramA, +petramA:                            See 7.6.6.2. (line  6953)
-petreu, +petreu:                              See 7.6.3.2. (line  6844)
-petreuimage:                                  See 7.6.3.2. (line  6848)
-petreuramsize:                                See 7.6.3.2. (line  6849)
-playback:                                     See 10.9.    (line  8341)
-plus256k, +plus256k:                          See 7.1.8.2. (line  5134)
-plus256kimage:                                See 7.1.8.2. (line  5136)
-plus60k, +plus60k:                            See 7.1.8.2. (line  5124)
-plus60kbase:                                  See 7.1.8.2. (line  5129)
-plus60kimage:                                 See 7.1.8.2. (line  5126)
-poskeymap:                                    See 6.6.2.   (line  2128)
-pr4drv:                                       See 6.11.2.2.
(line  3003)
-pr4output:                                    See 6.11.2.2.
(line  3000)
-pr4txtdev:                                    See 6.11.2.2.
(line  2994)
-pr5drv:                                       See 6.11.2.2.
(line  3003)
-pr5output:                                    See 6.11.2.2.
(line  3000)
-pr5txtdev:                                    See 6.11.2.2.
(line  2994)
-profdos1571:                                  See 6.10.2.  (line  2759)
-prtxtdev1:                                    See 6.11.2.2.
(line  2991)
-prtxtdev2:                                    See 6.11.2.2.
(line  2991)
-prtxtdev3:                                    See 6.11.2.2.
(line  2991)
-pruser, +pruser:                              See 6.11.2.2.
(line  3010)
-pruserdrv:                                    See 6.11.2.2.
(line  3019)
-pruseroutput:                                 See 6.11.2.2.
(line  3016)
-prusertxtdev:                                 See 6.11.2.2.
(line  3015)
-ps2mouse, +ps2mouse:                          See 7.3.4.   (line  5573)
-r:                                            See 13.1.    (line  9124)
-ram08, +ram08:                                See 7.7.3.   (line  7115)
-ram1, +ram1:                                  See 7.7.3.   (line  7118)
-ram2, +ram2:                                  See 7.7.3.   (line  7123)
-ram4, +ram4:                                  See 7.7.3.   (line  7128)
-ram6, +ram6:                                  See 7.7.3.   (line  7133)
-ramC, +ramC:                                  See 7.7.3.   (line  7138)
-ramcart, +ramcart:                            See 7.1.2.2. (line  4300)
-ramcartimage:                                 See 7.1.2.2. (line  4307)
-ramcartimagerw, +ramcartimagerw:              See 7.1.2.2. (line  4310)
-ramcartsize:                                  See 7.1.2.2. (line  4304)
-raminitpatterninvert:                         See 6.15.2.  (line  3325)
-raminitstartvalue:                            See 6.15.2.  (line  3321)
-raminitvalueinvert:                           See 6.15.2.  (line  3322)
-ramsize <1>:                                  See 7.7.3.   (line  7112)
-ramsize:                                      See 7.5.4.2. (line  6504)
-refresh:                                      See 6.4.2.   (line  1854)
-remotemonitor, +remotemonitor:                See 6.13.2.  (line  3264)
-remotemonitoraddress:                         See 6.13.2.  (line  3268)
-residfilterbias:                              See 7.1.5.2. (line  4787)
-residgain:                                    See 7.1.5.2. (line  4784)
-residpass:                                    See 7.1.5.2. (line  4780)
-residsamp:                                    See 7.1.5.2. (line  4775)
-reu, +reu:                                    See 7.1.6.2. (line  4969)
-reuimage:                                     See 7.1.6.2. (line  4977)
-reuimagerw, +reuimagerw:                      See 7.1.6.2. (line  4980)
-reusize:                                      See 7.1.6.2. (line  4984)
-rom9:                                         See 7.6.4.2. (line  6898)
-romA:                                         See 7.6.4.2. (line  6898)
-romB:                                         See 7.6.4.2. (line  6898)
-rrbankjumper, +rrbankjumper:                  See 7.1.2.2. (line  4327)
-rrbioswrite, +rrbioswrite:                    See 7.1.2.2. (line  4323)
-rrflashjumper, +rrflashjumper:                See 7.1.2.2. (line  4331)
-rsdev1:                                       See 6.12.2.  (line  3159)
-rsdev1baud:                                   See 6.12.2.  (line  3166)
-rsdev2:                                       See 6.12.2.  (line  3160)
-rsdev2baud:                                   See 6.12.2.  (line  3167)
-rsdev3:                                       See 6.12.2.  (line  3161)
-rsdev3baud:                                   See 6.12.2.  (line  3168)
-rsdev4:                                       See 6.12.2.  (line  3162)
-rsdev4baud:                                   See 6.12.2.  (line  3169)
-rsuser, +rsuser:                              See 6.12.2.  (line  3178)
-rsuserbaud:                                   See 6.12.2.  (line  3183)
-rsuserdev:                                    See 6.12.2.  (line  3186)
-saveres, +saveres:                            See 6.16.2.  (line  3444)
-sfxse, +sfxse <1>:                            See 7.4.2.2. (line  5847)
-sfxse, +sfxse:                                See 7.1.6.2. (line  4987)
-sfxseioswap, +sfxseioswap:                    See 7.4.2.2. (line  5845)
-sfxsetype <1>:                                See 7.1.6.2. (line  4991)
-sfxsetype:                                    See 7.4.2.2. (line  5851)
-sfxss, +sfxss <1>:                            See 7.1.6.2. (line  4994)
-sfxss, +sfxss:                                See 7.4.2.2. (line  5858)
-sfxssioswap, +sfxssioswap:                    See 7.4.2.2. (line  5856)
-sidcart, +sidcart <1>:                        See 7.6.3.2. (line  6864)
-sidcart, +sidcart <2>:                        See 7.5.2.2. (line  6419)
-sidcart, +sidcart:                            See 7.4.2.2. (line  5818)
-sidcartjoy, +sidcartjoy:                      See 7.5.2.2. (line  6424)
-sidenginemodel:                               See 7.1.5.2. (line  4759)
-sidfilters, +sidfilters:                      See 7.1.5.2. (line  4770)
-sidstereo:                                    See 7.1.5.2. (line  4748)
-sidstereoaddress:                             See 7.1.5.2. (line  4751)
-sidtripleaddress:                             See 7.1.5.2. (line  4755)
-skip <n>:                                     See 14.1.    (line  9368)
-sound, +sound:                                See 6.8.2.   (line  2398)
-soundarg:                                     See 6.8.2.   (line  2423)
-soundbufsize:                                 See 6.8.2.   (line  2413)
-sounddev:                                     See 6.8.2.   (line  2420)
-soundfragsize:                                See 6.8.2.   (line  2417)
-soundoutput:                                  See 6.8.2.   (line  2409)
-soundrate:                                    See 6.8.2.   (line  2406)
-soundrecarg:                                  See 6.8.2.   (line  2428)
-soundrecdev:                                  See 6.8.2.   (line  2427)
-soundsync:                                    See 6.8.2.   (line  2402)
-speech, +speech:                              See 7.5.2.2. (line  6429)
-speechrom:                                    See 7.5.2.2. (line  6433)
-speed:                                        See 6.4.2.   (line  1850)
-superpet, +superpet:                          See 7.6.6.2. (line  6956)
-symdekeymap:                                  See 6.6.2.   (line  2131)
-symkeymap:                                    See 6.6.2.   (line  2125)
-t:                                            See 13.1.    (line  9106)
-TEDaudioleak, +TEDaudioleak:                  See 7.5.1.2. (line  6363)
-TEDborders:                                   See 7.5.1.2. (line  6331)
-TEDbrightness:                                See 7.5.1.2. (line  6340)
-TEDcontrast:                                  See 7.5.1.2. (line  6337)
-TEDcrtblur:                                   See 7.5.1.2. (line  6355)
-TEDcrtscanlineshade:                          See 7.5.1.2. (line  6358)
-TEDdscan, +TEDdscan:                          See 7.5.1.2. (line  6302)
-TEDdsize, +TEDdsize:                          See 7.5.1.2. (line  6298)
-TEDextpal:                                    See 7.5.1.2. (line  6316)
-TEDfilter:                                    See 7.5.1.2. (line  6306)
-TEDfulldevice:                                See 7.5.1.2. (line  6322)
-TEDgamma:                                     See 7.5.1.2. (line  6343)
-TEDhwscale, +TEDhwscale:                      See 7.5.1.2. (line  6309)
-TEDintpal:                                    See 7.5.1.2. (line  6313)
-TEDoddlinesoffset:                            See 7.5.1.2. (line  6352)
-TEDoddlinesphase:                             See 7.5.1.2. (line  6349)
-TEDpalette:                                   See 7.5.1.2. (line  6319)
-TEDsaturation:                                See 7.5.1.2. (line  6336)
-TEDtint:                                      See 7.5.1.2. (line  6346)
-TEDvcache, +TEDvcache:                        See 7.5.1.2. (line  6296)
-TEDVidmodefullmode:                           See 7.5.1.2. (line  6328)
-TEDXRANDRfullmode:                            See 7.5.1.2. (line  6325)
-text:                                         See 14.1.    (line  9371)
-tfe, +tfe <1>:                                See 7.4.2.2. (line  5825)
-tfe, +tfe:                                    See 7.1.6.2. (line  4998)
-tfeif <1>:                                    See 7.1.6.2. (line  5002)
-tfeif:                                        See 7.4.2.2. (line  5829)
-tfeioswap, +tfeioswap:                        See 7.4.2.2. (line  5823)
-tferrnet, +tferrnet <1>:                      See 7.1.6.2. (line  5005)
-tferrnet, +tferrnet:                          See 7.4.2.2. (line  5832)
-truedrive, +truedrive:                        See 6.10.2.  (line  2663)
-trueflashfs, +trueflashfs:                    See 7.3.1.   (line  5521)
-tune <number>:                                See 7.8.1.2. (line  7185)
-userportdac, +userportdac:                    See 7.6.3.2. (line  6854)
-v:                                            See 14.1.    (line  9349)
-VDC16KB:                                      See 7.2.1.2. (line  5289)
-VDC64KB:                                      See 7.2.1.2. (line  5292)
-VDCaudioleak, +VDCaudioleak:                  See 7.2.1.2. (line  5327)
-VDCbrightness:                                See 7.2.1.2. (line  5304)
-VDCcontrast:                                  See 7.2.1.2. (line  5301)
-VDCcrtblur:                                   See 7.2.1.2. (line  5319)
-VDCcrtscanlineshade:                          See 7.2.1.2. (line  5322)
-VDCdscan, +VDCdscan:                          See 7.2.1.2. (line  5263)
-VDCdsize, +VDCdsize:                          See 7.2.1.2. (line  5255)
-VDCextpal:                                    See 7.2.1.2. (line  5274)
-VDCfulldevice:                                See 7.2.1.2. (line  5280)
-VDCgamma:                                     See 7.2.1.2. (line  5307)
-VDChwscale, +VDChwscale:                      See 7.2.1.2. (line  5267)
-VDCintpal:                                    See 7.2.1.2. (line  5271)
-VDCoddlinesoffset:                            See 7.2.1.2. (line  5316)
-VDCoddlinesphase:                             See 7.2.1.2. (line  5313)
-VDCpalette:                                   See 7.2.1.2. (line  5277)
-VDCRevision:                                  See 7.2.1.2. (line  5295)
-VDCsaturation:                                See 7.2.1.2. (line  5300)
-VDCstretchvertical, +VDCstretchvertical:      See 7.2.1.2. (line  5259)
-VDCtint:                                      See 7.2.1.2. (line  5310)
-VDCvcache, +VDCvcache:                        See 7.2.1.2. (line  5253)
-VDCVidmodefullmode:                           See 7.2.1.2. (line  5286)
-VDCXRANDRfullmode:                            See 7.2.1.2. (line  5283)
-verbose:                                      See 3.1.     (line   934)
-VICaudioleak, +VICaudioleak:                  See 7.4.3.2. (line  6048)
-VICborders:                                   See 7.4.3.2. (line  6016)
-VICbrightness:                                See 7.4.3.2. (line  6025)
-VICcontrast:                                  See 7.4.3.2. (line  6022)
-VICcrtblur:                                   See 7.4.3.2. (line  6040)
-VICcrtscanlineshade:                          See 7.4.3.2. (line  6043)
-VICdscan, +VICdscan:                          See 7.4.3.2. (line  5987)
-VICdsize, +VICdsize:                          See 7.4.3.2. (line  5982)
-VICextpal:                                    See 7.4.3.2. (line  6004)
-VICfilter:                                    See 7.4.3.2. (line  5997)
-VICfulldevice:                                See 7.4.3.2. (line  6007)
-VICgamma:                                     See 7.4.3.2. (line  6028)
-VIChwscale, +VIChwscale:                      See 7.4.3.2. (line  5992)
-VICIIaudioleak, +VICIIaudioleak:              See 7.1.4.2. (line  4633)
-VICIIborders:                                 See 7.1.4.2. (line  4591)
-VICIIbrightness:                              See 7.1.4.2. (line  4610)
-VICIIchecksb, +VICIIchecksb:                  See 7.1.4.2. (line  4547)
-VICIIcheckss, +VICIIcheckss:                  See 7.1.4.2. (line  4541)
-VICIIcontrast:                                See 7.1.4.2. (line  4607)
-VICIIcrtblur:                                 See 7.1.4.2. (line  4625)
-VICIIcrtscanlineshade:                        See 7.1.4.2. (line  4628)
-VICIIdscan, +VICIIdscan:                      See 7.1.4.2. (line  4563)
-VICIIdsize, +VICIIdsize:                      See 7.1.4.2. (line  4558)
-VICIIextpal:                                  See 7.1.4.2. (line  4576)
-VICIIfilter:                                  See 7.1.4.2. (line  4570)
-VICIIfulldevice:                              See 7.1.4.2. (line  4584)
-VICIIgamma:                                   See 7.1.4.2. (line  4613)
-VICIIhwscale, +VICIIhwscale:                  See 7.1.4.2. (line  4568)
-VICIIintpal:                                  See 7.1.4.2. (line  4573)
-VICIImodel:                                   See 7.1.4.2. (line  4595)
-VICIInewluminance, +VICIInewluminance:        See 7.1.4.2. (line  4601)
-VICIIoddlinesoffset:                          See 7.1.4.2. (line  4622)
-VICIIoddlinesphase:                           See 7.1.4.2. (line  4619)
-VICIIpalette:                                 See 7.1.4.2. (line  4581)
-VICIIsaturation:                              See 7.1.4.2. (line  4606)
-VICIItint:                                    See 7.1.4.2. (line  4616)
-VICIIvcache, +VICIIvcache:                    See 7.1.4.2. (line  4553)
-VICIIVidmodefullmode:                         See 7.1.4.2. (line  4588)
-VICIIXRANDRfullmode:                          See 7.1.4.2. (line  4585)
-VICintpal:                                    See 7.4.3.2. (line  6003)
-VICoddlinesoffset:                            See 7.4.3.2. (line  6037)
-VICoddlinesphase:                             See 7.4.3.2. (line  6034)
-VICpalette:                                   See 7.4.3.2. (line  6000)
-VICsaturation:                                See 7.4.3.2. (line  6021)
-VICtint:                                      See 7.4.3.2. (line  6031)
-VICvcache, +VICvcache:                        See 7.4.3.2. (line  5977)
-VICVidmodefullmode:                           See 7.4.3.2. (line  6013)
-VICXRANDRfullmode:                            See 7.4.3.2. (line  6010)
-virtualdev, +virtualdev:                      See 6.11.3.2.
(line  3047)
-w<version>:                                   See 14.1.    (line  9377)
-warp, +warp:                                  See 6.4.2.   (line  1859)
-xsync, +xsync:                                See 6.5.3.   (line  2038)
ACIA (Swiftlink, Turbo232):                    See 7.1.6.   (line  4804)
Audio buffer size:                             See 6.8.     (line  2287)
Converting X64 files into D64:                 See 2.10.    (line   781)
DigiMAX:                                       See 7.1.6.   (line  4806)
Double-scan mode.:                             See 6.5.     (line  1886)
Double-size mode:                              See 6.5.     (line  1881)
Ethernet (The Final Ethernet, RR-Net):         See 7.1.6.   (line  4808)
GEO-RAM:                                       See 7.1.6.   (line  4810)
HP-UX and Solaris audio problems:              See 2.11.1.  (line   808)
Limiting emulation speed:                      See 6.4.     (line  1805)
Loosing control on low-end systems:            See 6.5.     (line  1891)
MIDI (Passport, Datel, Maplin, Namesoft, Sequential):See 7.1.6.
(line  4812)
MITSHM:                                        See 2.11.2.  (line   821)
OSS/Linux problems:                            See 2.11.1.  (line   813)
Refresh rate:                                  See 6.4.     (line  1812)
reSID resampling passband:                     See 7.1.5.   (line  4689)
reSID samping method:                          See 7.1.5.   (line  4668)
REU:                                           See 7.1.6.   (line  4814)
Sample rate:                                   See 6.8.     (line  2282)
Second SID:                                    See 7.1.5.   (line  4645)
Second SID base address:                       See 7.1.5.   (line  4651)
SFX Sound Expander:                            See 7.1.6.   (line  4819)
SFX Sound Sampler:                             See 7.1.6.   (line  4821)
SID filters:                                   See 7.1.5.   (line  4656)
SID models:                                    See 7.1.5.   (line  4661)
Sound buffer size:                             See 6.8.     (line  2287)
Sound speed adjustment:                        See 6.8.     (line  2266)
Sound suspend time:                            See 6.8.     (line  2292)
Sound syncronization:                          See 6.8.     (line  2266)
Sprite collision detection:                    See 7.1.4.   (line  4406)
Toggling reSID emulation:                      See 7.1.5.   (line  4665)
Turning sound playback on/off:                 See 6.8.     (line  2264)
Using XSync():                                 See 6.5.     (line  1891)
VIC-II color sets:                             See 7.1.4.   (line  4413)
Video cache:                                   See 6.5.     (line  1872)
Warp speed mode:                               See 6.4.     (line  1825)
Index of Resources
******************

40/80ColumnKey:                                See 7.2.3.1. (line  5448)
Acia1Base:                                     See 7.1.6.1. (line  4833)
Acia1Dev:                                      See 6.12.1.  (line  3133)
Acia1Enable <1>:                               See 7.1.6.1. (line  4827)
Acia1Enable:                                   See 7.5.4.1. (line  6497)
Acia1Irq:                                      See 6.12.1.  (line  3138)
Acia1Mode:                                     See 7.1.6.1. (line  4829)
AttachDevice10Readonly:                        See 6.16.1.  (line  3410)
AttachDevice11Readonly:                        See 6.16.1.  (line  3410)
AttachDevice8Readonly:                         See 6.16.1.  (line  3410)
AttachDevice9Readonly:                         See 6.16.1.  (line  3410)
AutostartBasicLoad:                            See 6.3.1.   (line  1775)
AutostartDelay:                                See 6.3.1.   (line  1796)
AutostartDelayRandom:                          See 6.3.1.   (line  1793)
AutostartHandleTrueDriveEmulation:             See 6.3.1.   (line  1782)
AutostartPrgDiskImage:                         See 6.3.1.   (line  1773)
AutostartPrgMode:                              See 6.3.1.   (line  1789)
AutostartRunWithColon:                         See 6.3.1.   (line  1778)
AutostartWarp:                                 See 6.3.1.   (line  1786)
Basic1:                                        See 7.6.1.   (line  6561)
Basic1Chars:                                   See 7.6.1.   (line  6565)
Basic64Name:                                   See 7.2.2.1. (line  5359)
BasicHiName:                                   See 7.2.2.1. (line  5354)
BasicLoName:                                   See 7.2.2.1. (line  5354)
BasicName <1>:                                 See 7.1.7.1. (line  5030)
BasicName:                                     See 7.4.5.1. (line  6159)
BurstMod:                                      See 7.1.8.1. (line  5089)
C128FullBanks:                                 See 7.2.3.1. (line  5452)
c1hiName:                                      See 7.5.3.1. (line  6450)
c1loName:                                      See 7.5.3.1. (line  6449)
c2hiName:                                      See 7.5.3.1. (line  6456)
c2loName:                                      See 7.5.3.1. (line  6453)
C64_256K:                                      See 7.1.8.1. (line  5108)
C64_256Kbase:                                  See 7.1.8.1. (line  5112)
C64_256Kfilename:                              See 7.1.8.1. (line  5109)
c64dtvromfilename:                             See 7.3.7.   (line  5618)
c64dtvromrw:                                   See 7.3.7.   (line  5619)
Cart1Name:                                     See 7.7.1.   (line  7030)
Cart2Name:                                     See 7.7.1.   (line  7030)
Cart4Name:                                     See 7.7.1.   (line  7030)
Cart6Name:                                     See 7.7.1.   (line  7030)
CartridgeFile <1>:                             See 7.1.2.1. (line  3795)
CartridgeFile:                                 See 7.4.2.1. (line  5702)
CartridgeReset <1>:                            See 7.5.2.1. (line  6375)
CartridgeReset <2>:                            See 7.1.2.1. (line  3789)
CartridgeReset:                                See 7.4.2.1. (line  5697)
CartridgeType <1>:                             See 7.4.2.1. (line  5699)
CartridgeType:                                 See 7.1.2.1. (line  3791)
ChargenDEName:                                 See 7.2.2.1. (line  5339)
ChargenFRName:                                 See 7.2.2.1. (line  5339)
ChargenIntName:                                See 7.2.2.1. (line  5339)
ChargenName <1>:                               See 7.1.7.1. (line  5035)
ChargenName <2>:                               See 7.4.5.1. (line  6162)
ChargenName:                                   See 7.6.1.   (line  6576)
ChargenSEName:                                 See 7.2.2.1. (line  5339)
CIA1Model:                                     See 7.1.3.1. (line  4382)
CIA2Model:                                     See 7.1.3.1. (line  4382)
ConfirmOnExit:                                 See 6.16.1.  (line  3407)
CPUswitch:                                     See 7.6.6.1. (line  6937)
Crtc:                                          See 7.6.2.1. (line  6642)
CrtcAudioLeak:                                 See 7.6.2.1. (line  6719)
CrtcColorBrightness:                           See 7.6.2.1. (line  6691)
CrtcColorContrast:                             See 7.6.2.1. (line  6687)
CrtcColorGamma:                                See 7.6.2.1. (line  6695)
CrtcColorSaturation:                           See 7.6.2.1. (line  6683)
CrtcColorTint:                                 See 7.6.2.1. (line  6699)
CrtcDoubleScan:                                See 7.6.2.1. (line  6651)
CrtcDoubleSize:                                See 7.6.2.1. (line  6648)
CrtcExternalPalette:                           See 7.6.2.1. (line  6680)
CrtcFilter:                                    See 7.6.2.1. (line  6723)
CrtcFullscreen:                                See 7.6.2.1. (line  6667)
CrtcFullscreenDevice:                          See 7.6.2.1. (line  6664)
CrtcFullscreenStatusbar:                       See 7.6.2.1. (line  6670)
CrtcHwScale:                                   See 7.6.2.1. (line  6661)
CrtcPALBlur:                                   See 7.6.2.1. (line  6707)
CrtcPaletteFile:                               See 7.6.2.1. (line  6657)
CrtcPALOddLineOffset:                          See 7.6.2.1. (line  6715)
CrtcPALOddLinePhase:                           See 7.6.2.1. (line  6711)
CrtcPALScanLineShade:                          See 7.6.2.1. (line  6703)
CrtcStretchVertical:                           See 7.6.2.1. (line  6654)
CrtcVideoCache:                                See 7.6.2.1. (line  6645)
CrtcVidmodeFullscreenMode:                     See 7.6.2.1. (line  6677)
CrtcXRANDRFullscreenMode:                      See 7.6.2.1. (line  6674)
CS256K:                                        See 7.5.4.1. (line  6494)
DatasetteResetWithCPU:                         See 6.9.1.   (line  2443)
DatasetteSpeedTuning:                          See 6.9.1.   (line  2448)
DatasetteZeroGapDelay:                         See 6.9.1.   (line  2445)
DiagPin:                                       See 7.6.1.   (line  6573)
DIGIBLASTER:                                   See 7.5.2.1. (line  6379)
DIGIMAX:                                       See 7.1.6.1. (line  4838)
DIGIMAXbase:                                   See 7.1.6.1. (line  4840)
Directory:                                     See 6.16.1.  (line  3340)
DisplayDepth:                                  See 6.5.2.   (line  1995)
DoCoreDump:                                    See 6.16.1.  (line  3383)
DoodleCRTCTextColor:                           See 9.1.     (line  8156)
DoodleMultiColorHandling:                      See 9.1.     (line  8147)
DoodleOversizeHandling:                        See 9.1.     (line  8142)
DoodleTEDLumHandling:                          See 9.1.     (line  8152)
DosName1001:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DosName1541:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DosName1541ii:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DosName1551:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DosName1570:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DosName1571:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DosName1571cr:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DosName1581:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DosName2000:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DosName2031:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DosName2040:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DosName3040:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DosName4000:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DosName4040:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2638)
DQBB:                                          See 7.1.2.1. (line  3801)
DQBBfilename:                                  See 7.1.2.1. (line  3803)
DQBBImageWrite:                                See 7.1.2.1. (line  3806)
Drive10ExtendImagePolicy:                      See 6.10.1.  (line  2622)
Drive10IdleMethod:                             See 6.10.1.  (line  2630)
Drive10ParallelCable:                          See 6.10.1.  (line  2584)
Drive10ProfDOS:                                See 6.10.1.  (line  2592)
Drive10RAM2000:                                See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive10RAM4000:                                See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive10RAM6000:                                See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive10RAM8000:                                See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive10RAMA000:                                See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive10Type:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2575)
Drive11ExtendImagePolicy:                      See 6.10.1.  (line  2622)
Drive11IdleMethod:                             See 6.10.1.  (line  2630)
Drive11ParallelCable:                          See 6.10.1.  (line  2584)
Drive11ProfDOS:                                See 6.10.1.  (line  2592)
Drive11RAM2000:                                See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive11RAM4000:                                See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive11RAM6000:                                See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive11RAM8000:                                See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive11RAMA000:                                See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive11Type:                                   See 6.10.1.  (line  2575)
Drive8ExtendImagePolicy:                       See 6.10.1.  (line  2622)
Drive8IdleMethod:                              See 6.10.1.  (line  2630)
Drive8ParallelCable:                           See 6.10.1.  (line  2584)
Drive8ProfDOS:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2592)
Drive8RAM2000:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive8RAM4000:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive8RAM6000:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive8RAM8000:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive8RAMA000:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive8Type:                                    See 6.10.1.  (line  2575)
Drive9ExtendImagePolicy:                       See 6.10.1.  (line  2622)
Drive9IdleMethod:                              See 6.10.1.  (line  2630)
Drive9ParallelCable:                           See 6.10.1.  (line  2584)
Drive9ProfDOS:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2592)
Drive9RAM2000:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive9RAM4000:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive9RAM6000:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive9RAM8000:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive9RAMA000:                                 See 6.10.1.  (line  2599)
Drive9Type:                                    See 6.10.1.  (line  2575)
DriveProfDOS1571Name:                          See 6.10.1.  (line  2655)
DriveSoundEmulation:                           See 6.10.1.  (line  2572)
DriveTrueEmulation:                            See 6.10.1.  (line  2568)
DtvBlitterLog:                                 See 7.3.7.   (line  5636)
DtvDMALog:                                     See 7.3.7.   (line  5637)
DtvFlashLog:                                   See 7.3.7.   (line  5640)
DtvRevision:                                   See 7.3.7.   (line  5615)
EasyFlashJumper:                               See 7.1.2.1. (line  3813)
EasyFlashWriteCRT:                             See 7.1.2.1. (line  3814)
EditorName:                                    See 7.6.1.   (line  6584)
EoiBlank:                                      See 7.6.1.   (line  6569)
ETHERNET_ACTIVE:                               See 7.1.6.1. (line  4845)
ETHERNET_AS_RR:                                See 7.1.6.1. (line  4855)
ETHERNET_DISABLED:                             See 7.1.6.1. (line  4851)
ETHERNET_INTERFACE:                            See 7.1.6.1. (line  4847)
EventEndSnapshot:                              See 10.8.    (line  8324)
EventImageInclude:                             See 10.8.    (line  8331)
EventSnapshotDir:                              See 10.8.    (line  8318)
EventStartMode:                                See 10.8.    (line  8327)
EventStartSnapshot:                            See 10.8.    (line  8320)
ExpertCartridgeEnabled:                        See 7.1.2.1. (line  3821)
ExpertCartridgeMode:                           See 7.1.2.1. (line  3831)
Expertfilename:                                See 7.1.2.1. (line  3823)
ExpertImageWrite:                              See 7.1.2.1. (line  3826)
ExternalFunctionName:                          See 7.2.2.1. (line  5372)
ExternalFunctionROM:                           See 7.2.2.1. (line  5371)
ExtraJoy:                                      See 6.7.1.   (line  2173)
ExtraJoyType:                                  See 6.7.1.   (line  2176)
FFMPEGAudioBitrate:                            See 9.1.     (line  8163)
FFMPEGAudioCodec:                              See 9.1.     (line  8169)
FFMPEGFormat:                                  See 9.1.     (line  8162)
FFMPEGVideoBitrate:                            See 9.1.     (line  8166)
FFMPEGVideoCodec:                              See 9.1.     (line  8172)
FFMPEGVideoHalveFramerate:                     See 9.1.     (line  8175)
FileSystemDevice10:                            See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2824)
FileSystemDevice11:                            See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2824)
FileSystemDevice8:                             See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2824)
FileSystemDevice9:                             See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2824)
FinalExpansionWriteBack:                       See 7.4.2.1. (line  5721)
FlashTrueFS:                                   See 7.3.7.   (line  5625)
FliplistName:                                  See 6.16.1.  (line  3401)
FSDevice10ConvertP00:                          See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2831)
FSDevice10Dir:                                 See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2853)
FSDevice10HideCBMFiles:                        See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2846)
FSDevice10SaveP00:                             See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2838)
FSDevice11ConvertP00:                          See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2831)
FSDevice11Dir:                                 See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2853)
FSDevice11HideCBMFiles:                        See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2846)
FSDevice11SaveP00:                             See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2838)
FSDevice8ConvertP00:                           See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2831)
FSDevice8Dir:                                  See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2853)
FSDevice8HideCBMFiles:                         See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2846)
FSDevice8SaveP00:                              See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2838)
FSDevice9ConvertP00:                           See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2831)
FSDevice9Dir:                                  See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2853)
FSDevice9HideCBMFiles:                         See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2846)
FSDevice9SaveP00:                              See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2838)
FSFlashDir:                                    See 7.3.7.   (line  5622)
FunctionHighName:                              See 7.5.3.1. (line  6444)
FunctionLowName:                               See 7.5.3.1. (line  6443)
GenericCartridgeFile2000:                      See 7.4.2.1. (line  5714)
GenericCartridgeFile4000:                      See 7.4.2.1. (line  5714)
GenericCartridgeFile6000:                      See 7.4.2.1. (line  5714)
GenericCartridgeFileA000:                      See 7.4.2.1. (line  5714)
GenericCartridgeFileB000:                      See 7.4.2.1. (line  5714)
GEORAM:                                        See 7.1.6.1. (line  4861)
GEORAMfilename:                                See 7.1.6.1. (line  4863)
GEORAMImageWrite:                              See 7.1.6.1. (line  4866)
GEORAMIOSwap:                                  See 7.4.2.1. (line  5746)
GEORAMsize:                                    See 7.1.6.1. (line  4871)
GlueLogic:                                     See 7.1.8.1. (line  5085)
Go64Mode:                                      See 7.2.3.1. (line  5449)
H256K:                                         See 7.5.4.1. (line  6490)
H6809RomAName:                                 See 7.6.4.1. (line  6876)
H6809RomBName:                                 See 7.6.4.1. (line  6876)
H6809RomCName:                                 See 7.6.4.1. (line  6876)
H6809RomDName:                                 See 7.6.4.1. (line  6876)
H6809RomEName:                                 See 7.6.4.1. (line  6876)
H6809RomFName:                                 See 7.6.4.1. (line  6876)
HTMLBrowserCommand:                            See 6.16.1.  (line  3371)
HummerADC:                                     See 7.3.7.   (line  5630)
HwScalePossible:                               See 6.5.2.   (line  2000)
IDE64AutodetectSize1:                          See 7.1.2.1. (line  3877)
IDE64AutodetectSize2:                          See 7.1.2.1. (line  3877)
IDE64AutodetectSize3:                          See 7.1.2.1. (line  3877)
IDE64AutodetectSize4:                          See 7.1.2.1. (line  3877)
IDE64Config:                                   See 7.1.2.1. (line  3835)
IDE64Cylinders1:                               See 7.1.2.1. (line  3857)
IDE64Cylinders2:                               See 7.1.2.1. (line  3857)
IDE64Cylinders3:                               See 7.1.2.1. (line  3857)
IDE64Cylinders4:                               See 7.1.2.1. (line  3857)
IDE64Heads1:                                   See 7.1.2.1. (line  3864)
IDE64Heads2:                                   See 7.1.2.1. (line  3864)
IDE64Heads3:                                   See 7.1.2.1. (line  3864)
IDE64Heads4:                                   See 7.1.2.1. (line  3864)
IDE64Image1:                                   See 7.1.2.1. (line  3849)
IDE64Image2:                                   See 7.1.2.1. (line  3849)
IDE64Image3:                                   See 7.1.2.1. (line  3849)
IDE64Image4:                                   See 7.1.2.1. (line  3849)
IDE64RTCOffset:                                See 7.1.2.1. (line  3845)
IDE64Sectors1:                                 See 7.1.2.1. (line  3870)
IDE64Sectors2:                                 See 7.1.2.1. (line  3870)
IDE64Sectors3:                                 See 7.1.2.1. (line  3870)
IDE64Sectors4:                                 See 7.1.2.1. (line  3870)
IDE64version4:                                 See 7.1.2.1. (line  3840)
IECDevice10:                                   See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2817)
IECDevice11:                                   See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2817)
IECDevice4:                                    See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2933)
IECDevice5:                                    See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2933)
IECDevice8:                                    See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2817)
IECDevice9:                                    See 6.11.1.1.
(line  2817)
IEEE488:                                       See 7.1.2.1. (line  3885)
IEEE488Image:                                  See 7.1.2.1. (line  3889)
InternalFunctionName:                          See 7.2.2.1. (line  5365)
InternalFunctionROM:                           See 7.2.2.1. (line  5364)
IOCollisionHandling <1>:                       See 7.1.2.1. (line  3783)
IOCollisionHandling:                           See 7.4.2.1. (line  5708)
IOSize:                                        See 7.6.1.   (line  6544)
IsepicCartridgeEnabled:                        See 7.1.2.1. (line  3892)
Isepicfilename:                                See 7.1.2.1. (line  3895)
IsepicImageWrite:                              See 7.1.2.1. (line  3901)
IsepicSwitch:                                  See 7.1.2.1. (line  3898)
JoyDevice1:                                    See 6.7.1.   (line  2159)
JoyDevice2:                                    See 6.7.1.   (line  2159)
JoyDevice3:                                    See 6.7.1.   (line  2159)
JoyDevice4:                                    See 6.7.1.   (line  2159)
JoyOpposite:                                   See 6.7.1.   (line  2171)
KeepAspectRatio:                               See 6.5.2.   (line  2009)
KeepMonitorOpen:                               See 6.13.1.  (line  3238)
Kernal64Name:                                  See 7.2.2.1. (line  5358)
KernalDEName:                                  See 7.2.2.1. (line  5345)
KernalFIName:                                  See 7.2.2.1. (line  5345)
KernalFRName:                                  See 7.2.2.1. (line  5345)
KernalIntName:                                 See 7.2.2.1. (line  5345)
KernalITName:                                  See 7.2.2.1. (line  5345)
KernalName <1>:                                See 7.4.5.1. (line  6156)
KernalName <2>:                                See 7.6.1.   (line  6579)
KernalName:                                    See 7.1.7.1. (line  5027)
KernalNOName:                                  See 7.2.2.1. (line  5345)
KernalRev:                                     See 7.1.7.1. (line  5039)
KernalSEName:                                  See 7.2.2.1. (line  5345)
KeymapBusinessDEPosFile:                       See 6.6.1.   (line  2110)
KeymapBusinessDESymFile:                       See 6.6.1.   (line  2110)
KeymapBusinessUKPosFile:                       See 6.6.1.   (line  2098)
KeymapBusinessUKSymFile:                       See 6.6.1.   (line  2098)
KeymapGraphicsPosFile:                         See 6.6.1.   (line  2104)
KeymapGraphicsSymFile:                         See 6.6.1.   (line  2104)
KeymapIndex:                                   See 6.6.1.   (line  2080)
KeymapPosFile:                                 See 6.6.1.   (line  2094)
KeymapSymDeFile:                               See 6.6.1.   (line  2088)
KeymapSymFile:                                 See 6.6.1.   (line  2086)
KeySet1East:                                   See 6.7.1.   (line  2202)
KeySet1Fire:                                   See 6.7.1.   (line  2202)
KeySet1North:                                  See 6.7.1.   (line  2202)
KeySet1NorthEast:                              See 6.7.1.   (line  2202)
KeySet1NorthWest:                              See 6.7.1.   (line  2202)
KeySet1South:                                  See 6.7.1.   (line  2202)
KeySet1SouthEast:                              See 6.7.1.   (line  2202)
KeySet1SouthWest:                              See 6.7.1.   (line  2202)
KeySet1West:                                   See 6.7.1.   (line  2202)
KeySet2East:                                   See 6.7.1.   (line  2213)
KeySet2Fire:                                   See 6.7.1.   (line  2213)
KeySet2North:                                  See 6.7.1.   (line  2213)
KeySet2NorthEast:                              See 6.7.1.   (line  2213)
KeySet2NorthWest:                              See 6.7.1.   (line  2213)
KeySet2South:                                  See 6.7.1.   (line  2213)
KeySet2SouthEast:                              See 6.7.1.   (line  2213)
KeySet2SouthWest:                              See 6.7.1.   (line  2213)
KeySet2West:                                   See 6.7.1.   (line  2213)
KeySetEnable:                                  See 6.7.1.   (line  2224)
Lightpen:                                      See 6.7.1.   (line  2194)
LightpenType:                                  See 6.7.1.   (line  2195)
LogFileName:                                   See 6.16.1.  (line  3400)
MachineType:                                   See 7.2.3.1. (line  5455)
MachineVideoStandard:                          See 6.14.1.  (line  3278)
MagicVoiceCartridgeEnabled:                    See 7.1.2.1. (line  3906)
MagicVoiceImage:                               See 7.1.2.1. (line  3910)
MegaCartNvRAMfilename:                         See 7.4.2.1. (line  5731)
MegaCartNvRAMWriteBack:                        See 7.4.2.1. (line  5732)
MIDIDriver:                                    See 7.1.6.1. (line  4884)
MIDIEnable:                                    See 7.1.6.1. (line  4877)
MIDIInDev:                                     See 7.1.6.1. (line  4887)
MIDIMode:                                      See 7.1.6.1. (line  4879)
MIDIOutDev:                                    See 7.1.6.1. (line  4890)
MITSHM:                                        See 6.5.2.   (line  1977)
MMC64:                                         See 7.1.2.1. (line  3915)
MMC64_bios_write:                              See 7.1.2.1. (line  3919)
MMC64_flashjumper:                             See 7.1.2.1. (line  3924)
MMC64_revision:                                See 7.1.2.1. (line  3927)
MMC64_RO:                                      See 7.1.2.1. (line  3935)
MMC64_sd_type:                                 See 7.1.2.1. (line  3938)
MMC64BIOSfilename:                             See 7.1.2.1. (line  3916)
MMC64imagefilename:                            See 7.1.2.1. (line  3931)
MMCRCardImage:                                 See 7.1.2.1. (line  3944)
MMCRCardRW:                                    See 7.1.2.1. (line  3958)
MMCREEPROMImage:                               See 7.1.2.1. (line  3946)
MMCREEPROMRW:                                  See 7.1.2.1. (line  3966)
MMCRImageWrite:                                See 7.1.2.1. (line  3953)
MMCRRescueMode:                                See 7.1.2.1. (line  3949)
MMCRSDType:                                    See 7.1.2.1. (line  3962)
ModelLine:                                     See 7.7.1.   (line  7037)
MonitorServer:                                 See 6.13.1.  (line  3243)
MonitorServerAddress:                          See 6.13.1.  (line  3244)
Mouse:                                         See 6.7.1.   (line  2183)
Mouseport:                                     See 6.7.1.   (line  2188)
Mousetype:                                     See 6.7.1.   (line  2184)
NetworkControl:                                See 6.16.1.  (line  3394)
NetworkServerBindAddress:                      See 6.16.1.  (line  3388)
NetworkServerName:                             See 6.16.1.  (line  3387)
NetworkServerPort:                             See 6.16.1.  (line  3391)
openGL_no_sync:                                See 6.5.2.   (line  2006)
openGL_sync:                                   See 6.5.2.   (line  2003)
PETDWW:                                        See 7.6.3.1. (line  6821)
PETDWWfilename:                                See 7.6.3.1. (line  6822)
PETREU:                                        See 7.6.3.1. (line  6811)
PETREUfilename:                                See 7.6.3.1. (line  6812)
PETREUsize:                                    See 7.6.3.1. (line  6815)
PLUS256K:                                      See 7.1.8.1. (line  5102)
PLUS256Kfilename:                              See 7.1.8.1. (line  5103)
PLUS60K:                                       See 7.1.8.1. (line  5092)
PLUS60Kbase:                                   See 7.1.8.1. (line  5096)
PLUS60Kfilename:                               See 7.1.8.1. (line  5093)
Printer4:                                      See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2948)
Printer4Driver:                                See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2953)
Printer4Output:                                See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2958)
Printer4TextDevice:                            See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2943)
Printer5:                                      See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2948)
Printer5Driver:                                See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2953)
Printer5Output:                                See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2958)
Printer5TextDevice:                            See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2943)
PrinterTextDevice1:                            See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2938)
PrinterTextDevice2:                            See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2938)
PrinterTextDevice3:                            See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2938)
PrinterUserport:                               See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2962)
PrinterUserportDriver:                         See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2969)
PrinterUserportOutput:                         See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2972)
PrinterUserportTextDevice:                     See 6.11.2.1.
(line  2965)
PrivateColormap:                               See 6.5.2.   (line  1989)
ps2mouse:                                      See 7.3.7.   (line  5633)
PSIDKeepEnv:                                   See 7.8.1.1. (line  7173)
PSIDTune:                                      See 7.8.1.1. (line  7177)
Ram08:                                         See 7.7.1.   (line  7020)
Ram1:                                          See 7.7.1.   (line  7020)
Ram2:                                          See 7.7.1.   (line  7020)
Ram4:                                          See 7.7.1.   (line  7020)
Ram6:                                          See 7.7.1.   (line  7020)
Ram9:                                          See 7.6.1.   (line  6551)
RamA:                                          See 7.6.1.   (line  6554)
RAMBlock0:                                     See 7.4.4.1. (line  6099)
RAMBlock1:                                     See 7.4.4.1. (line  6099)
RAMBlock2:                                     See 7.4.4.1. (line  6099)
RAMBlock3:                                     See 7.4.4.1. (line  6099)
RAMBlock5:                                     See 7.4.4.1. (line  6099)
RamC:                                          See 7.7.1.   (line  7020)
RAMCART:                                       See 7.1.2.1. (line  3971)
RAMCART_RO:                                    See 7.1.2.1. (line  3980)
RAMCARTfilename:                               See 7.1.2.1. (line  3972)
RAMCARTImageWrite:                             See 7.1.2.1. (line  3975)
RAMCARTsize:                                   See 7.1.2.1. (line  3983)
RAMInitPatternInvert:                          See 6.15.1.  (line  3311)
RAMInitStartValue:                             See 6.15.1.  (line  3305)
RAMInitValueInvert:                            See 6.15.1.  (line  3307)
RamSize <1>:                                   See 7.6.1.   (line  6541)
RamSize:                                       See 7.7.1.   (line  7016)
RawDriveDriver:                                See 6.10.1.  (line  2564)
RefreshRate:                                   See 6.4.1.   (line  1838)
REU:                                           See 7.1.6.1. (line  4895)
REUfilename:                                   See 7.1.6.1. (line  4897)
REUImageWrite:                                 See 7.1.6.1. (line  4900)
REUsize:                                       See 7.1.6.1. (line  4905)
RomModule9Name:                                See 7.6.1.   (line  6588)
RomModuleAName:                                See 7.6.1.   (line  6592)
RomModuleBName:                                See 7.6.1.   (line  6596)
RomsetArchiveActive:                           See 6.16.1.  (line  3419)
RomsetArchiveName:                             See 6.16.1.  (line  3417)
RomsetFileName:                                See 6.16.1.  (line  3423)
RomsetSourceFile:                              See 6.16.1.  (line  3427)
RRBankJumper:                                  See 7.1.2.1. (line  3993)
RRBiosWrite:                                   See 7.1.2.1. (line  3996)
RRFlashJumper:                                 See 7.1.2.1. (line  3990)
RRrevision:                                    See 7.1.2.1. (line  3988)
RsDevice1:                                     See 6.12.1.  (line  3119)
RsDevice1Baud:                                 See 6.12.1.  (line  3125)
RsDevice2:                                     See 6.12.1.  (line  3119)
RsDevice2Baud:                                 See 6.12.1.  (line  3125)
RsDevice3:                                     See 6.12.1.  (line  3119)
RsDevice3Baud:                                 See 6.12.1.  (line  3125)
RsDevice4:                                     See 6.12.1.  (line  3119)
RsDevice4Baud:                                 See 6.12.1.  (line  3125)
RsUserBaud:                                    See 6.12.1.  (line  3146)
RsUserDev:                                     See 6.12.1.  (line  3150)
RsUserEnable:                                  See 6.12.1.  (line  3142)
SaveResourcesOnExit:                           See 6.16.1.  (line  3378)
SFXSoundExpander:                              See 7.1.6.1. (line  4911)
SFXSoundExpanderChip:                          See 7.1.6.1. (line  4913)
SFXSoundExpanderIOSwap:                        See 7.4.2.1. (line  5740)
SFXSoundSampler:                               See 7.1.6.1. (line  4918)
SFXSoundSamplerIOSwap:                         See 7.4.2.1. (line  5743)
SidAddress <1>:                                See 7.5.2.1. (line  6389)
SidAddress <2>:                                See 7.4.2.1. (line  5753)
SidAddress:                                    See 7.6.3.1. (line  6831)
SidCart <1>:                                   See 7.6.3.1. (line  6830)
SidCart <2>:                                   See 7.4.2.1. (line  5752)
SidCart:                                       See 7.5.2.1. (line  6388)
SIDCartJoy:                                    See 7.5.2.1. (line  6396)
SidClock <1>:                                  See 7.4.2.1. (line  5756)
SidClock <2>:                                  See 7.5.2.1. (line  6392)
SidClock:                                      See 7.6.3.1. (line  6834)
SidEngine:                                     See 7.1.5.1. (line  4724)
SidFilters:                                    See 7.1.5.1. (line  4712)
SidModel:                                      See 7.1.5.1. (line  4716)
SidResidFilterBias:                            See 7.1.5.1. (line  4738)
SidResidGain:                                  See 7.1.5.1. (line  4737)
SidResidPassband:                              See 7.1.5.1. (line  4733)
SidResidSampling:                              See 7.1.5.1. (line  4729)
SidStereo:                                     See 7.1.5.1. (line  4702)
SidStereoAddressStart:                         See 7.1.5.1. (line  4706)
SidTripleAddressStart:                         See 7.1.5.1. (line  4709)
Sound:                                         See 6.8.1.   (line  2300)
SoundBufferSize:                               See 6.8.1.   (line  2318)
SoundDeviceArg:                                See 6.8.1.   (line  2370)
SoundDeviceName:                               See 6.8.1.   (line  2325)
SoundFragmentSize:                             See 6.8.1.   (line  2378)
SoundOutput:                                   See 6.8.1.   (line  2384)
SoundRecordDeviceArg:                          See 6.8.1.   (line  2375)
SoundRecordDeviceName:                         See 6.8.1.   (line  2374)
SoundSampleRate:                               See 6.8.1.   (line  2312)
SoundSpeedAdjustment:                          See 6.8.1.   (line  2303)
SoundSuspendTime:                              See 6.8.1.   (line  2321)
SoundVolume:                                   See 6.8.1.   (line  2381)
SpeechEnabled:                                 See 7.5.2.1. (line  6382)
SpeechImage:                                   See 7.5.2.1. (line  6383)
Speed:                                         See 6.4.1.   (line  1834)
SuperPET:                                      See 7.6.1.   (line  6557)
TEDAudioLeak:                                  See 7.5.1.1. (line  6280)
TEDBorderMode:                                 See 7.5.1.1. (line  6288)
TEDColorBrightness:                            See 7.5.1.1. (line  6252)
TEDColorContrast:                              See 7.5.1.1. (line  6248)
TEDColorGamma:                                 See 7.5.1.1. (line  6256)
TEDColorSaturation:                            See 7.5.1.1. (line  6244)
TEDColorTint:                                  See 7.5.1.1. (line  6260)
TEDDoubleScan:                                 See 7.5.1.1. (line  6215)
TEDDoubleSize:                                 See 7.5.1.1. (line  6212)
TEDExternalPalette:                            See 7.5.1.1. (line  6241)
TEDFilter:                                     See 7.5.1.1. (line  6284)
TEDFullscreen:                                 See 7.5.1.1. (line  6228)
TEDFullscreenDevice:                           See 7.5.1.1. (line  6225)
TEDFullscreenStatusbar:                        See 7.5.1.1. (line  6231)
TEDHwScale:                                    See 7.5.1.1. (line  6222)
TEDPALBlur:                                    See 7.5.1.1. (line  6268)
TEDPaletteFile:                                See 7.5.1.1. (line  6218)
TEDPALOddLineOffset:                           See 7.5.1.1. (line  6276)
TEDPALOddLinePhase:                            See 7.5.1.1. (line  6272)
TEDPALScanLineShade:                           See 7.5.1.1. (line  6264)
TEDVideoCache:                                 See 7.5.1.1. (line  6209)
TEDVidmodeFullscreenMode:                      See 7.5.1.1. (line  6238)
TEDXRANDRFullscreenMode:                       See 7.5.1.1. (line  6235)
TFEIOSwap:                                     See 7.4.2.1. (line  5739)
TrueAspectRatio:                               See 6.5.2.   (line  2014)
UseFullscreen:                                 See 6.5.2.   (line  1999)
UserportDAC:                                   See 7.6.3.1. (line  6827)
UseXSync:                                      See 6.5.2.   (line  1973)
VDC64KB:                                       See 7.2.1.1. (line  5161)
VDCAudioLeak:                                  See 7.2.1.1. (line  5242)
VDCColorBrightness:                            See 7.2.1.1. (line  5214)
VDCColorContrast:                              See 7.2.1.1. (line  5210)
VDCColorGamma:                                 See 7.2.1.1. (line  5218)
VDCColorSaturation:                            See 7.2.1.1. (line  5206)
VDCColorTint:                                  See 7.2.1.1. (line  5222)
VDCDoubleScan:                                 See 7.2.1.1. (line  5174)
VDCDoubleSize:                                 See 7.2.1.1. (line  5171)
VDCExternalPalette:                            See 7.2.1.1. (line  5203)
VDCFilter:                                     See 7.2.1.1. (line  5246)
VDCFullscreen:                                 See 7.2.1.1. (line  5190)
VDCFullscreenDevice:                           See 7.2.1.1. (line  5187)
VDCFullscreenStatusbar:                        See 7.2.1.1. (line  5193)
VDCHwScale:                                    See 7.2.1.1. (line  5184)
VDCPALBlur:                                    See 7.2.1.1. (line  5230)
VDCPaletteFile:                                See 7.2.1.1. (line  5180)
VDCPALOddLineOffset:                           See 7.2.1.1. (line  5238)
VDCPALOddLinePhase:                            See 7.2.1.1. (line  5234)
VDCPALScanLineShade:                           See 7.2.1.1. (line  5226)
VDCRevision:                                   See 7.2.1.1. (line  5162)
VDCStretchVertical:                            See 7.2.1.1. (line  5177)
VDCVideoCache:                                 See 7.2.1.1. (line  5168)
VDCVidmodeFullscreenMode:                      See 7.2.1.1. (line  5200)
VDCXRANDRFullscreenMode:                       See 7.2.1.1. (line  5197)
VICAudioLeak:                                  See 7.4.3.1. (line  5961)
VICBorderMode:                                 See 7.4.3.1. (line  5969)
VICColorBrightness:                            See 7.4.3.1. (line  5933)
VICColorContrast:                              See 7.4.3.1. (line  5929)
VICColorGamma:                                 See 7.4.3.1. (line  5937)
VICColorSaturation:                            See 7.4.3.1. (line  5925)
VICColorTint:                                  See 7.4.3.1. (line  5941)
VICDoubleScan:                                 See 7.4.3.1. (line  5896)
VICDoubleSize:                                 See 7.4.3.1. (line  5893)
VICExternalPalette:                            See 7.4.3.1. (line  5922)
VICFilter:                                     See 7.4.3.1. (line  5965)
VicFlashPluginWriteBack:                       See 7.4.2.1. (line  5726)
VICFullscreen:                                 See 7.4.3.1. (line  5909)
VICFullscreenDevice:                           See 7.4.3.1. (line  5906)
VICFullscreenStatusbar:                        See 7.4.3.1. (line  5912)
VICHwScale:                                    See 7.4.3.1. (line  5903)
VICIIAudioLeak:                                See 7.1.4.1. (line  4525)
VICIIBorderMode:                               See 7.1.4.1. (line  4533)
VICIICheckSbColl:                              See 7.1.4.1. (line  4447)
VICIICheckSsColl:                              See 7.1.4.1. (line  4443)
VICIIColorBrightness:                          See 7.1.4.1. (line  4497)
VICIIColorContrast:                            See 7.1.4.1. (line  4493)
VICIIColorGamma:                               See 7.1.4.1. (line  4501)
VICIIColorSaturation:                          See 7.1.4.1. (line  4489)
VICIIColorTint:                                See 7.1.4.1. (line  4505)
VICIIDoubleScan:                               See 7.1.4.1. (line  4457)
VICIIDoubleSize:                               See 7.1.4.1. (line  4454)
VICIIExternalPalette:                          See 7.1.4.1. (line  4486)
VICIIFilter:                                   See 7.1.4.1. (line  4529)
VICIIFullscreen:                               See 7.1.4.1. (line  4473)
VICIIFullscreenDevice:                         See 7.1.4.1. (line  4470)
VICIIFullscreenStatusbar:                      See 7.1.4.1. (line  4476)
VICIIHwScale:                                  See 7.1.4.1. (line  4467)
VICIIModel:                                    See 7.1.4.1. (line  4439)
VICIINewLuminances:                            See 7.1.4.1. (line  4460)
VICIIPALBlur:                                  See 7.1.4.1. (line  4513)
VICIIPaletteFile:                              See 7.1.4.1. (line  4463)
VICIIPALOddLineOffset:                         See 7.1.4.1. (line  4521)
VICIIPALOddLinePhase:                          See 7.1.4.1. (line  4517)
VICIIPALScanLineShade:                         See 7.1.4.1. (line  4509)
VICIIVideoCache:                               See 7.1.4.1. (line  4451)
VICIIVidmodeFullscreenMode:                    See 7.1.4.1. (line  4483)
VICIIXRANDRFullscreenMode:                     See 7.1.4.1. (line  4480)
VICPALBlur:                                    See 7.4.3.1. (line  5949)
VICPaletteFile:                                See 7.4.3.1. (line  5899)
VICPALOddLineOffset:                           See 7.4.3.1. (line  5957)
VICPALOddLinePhase:                            See 7.4.3.1. (line  5953)
VICPALScanLineShade:                           See 7.4.3.1. (line  5945)
VICVideoCache:                                 See 7.4.3.1. (line  5890)
VICVidmodeFullscreenMode:                      See 7.4.3.1. (line  5919)
VICXRANDRFullscreenMode:                       See 7.4.3.1. (line  5916)
VideoSize:                                     See 7.6.1.   (line  6547)
VirtualDevices:                                See 6.11.3.1.
(line  3037)
WarpMode:                                      See 6.4.1.   (line  1843)
Window0Height:                                 See 6.5.2.   (line  2020)
Window0Width:                                  See 6.5.2.   (line  2020)
Window0Xpos:                                   See 6.5.2.   (line  2020)
Window0Ypos:                                   See 6.5.2.   (line  2020)
Window1Height:                                 See 6.5.2.   (line  2025)
Window1Width:                                  See 6.5.2.   (line  2025)
Window1Xpos:                                   See 6.5.2.   (line  2025)
Window1Ypos:                                   See 6.5.2.   (line  2025)
Table of Contents
*****************

1 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Preamble
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
2 About VICE
2.1 C64 emulator features
2.2 C64DTV emulator features
2.3 C128 emulator features
2.4 VIC20 emulator features
2.5 PET emulator features
2.6 CBM-II emulator features
2.7 The keyboard emulation
2.8 The joystick emulation
2.9 The disk drive emulation
2.10 Supported file formats
2.11 Common problems
2.11.1 Sound problems
2.11.2 Shared memory problems
2.11.3 Printer problems
2.11.4 PET keyboard problems
3 Invoking the emulators
3.1 Command-line options used during initialization
3.2 Autostarting programs from the command-line
4 System files
4.1 ROM files
4.2 Keymap files
4.3 Palette files
4.4 Romset files
5 Basic operation
5.1 The emulation window
5.2 Using the menus
5.3 Getting help
5.4 Using the file selector
5.5 Using disk and tape images
5.5.1 Previewing the image contents
5.5.2 "Autostarting" an image
5.5.3 Using compressed files
5.5.4 Using Zipcode and Lynx images
5.6 Resetting the machine
6 Settings and resources
6.1 Format of resource files
6.2 Using command-line options to change resources
6.3 Autostart settings
6.3.1 Autostart resources
6.4 Performance settings
6.4.1 Performance resources
6.4.2 Performance command-line options
6.5 Video settings
6.5.1 using openGL Rastersynchronization under X11
6.5.2 Video resources
6.5.3 Video command-line options
6.6 Keyboard settings
6.6.1 Keyboard resources
6.6.2 Keyboard command-line options
6.7 Joystick settings
6.7.1 Joystick resources
6.7.2 Joystick command-line options
6.8 Sound settings
6.8.1 Sound resources
6.8.2 Sound command-line options
6.9 Tape settings
6.9.1 Tape resources
6.9.2 Tape command-line options
6.10 Drive settings
6.10.1 Drive resources
6.10.2 Drive command-line options
6.11 Peripheral settings
6.11.1 Settings for file system devices
6.11.1.1 Resources for file system devices
6.11.1.2 Command-line options for file system devices
6.11.2 Printer settings
6.11.2.1 Printer resources
6.11.2.2 Printer command-line options
6.11.3 Disabling kernal traps
6.11.3.1 Resources to control Kernal traps
6.11.3.2 Command-line options to control Kernal traps
6.12 RS232 settings
6.12.1 RS232 resources
6.12.2 RS232 command-line options
6.12.3 RS232 usage example
6.13 Monitor settings
6.13.1 Monitor resources
6.13.2 Monitor command-line options
6.14 Machine settings
6.14.1 Machine resources
6.14.2 Machine command-line options
6.15 Memory settings
6.15.1 Memory resources
6.15.2 Memory command-line options
6.16 Miscellaneous settings
6.16.1 Miscellaneous resources
6.16.2 Miscellaneous command-line options
7 Machine-specific features
7.1 C64/128-specific commands and settings
7.1.1 Using cartridges
7.1.1.1 Slot 0
7.1.1.2 Slot 1
7.1.1.3 Main Slot
7.1.1.4 I/O Slot
7.1.1.5 Expected behaviour
7.1.1.6 Common problems
7.1.1.7 IEEE-488 interface
7.1.1.8 The Final Cartridge 3
7.1.2 C64 cartridge settings
7.1.2.1 C64 cartridge resources
7.1.2.2 C64 cartridge command-line options
7.1.3 CIA settings
7.1.3.1 CIA resources
7.1.3.2 CIA command-line options
7.1.4 VIC-II settings
7.1.4.1 VIC-II resources
7.1.4.2 VIC-II command-line options
7.1.5 SID settings
7.1.5.1 SID resources
7.1.5.2 SID command-line options
7.1.6 C64 I/O extension settings
7.1.6.1 C64 I/O extension resources
7.1.6.2 C64 I/O extension command-line options
7.1.7 C64/128 system ROM settings
7.1.7.1 C64/128 system ROM resources
7.1.7.2 C64/128 system ROM command-line options
7.1.8 C64 settings
7.1.8.1 C64 resources
7.1.8.2 C64 command-line options
7.2 C128-specific commands and settings
7.2.1 VDC settings
7.2.1.1 VDC resources
7.2.1.2 VDC command-line options
7.2.2 C128 system ROM settings
7.2.2.1 C128 system ROM resources
7.2.2.2 C128 system ROM command-line options
7.2.3 C128 settings
7.2.3.1 C128 resources
7.2.3.2 C128 command-line options
7.3 C64DTV-specific commands and settings
7.3.1 C64DTV ROM image
7.3.2 DTV revision
7.3.3 LumaFix
7.3.4 Userport
7.3.5 Debug
7.3.6 Monitor DTV features
7.3.7 DTV resources
7.4 VIC20-specific commands and settings
7.4.1 Using cartridge images
7.4.2 VIC20 cartridge settings
7.4.2.1 VIC20 cartridge resources
7.4.2.2 VIC20 cartridge command-line options
7.4.3 VIC settings
7.4.3.1 VIC resources
7.4.3.2 VIC command-line options
7.4.4 Changing memory configuration
7.4.4.1 VIC20 memory configuration resources
7.4.4.2 VIC20 memory configuration command-line options
7.4.5 VIC20 system ROM settings
7.4.5.1 VIC20 system ROM resources
7.4.5.2 VIC20 system ROM command-line options
7.4.6 VIC20 settings
7.4.6.1 VIC20 command-line options
7.5 PLUS4-specific commands and settings
7.5.1 TED settings
7.5.1.1 TED resources
7.5.1.2 TED command-line options
7.5.2 PLUS4 I/O extension settings
7.5.2.1 PLUS4 I/O extension resources
7.5.2.2 PLUS4 I/O extension command-line options
7.5.3 PLUS4 system ROM settings
7.5.3.1 PLUS4 system ROM resources
7.5.3.2 PLUS4 system ROM command-line options
7.5.4 PLUS4 settings
7.5.4.1 PLUS4 resources
7.5.4.2 PLUS4 command-line options
7.6 PET-specific commands and settings
7.6.1 Changing PET model settings
7.6.2 CRTC Settings
7.6.2.1 CRTC resources
7.6.2.2 CRTC command-line options
7.6.3 PET I/O extension settings
7.6.3.1 PET I/O extension resources
7.6.3.2 PET I/O extension command-line options
7.6.4 PET system ROM settings
7.6.4.1 PET system ROM resources
7.6.4.2 PET system ROM command-line options
7.6.5 The PET diagnostic pin
7.6.6 PET settings
7.6.6.1 PET resources
7.6.6.2 PET command line options
7.6.7 Changing screen colors
7.7 CBM-II-specific commands and settings
7.7.1 Changing CBM-II model
7.7.2 CBM-II system ROM settings
7.7.2.1 CBM-II system ROM resources
7.7.2.2 CBM-II system ROM command line options
7.7.3 CBM-II command line options
7.7.4 Changing screen colors
7.8 VSID-specific commands and settings
7.8.1 VSID settings
7.8.1.1 VSID resources
7.8.1.2 VSID command-line options
8 Snapshots
8.1 Snapshot usage
8.2 Snapshot format
8.2.1 Emulator modules
8.2.1.1 x64 modules
8.2.1.2 x128 modules
8.2.1.3 xvic modules
8.2.1.4 xpet modules
8.2.1.5 xcbm2 and xcbm5x0 modules
8.2.1.6 Drive modules
8.2.2 Module formats
8.2.2.1 Terminology
8.2.2.2 Module framework
8.2.2.3 CPU 6502 module
8.2.2.4 CPU 6809 module
8.2.2.5 CIA module
8.2.2.6 VIA module
8.2.2.7 PIA module
8.2.2.8 TPI module
8.2.2.9 RIOT module
8.2.2.10 SID module
8.2.2.11 ACIA module
8.2.2.12 VIC-I module
8.2.2.13 VIC-II module
8.2.2.14 CRTC module
8.2.2.15 C64 memory module
8.2.2.16 C128 memory module
8.2.2.17 VIC20 memory module
8.2.2.18 PET memory module
8.2.2.19 CBM-II memory module
8.2.2.20 C500 data module
9 Media images
9.1 Media images resources
9.2 Media images command-line options
10 Event history
10.1 Recommended Settings
10.2 Recorded Events
10.3 Recording an Event History
10.4 Setting and Returning to Milestones
10.5 Continuing an Event History
10.6 Playing Back an Event History
10.7 Limitations and Suggestions
10.8 Event history resources
10.9 Event history command-line options
11 Monitor
11.1 Terminology
11.2 Machine state commands
11.3 Memory commands
11.4 Assembly commands
11.5 Checkpoint commands
11.6 General commands
11.7 Disk commands
11.8 Command file commands
11.9 Label commands
11.10 Miscellaneous commands
12 c1541
12.1 Specifying files in c1541
12.2 Using quotes and backslashes
12.3 c1541 commands and options
12.4 Executing shell commands
12.5 c1541 examples
13 cartconv
13.1 cartconv command line options
13.2 cartconv examples
14 petcat
14.1 petcat command line options
14.2 petcat examples
15 The emulator file formats
15.1 The T64 tape image format
15.1.1 T64 File structure
15.1.2 Tape Record
15.1.3 File record
15.2 The G64 GCR-encoded disk image format
15.3 The P64 NRZI flux pulse disk image format
15.3.1 P64 Header Layout
15.3.2 P64 Chunk Header Layout
15.3.3 P64 Chunk 'HTPx' Layout
15.3.4 'HTPx' Range encoded data format
15.3.5 P64 Chunk 'DONE' Layout
15.4 The D64 disk image format
15.4.1 Non-Standard & Long Directories
15.4.2 BAM layout
15.4.3 Variations on the D64 layout
15.4.4 Error codes
15.5 The X64 disk image format
15.6 The D71 disk image format
15.6.1 Non-Standard & Long Directories
15.6.2 Bam layout The BAM is somewhat different as it now has to
15.7 The D81 disk image format
15.7.1 Non-Standard & Long Directories
15.7.2 BAM layout
15.7.3 REL files The REL filetype requires some extra explaining.
15.7.4 1581 Partitions and Sub-directories
15.7.5 AUTO-BOOT LOADER
15.8 The D80 disk image format
15.8.1 Non-Standard & Long Directories
15.8.2 BAM layout
15.9 The D82 disk image format
15.9.1 Non-Standard & Long Directories
15.9.2 BAM layout
15.10 The P00 image format
15.11 The CRT cartridge image format
15.11.1 Header contents
15.11.2 CHIP Contents
15.11.3 Cartridge Specifics
15.11.3.1 0 - Normal cartridge
15.11.3.2 1 - Action Replay
15.11.3.3 2 - KCS Power Cartridge
15.11.3.4 3 - Final Cartridge III
15.11.3.5 4 - Simons' Basic
15.11.3.6 5 - Ocean type 1
15.11.3.7 6 - Expert Cartridge
15.11.3.8 7 - Fun Play, Power Play
15.11.3.9 8 - Super Games
15.11.3.10 9 - Atomic Power
15.11.3.11 10 - Epyx Fastload
15.11.3.12 11 - Westermann Learning
15.11.3.13 12 - Rex Utility
15.11.3.14 13 - Final Cartridge I
15.11.3.15 14 - Magic Formel
15.11.3.16 15 - C64 Game System, System 3
15.11.3.17 16 - Warp Speed
15.11.3.18 17 - Dinamic
15.11.3.19 18 - Zaxxon, Super Zaxxon (SEGA)
15.11.3.20 19 - Magic Desk, Domark, HES Australia
15.11.3.21 20 - Super Snapshot V5
15.11.3.22 21 - Comal-80
15.11.3.23 22 - Structured Basic
15.11.3.24 23 - Ross
15.11.3.25 24 - Dela EP64
15.11.3.26 25 - Dela EP7x8
15.11.3.27 26 - Dela EP256
15.11.3.28 27 - Rex EP256
15.11.3.29 28 - Mikro Assembler
15.11.3.30 29 - Final Cartridge Plus
15.11.3.31 30 - Action Replay 4
15.11.3.32 31 - Stardos
15.11.3.33 32 - EasyFlash
15.11.3.34 33 - EasyFlash Xbank
15.11.3.35 34 - Capture
15.11.3.36 35 - Action Replay 3
15.11.3.37 36 - Retro Replay
15.11.3.38 37 - MMC64
15.11.3.39 38 - MMC Replay
15.11.3.40 39 - IDE64
15.11.3.41 40 - Super Snapshot V4
15.11.3.42 41 - IEEE-488
15.11.3.43 42 - Game Killer
15.11.3.44 43 - Prophet64
15.11.3.45 44 - EXOS
15.11.3.46 45 - Freeze Frame
15.11.3.47 46 - Freeze Machine
15.11.3.48 47 - Snapshot 64
15.11.3.49 48 - Super Explode V5.0
15.11.3.50 49 - Magic Voice
15.11.3.51 50 - Action Replay 2
15.11.3.52 51 - MACH 5
15.11.3.53 52 - Diashow maker
15.11.3.54 53 - Pagefox
15.11.3.55 54 - Kingsoft
15.11.3.56 55 - Silverrock 128
15.11.3.57 56 - Formel 64
16 Acknowledgments
17 Copyright
18 Contact information
18.1 VICE home page
18.2 How to send feedback
18.3 How to contribute
18.4 Interesting newsgroups
18.5 FAQs you should read
Concept Index
Index of Resources


