# Working with Files

This chapter describes how to use the Nautilus file manager.

## Introduction

### File Manager Functionality

The Nautilus file manager provides a simple and integrated way to manage your files and applications. You can use the file manager to do the following:

- Create folders and documents

- Display your files and folders

- Search and manage your files

- Run scripts and launch applications

- Customize the appearance of files and folders

- Open special locations on your computer

- Write data to a CD or DVD

- Install and remove fonts

The file manager lets you organize your files into folders. Folders can contain files and may also contain other folders. Using folders can help you find your files more easily.

Nautilus also manages the desktop. The desktop lies behind all other visible items on your screen. The desktop is an active component of the way you use your computer.

Every user has a Home Folder. The Home Folder contains all of the user's files. The desktop is another folder. The desktop contains special icons allowing easy access to the users Home Folder, Trash, and also removable media such as floppy disks, CDs and USB flashdrives.

Nautilus is always running while you are using GNOME. To open a new Nautilus window, double-click on an appropriate icon on the desktop such as Home or Computer, or choose an item from Places menu on the top panel.

In GNOME many things are files, such as word processor documents, spreadsheets, photos, movies, and music.

### File Manager Presentation

Nautilus provides two modes in which you can interact with your filesystem: spatial and browser mode. You may decide which method you prefer and set Nautilus to always use this by selecting (or deselecting) Always open in browser windows in the Behavior tab of the Nautilus preferences dialog.

Spatial mode is the default in GNOME, but your distributor, vendor, or system administrator may have configured Nautilus to use browser mode by default.

The following explains the difference between the two modes:

Browser mode: browse your files and folders

  The file manager window represents a browser, which can display any location. Opening a folder updates the current file manager window to show the contents of the new folder.

  As well as the folder contents, the browser window displays a toolbar with common actions and locations, a location bar that shows the current location in the hierarchy of folders, and a sidebar that can hold different kinds of information.

  In Browser Mode, you typically have fewer file manager windows open at a time. For more information on using browser mode see .

  #### Nautilus in browser mode.

  Nautilus in browser mode.
Spatial mode: navigate your files and folders as objects

  The file manager window represents a particular folder. Opening a folder opens the new window for that folder. Each time you open a particular folder, you will find its window displayed in the same place on the screen and the same size as the last time you viewed it (this is the reason for the name 'spatial mode').

  Using spatial mode may lead to more open file manager windows on the screen. On the other hand, some users find that representing files and folders as though they were real physical objects with particular locations makes it easier to work with them. For more information on using spatial mode see

  #### Three Folders Opened in Spatial Mode.

  Three Folders Opened in Spatial Mode.

  Notice how, when in spatial mode, Nautilus indicates an open folder with a different icon.

## Spatial Mode

The following section describes how to browse your system using the Nautilus file manager when configured in spatial mode. In spatial mode, each Nautilus window corresponds to a single folder. When you open a folder its window appears at the same place on the screen as the last time you looked at it. This is the default behaviour in Nautilus.

For a comparison of browser mode and spatial mode, see .

### Spatial Windows

A new spatial window opens each time you open a folder. To open a folder, do one of the following:

- Double-click the folder's icon on the desktop or an existing window

- Select the folder, and press CtrlO.

- Select the folder, and press Altdown arrow

- Choose an item from the Places menu on the top panel. Your Home Folder and folders you have bookmarked are listed here. For more on bookmarks, see .

To close the current folder while opening the new one, hold down Shift when double-clicking, or press ShiftAltdown arrow.

shows a spatial mode window that displays the contents of the Computer folder.

#### Contents of a folder in a spatial mode.

Displaying a folder in spatial mode.

In spatial mode each open Nautilus windows shows only one location. Selecting a second location will open a second Nautilus window. Because each location remembers the previous position on screen in which it was opened it allows you to easily recognize folders when many of them are open at once.

Some people consider spatial mode better, particularly for moving files or folders to different location, others find the number of open windows daunting. shows an example of spatial browsing with many open locations.

#### Three Folders Opened in Spatial Mode.

Three Folders Opened in Spatial Mode.

Because spatial mode will fill your screen with Nautilus windows it is important to be able to reposition them effectively. By holding the Alt key and clicking anywhere within the bounds of a Nautilus window you may reposition it simply, instead of requiring that you reposition it by dragging its title bar.

### Spatial Window Components

describes the components of file object windows.

#### The Spatial Window Components

Component | Description
--- | ---

Menubar

Contains menus that you use to perform tasks in the file manager.

You can also open a popup menu from file manager windows. To open this popup menu right-click in a file manager window. The items in this menu depend on where you right-click. For example, when you right-click on a file or folder, you can choose items related to the file or folder. When you right-click on the background of a view pane, you can choose items related to the display of items in the view pane.

View pane

Shows the contents of the following:

- Folders

- FTP sites

- Windows shares

- WebDAV servers

- Locations that correspond to special URIs

Statusbar | Displays status information.
Parent folder selector | This drop-down list shows the hierarchy of the folder. Choose a folder from the list to open it. Hold down Shift while choosing from the list to close the current folder as you open the new one.

### Displaying Your Home Folder in a Spatial Window

To display your Home Folder, perform one of the following actions:

- Double-click on the Home object on the desktop.

- From a folder window's menubar, choose Places Home Folder.

- From the top panel menubar, choose Places Home Folder.

The spatial window displays the contents of your Home Folder.

### Displaying a Parent Folder

A parent folder is the folder that contains the current folder. To display the contents of your current folder's parent, do one of the following:

- Choose File Open Parent.

- Press Altup arrow.

- Choose from the parent folder selector at the bottom left of the window.

To close the current folder while opening the parent, hold down Shift while choosing from the parent folder selector, or press ShiftAltup arrow.

### Closing Folders

To close folders you may simply click on the close window button, this however may not be the most efficient way to close many windows. If you would like to view only the current folder, and not the folders you opened to reach the current folder, choose File Close Parent Folders. If want to close all folders on the screen, choose File Close All Folders.

### Displaying a Folder in a Browser Window

If you wish to display a single folder in browser mode, while otherwise continuing to work in spatial mode, perform the following steps:

1. Select a folder while in spatial mode.

2. Choose File Browse Folder.

### Opening a Location

You can open a folder or other location in spatial mode by typing its name.

Choose L File Open Location , and type the path or URI of the location you wish to open.

## Browser Mode

The following section describes how to browse your system using the Nautilus file manager when configured in browser mode. In browser mode, opening a folder updates the current file manager to show the contents of the new folder.

For a comparison of browser mode and spatial mode, see .

### The File Browser Window

You can access the file browser in the following ways:

- Choose Applications System ToolsFile Browser.

- While in spatial mode you may open a folder in browser mode by right clicking on that folder and choosing Browse Folder. A new file browser window will then open and display the contents of the selected folder.

- If Nautilus is set to always open browser windows, double clicking any folder will open a browser window, see .

#### Contents of a Folder in a File Browser Window

A folder in a file browser window.

In some distributions of the GNOME Desktop, the Home toolbar button might have another designation, for example, Documents.

#### The File Browser Window Components

describes the components of a file browser window.

##### File Browser Window Components

Component | Description
--- | ---

Menubar

Contains menus that you use to perform tasks in the file manager.

You can also open a popup menu from file manager windows. To open this popup menu right-click in a file manager window. The items in this menu depend on where you right-click. For example, when you right-click on a file or folder, you can choose items related to the file or folder. When you right-click on the background of a view pane, you can choose items related to the display of items in the view pane.

Toolbar

Contains buttons that you use to perform tasks in the file manager.

- Back Returns to the previously visited location. The adjacent drop down list also contains a list of the most recently visited locations to allow you to return to them faster.

- Forward Performs the opposite function to the Back toolbar item. If you have previously navigated back in time then this button returns you to the present.

- Up Moves up one level to the parent of the current folder.

- Reload Refreshes the contents of the current folder.

- Home Opens your Home Folder.

- Computer Opens your Computer folder.

- Search Opens the search bar.

Location bar

The location bar is a very powerful tool for navigating your computer. It can appear in three different ways depending on your selection. For more on using the location bar see . In all three configurations the location bar always contains the following items.

- Zoom buttons: Enable you to change the size of items in the view pane.

- View as drop-down list: Enables you to choose how to show items in your view pane.

Side pane

Performs the following functions:

- Shows information about the current file or folder.

- Enables you to navigate through your files.

To display the side pane, choose View Side Pane. The side pane contains a drop-down list that enables you to choose what to show in the side pane. You can choose from the following options:

- Places

  Displays places of particular interest.

- Information

  Displays the icon and information about the current folder. Buttons may appear in the side pane, these buttons enable you to perform actions on the current folder, other than the default action.

- Tree

  Displays a hierarchical representation of your file system. You can use the Tree to navigate through your files.

- History

  Contains a history list of files, folders, FTP sites, and URIs that you have recently visited.

- Notes

  Enables you to add notes to your files and folders.

- Emblems

  Contains emblems that you can add to a file or folder.

To close the side pane, click on the X button at the top right of the side pane.

View pane

Shows the contents of the following:

- Folders

- FTP sites

- Windows shares

- WebDAV servers

- Locations that correspond to special URIs

Statusbar | Displays status information.

### Showing and Hiding File Browser Window Components

To show or hide any of the components of the file browser described in select any of the following items from the menu:

- To hide the side pane, choose View Side Pane. To display the side pane again, choose View Side Pane again. Alternatively you may press F9 to toggle the visibility of the side pane.

- To hide the toolbar, choose View Main Toolbar. To display the toolbar again, choose View Main Toolbar again.

- To hide the location bar, choose View Location Bar. To display the location bar again, choose View Location Bar again.

- To hide the statusbar, choose View Statusbar. To display the statusbar again, choose View Statusbar again.

### Using the Location Bar

The file browser's location bar can show either a location field, a button bar, or a search field. Each is useful in different situations.

- Button bar

  By default the button bar is shown. This shows a row of buttons representing the current location's hierarchy, with a button for each containing folder. Click on the button to jump between folders in the hierarchy. You can return to the original folder, which is shown as the last button in the row.

  You can also drag buttons, for example to another location, in order to copy a folder.

  #### The button bar.

  The button bar.

- Text Location Bar

  The text location bar shows the current location as a text path, for example: '/home/user/Documents'. The location field is particularly useful for jumping to a known folder very quickly.

  To go to a new location, type a new path or edit the current one, then press Enter. The path field automatically completes what you are typing when there is only one possibility. To accept the suggested completion, press Tab.

  To always use the text location bar, click on the toggle button at the left of the location bar.

  To quickly switch to the text location bar while using the button bar, press CtrlL, choose Go Location, or press Leading Slash (/) to type a path from the root directory. The location bar shows the location buttons again after you press Enter or cancel with Escape.

  #### The location bar.

  The location bar.

- Search bar

  By pressing CtrlF or selecting the Search toolbar button the search bar appears. For more information on searching see . The search bar is excellent for locating files of folders when you are not sure of their exact location.

  #### The button bar.

  The search bar.

### Displaying Your Home Folder

To quickly display your Home Folder, perform one of the following actions from a file browser window:

- Choose Go Home.

- Click on the Home toolbar button.

- Click on the Home button in the Places side pane.

The file browser window displays the contents of your Home Folder.

### Displaying a Folder

The contents of a folder can be displayed in either list or icon view by selecting the appropriate item in the location bar View as menu. For more information on the list and icon view see

- Double-click on the folder in the view pane.

- Use the Tree in the side pane. For more information, see .

- Click on the Location buttons in the location bar.

- Press CtrlL to show the text Location field, type the path of the folder that you want to display, then press Return. The Location field includes an autocomplete feature. As you type a path, the file manager reads your file system. When you type enough characters to uniquely identify a directory, the file manager completes the name of the directory in the Location field.

- Use the Back toolbar button and the Forward toolbar button to browse through your navigation history.

To change to the folder that is one level above the current folder, choose Go Up. Alternatively, click on the Up toolbar button.

### Displaying a Parent Folder

The parent folder of the current folder which you are browsing is the one which exists, in a hierarchical representation, one level above the current. To display the contents of parent folder, perform one of the following steps:

- Press the Up button on the toolbar.

- Choose Go Open Parent from the menubar.

- Press the Backspace key.

### Using the Tree From the Side Pane

The Tree view is one of the most useful features of the side pane. It displays a hierarchical representation of your file system and provides a convenient way to browse and to navigate your file system. To display the Tree in the side pane, choose Tree from the drop-down list at the top of the side pane.

In the Treeview, open folders are represented as downwards facing arrows.

describes tasks you can perform with the Tree, and how to do so.

#### Tree Tasks

Task | Action
--- | ---
Open the Tree. | Choose Tree from the drop-down list at the top of the side pane.
Close the Tree. | Choose another item from the drop-down list at the top of the side pane.
Expand a folder in the Tree. | Click on the arrow next to the folder in the Tree.
Collapse a folder in the Tree. | Click on the arrow next to the folder in the Tree.
Display the contents of a folder in the view pane. | Select the folder in the Tree.
Open a file. | Select the file in the Tree.

You can set your preferences so that the Tree does not display files. For more information, see .

### Using Your Navigation History

The file browser window maintains a history list of files, folders, FTP sites, and URI locations you have recently visited. You can use the history list to navigate to quickly return to these places. Your history list contains the last ten items that you viewed.

To clear your history list choose Go Clear History.

#### Navigating Your History List Using the Go Menu

To display a list of previously-viewed items, choose the Go menu. Your history list is displayed in the lower part of the Go menu. To open an item in your history list, simply click on the item.

#### Navigating Your History List Using the Toolbar

To use the toolbar to navigate your history list, perform one of the following actions:

- To open the folder or URI in your history list, click on the Back toolbar button.

- To open the folder or URI in your history list, click on the Forward toolbar button.

- To display a list of previously-viewed items, click on the down arrow to the right of the Back toolbar button. To open an item from this list, click on the item.

- To display a list of items that you viewed after you viewed the current item, click on the down arrow to the right of the Forward toolbar button. To open an item from this list, click on the item.

#### Navigating Your History List Using History in the Side Pane

To display the History list in the side pane, choose History from the drop-down list at the top of the side pane. The History list in the side pane displays a list of your previously-viewed items.

To display an item from your history list in the view pane, double-click on the item in the History list.

## Opening Files

When you open a file, the file manager performs the default action for that file type.

For example, opening a music file will play it with the default music playing application, opening a text file will allow you to read and edit it in a text editor, and opening an image file will display the image.

The file manager checks the contents of a file to determine the type of a file. If the first lines do not determine the type of the file, then the file manager checks the file extension.

If you open an executable text file, that is, one that Nautilus considers can be run as a program, then you will be asked what you want to do: run it, or display it in a text editor. You can modify this behaviour in the File Management preferences.

### Executing the Default Action

To execute the default action for a file, double-click on the file. For example, the default action for plain text documents is to display the file in a text viewer. In this case, you can double-click on the file to display the file in a text viewer.

You can set your file manager preferences so that you click once on a file to execute the default action. For more information, see .

### Executing Non-Default Actions

To execute actions other than the default action for a file, select the file that you want to perform an action on. In the File menu you will either have "Open with" choices, or an Open With submenu. Select the desired option from this list.

### Adding Actions

To add actions associated with a file type, perform the following steps:

1. In the view pane, select a file of the type to which you want to add an action.

2. Choose File Open with Other Application.

3. Either choose an application in the open with dialog or browse to the program with which you wish to open this type.

The action you have chosen is now added to the list of actions for that particular file type. If there was no prior action associated with the type, the newly added action is the default.

You may also add actions in the Open With tabbed section under File Properties.

### Modifying Actions

To modify the actions associated with a file or file type, perform the following steps:

1. In the view pane, select a file of the type to which you want to modify the action.

2. Choose File Properties.

3. Choose Open With tabbed section.

4. Use Add or Remove buttons to tailor the list of actions. Select the default action with the option to the left of the list.

## Searching For Files

The Nautilus file manager includes an easy and simple to use way search for your files and folders. To begin a search press CtrlF or select the Search toolbar button. The search bar should appear as in

### The search bar.

The search bar.

Enter characters present in the name or contents of the file or folder you wish to find and press Enter. The results of your search should appear in the view pane as illustrated in

### The result of a search.

The result of a search.

If you are not happy with your search you can refine it by adding addition conditions. This allows you to restrict the search to a specific file type or location. To add search conditions click the + icon. shows a search which has been restricted to the users home directory and to only search for text files.

### Restricting a search.

Restricting a search.

### Saving Searches

Nautilus searches can also be saved for future use. Once saved, searches may be reopened later. shows a user with three saved searches, browsing one of them.

#### Browsing the results of a saved search.

Browsing the results of a saved search.

Saved searches behave exactly like regular folders, for example you can open, move or delete files from within a saved search.

## Managing Your Files and Folders

This section describes how to work with your files and folders.

### Directories and File Systems

Linux and Unix file systems are organised in a hierarchical, tree-like structure. The highest level of the file system is the `/` or root directory. In the Unix and Linux design philosophy, everything is considered a file - including hard disks, partitions and removable media. This means that all files and directories (including other disks and partitions) exist under the root directory.

For example, `/home/jebediah/cheeses.odt` shows the correct full path to the `cheeses.odt` file that exists in the `jebediah` directory which is under the `home` directory, which in turn, is under the root (`/`) directory.

Underneath the root (`/`) directory, there is a set of important system directories that are commonly used across most Linux distributions. The following is a listing of common directories that are directly under the root (`/`) directory:

- `/bin` - important binary applications

- `/boot` - files that are required to boot the computer

- `/dev` - the device files

- `/etc` - configuration files, startup scripts, etc...

- `/home` - local users' home directories

- `/lib` - system libraries

- `/lost+found` - provides a lost+found system for files that exist under the root (`/`) directory

- `/media` - mounted (loaded) removable media such as CDs, digital cameras, etc...

- `/mnt` - mounted filesystems

- `/opt` - provides a location for optional applications to be installed

- `/proc` - special dynamic directory that maintains information about the state of the system, including currently running processes

- `/root` - root user home directory, pronounced 'slash-root'

- `/sbin` - important system binaries

- `/srv` - provides a location for data used by servers

- `/sys` - contains information about the system

- `/tmp` - temporary files

- `/usr` - applications and files that are mostly available for all users to access

- `/var` - variable files such as logs and databases

### Using Views to Display Your Files and Folders

The file manager includes views that enable you to show the contents of your folders in different ways, icon view, and list view.

- Icon view

  Shows the items in the folder as icons.

  #### The Home Folder displayed in a icon view.

  Your Home Folder displayed in a icon view.

- List view

  Shows the items in the folder as a list.

  #### The Home Folder displayed in a list view.

  Your Home Folder displayed in a list view.

You may use the View menu, or the View as drop-down list to choose between icon or list view. You can specify how you want to arrange or sort items in the folder and modify the size of the items in the view pane. The following sections describe how to work with icon view and list view.

#### To Arrange Your Files in Icon View

When you display the contents of a folder in icon view, you can specify how to arrange the items in the folder. To specify how to arrange items in icon view, choose View Arrange Items. The Arrange Items submenu contains the following sections:

- At the top is an option that enables you to arrange your files manually.

- The middle section contains options that enable you to sort your files automatically.

- The bottom section contains options that enable you to modify how your files are arranged.

Choose the appropriate options from the submenu, as described in the following table:

الخيار | Description
--- | ---
Manually | Select this option to arrange the items manually. To arrange the items manually, drag the items to the location you require within the view pane.
By Name | Select this option to sort the items alphabetically by name. The order of the items is not case sensitive. If the file manager is set to display hidden files, the hidden files are shown last.
By Size | Select this option to sort the items by size, with the largest item first. When you sort items by size, the folders are sorted by the number of items in the folder. The folders are not sorted by the total size of the items in the folder.
By Type | Select this option to sort the items alphabetically by object type. The items are sorted alphabetically by the description of their MIME type. The MIME type identifies the format of a file, and enables applications to read the file. For example, an email application can use the `image/png` MIME type to detect that a PNG file is attached to an email.
By Modification Date | Select this option to sort the items by the date the items were last modified. The most recently modified item is first.
By Emblems | Select this option to sort the items by any emblems that are added to the items. The items are sorted alphabetically by emblem name. Items that do not have emblems are last.
Compact Layout | Select this option to arrange the items so that the items are closer to each other.
Reversed Order | Select this option to reverse the order of the option by which you sort the items. For example, if you sort the items by name, select the Reversed Order option to sort the items in reverse alphabetical order.

#### To Arrange Your Files in List View

When you display the contents of a folder in list view, you can specify how to arrange the items in the folder. To specify how to arrange items in list view, click on the header of the column specifying the property by which you wish to arrange the items. To inverse the sorting order click on the same column header again.

To add or remove columns from the list view choose View Visible Columns

The file manager remembers how you arrange the items in a particular folder. The next time that you display the folder, the items are arranged in the way that you selected. In other words, when you specify how to arrange the items in a folder, you customize the folder to display the items in that way. To return the arrangement settings of the folder to the default arrangement settings specified in your preferences, choose View Reset View to Defaults.

#### To Change the Size of Items in a View

You can change the size of items in a view. You can change the size if the view displays a file or a folder. You can change the size of items in a view in the following ways:

- To enlarge the size of items in a view, choose View Zoom In.

- To reduce the size of items in a view, choose View Zoom Out.

- To return items in a view to the normal size, choose View Normal Size.

You can also use the zoom buttons on the location bar in a browser window to change the size of items in a view. describes how to use the zoom buttons.

##### Zoom Buttons

Button | Button Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
Zoom Out button. | Zoom Out button | Click on this button to reduce the size of items in a view.
Normal Size button. | Normal Size button | Click on this button to return items in a view to normal size.
Zoom In button. | Zoom In button | Click on this button to enlarge the size of items in a view.

The file manager remembers the size of items in a particular folder. The next time that you display the folder, the items are displayed in the size that you selected. In other words, when you change the size of items in a folder, you customize the folder to display the items at that size. To return the size of the items to the default size specified in your preferences, choose View Reset View to Defaults.

### Selecting Files and Folders

You can select files and folders in several ways in the file manager. Typically this is achieved by clicking on the files using the mouse, as explained in . In addition describes how to select a group of files matching a specific pattern.

#### Selecting Items in the File Manager

Task | Action
--- | ---
Select an item | Click on the item.
Select a group of contiguous items | In icon view, drag around the files that you want to select. In list view, click on the first item in the group. Press-and-hold Shift, then click on the last item in the group.
Select multiple items | Press-and-hold Ctrl. Click on the items that you want to select. Alternatively, press-and-hold Ctrl, then drag around the files that you want to select.
Select all items in a folder | Choose Edit Select All Files.

To perform the default action on an item, double-click on the item. You can set your file manager preferences so that you click once on a file to execute the default action. For more information, see .

#### Selecting Files Matching a Specific Pattern

Nautilus allows you to select all files matching a pattern based upon their filename and an optional number of wildcards. This can be useful if, for example, you wish to select all files which contain the phrase "memo" in their filename. gives some examples of possible patterns and the resulting files they would match.

##### Selecting Items in the File Manager

Pattern | Files Matched
--- | ---
note.* | This pattern would match files called note, with any extension.
*.ogg | This pattern would match all files with the .ogg extension
*memo* | This pattern would match all files or folders whose name contains the word memo.

To perform the Select Pattern command Choose Edit Select Patterns from the menu. After entering the desired pattern you are left with those files or folders which matched the pattern selected. You may then do with the selected files or folders what you choose.

### Drag-and-Drop in the File Manager

You can use drag-and-drop to perform several tasks in the file manager. When you drag-and-drop, the mouse pointer provides feedback about the task that you perform. describes the tasks that you can perform with drag-and-drop. The table also shows the mouse pointers that appear when you drag-and-drop.

#### Drag-and-Drop in the File Manager

Task | Action | Mouse Pointer
--- | --- | ---
Move an item | Drag the item to the new location. | Move pointer.
Copy an item | Grab the item, then press-and-hold Ctrl. Drag the item to the location where you want the copy to reside. | Copy pointer.
Create a symbolic link to an item | Grab the item, then press-and-hold CtrlShift. Drag the item to the location where you want the symbolic link to reside. | Symbolic link pointer.

Ask what to do with the item you drag

Grab the item, then press-and-hold Alt. You may also use the middle mouse button to perform the same operation. Drag the item to the location where you want the item to reside. Release the mouse button. A popup menu appears. Choose one of the following items from the popup menu:

- Move here

  Moves the item to the location.

- Copy here

  Copies the item to the location.

- Link here

  Creates a symbolic link to the item at the location.

- Set as Background

  If the item is an image, sets the image to be the background. You can use this command to set the background of the desktop, the side pane or the view pane.

- Cancel

  Cancels the drag-and-drop operation.

Ask pointer.

### Moving a File or Folder

You can move a file or folder by dragging it with the mouse, or with the cut and paste commands. The following sections describe these two methods.

#### Drag to the New Location

To drag a file or folder to a new location, perform the following steps:

1. Open two file manager windows:

   - The window containing the item you want to move.

   - The window you want to move it to, or the window containing the folder you want to move it to.

2. Drag the file or folder that you want to move to the new location. If the new location is a window, drop it anywhere in the window. If the new location is a folder icon, drop the item you are dragging on the folder.

To move the file or folder to a folder that is one level below the current location, do not open a new window. Instead, drag the file or folder to the new location in the same window.

For more on dragging items, see .

#### Cut and Paste to the New Location

You can cut a file or folder and paste the file or folder into another folder, as follows:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to move, then choose Edit Cut.

2. Open the folder to which you want to move the file or folder, then choose Edit Paste .

### Copying a File or Folder

You can copy a file or folder by dragging it with the mouse, or with the copy and paste commands. The following sections describe these two methods.

#### Drag to the New Location

To copy a file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Open two file manager windows:

   - The window containing the item you want to move.

   - The window you want to move it to, or the window containing the folder you want to move it to.

2. Drag the file or folder that you want to move to the new location. Press-and-hold Ctrl either before or during the drag. If the new location is a window, drop it anywhere in the window. If the new location is a folder icon, drop the item you are dragging on the folder.

To copy the file or folder to a folder that is one level below the current location, do not open a new window. Instead, grab the file or folder, then press-and-hold Ctrl. Drag the file or folder to the new location in the same window.

For more on dragging items, see .

#### Copy and Paste to the New Location

You can copy a file or folder and paste the file or folder into another folder, as follows:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to copy, then choose Edit Copy.

2. Open the folder to which you want to copy the file or folder, then choose Edit Paste .

### Duplicating a File or Folder

To create a copy of a file or folder in the current folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to duplicate.

2. Choose Edit Duplicate.

   A copy of the file or folder appears in the current folder.

### Creating a Folder

To create a folder, perform the following steps:

1. Open the folder where you want to create the new folder.

2. Choose File Create Folder. Alternatively, right-click on the background of the window, then choose Create Folder.

   An untitled folder is added to the location. The name of the folder is selected.

3. Type a name for the folder, then press Return.

### Templates and Documents

You can create templates from documents that you frequently create. For example, if you often create invoices, you can create an empty invoice document and save the document as `invoice.doc` in the `$HOME/Templates` folder.

You can also access the templates folder from a file browser window. Choose Go Templates.

The template name is displayed as a submenu item in the Create Document menu.

You can also create subfolders in the template folder. Subfolders display as submenus in the menu.

You can also share templates. Create a symbolic link from the template folder to the folder containing the shared templates.

#### To Create a Document

If you have document templates, you can choose to create a document from one of the installed templates.

To create a document perform the following steps:

1. Select the folder where you want to create the new document.

2. Choose File Create Document. Alternatively, right-click on the background of the view pane, then choose Create Document.

   The names of any available templates are displayed as submenu items from the Create Document menu.

3. Double-click on the template name for the document that you want to create.

4. Rename the document before saving to the appropriate folder.

### Renaming a File or Folder

To rename a file or folder perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to rename.

2. Choose Edit Rename. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder, then choose Rename.

   The name of the file or folder is selected.

3. Type a new name for the file or folder, then press Return.

### Moving a File or Folder to Trash

To move a file or folder to Trash perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to move to Trash.

2. Choose Edit Move to Trash. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder, then choose Move to Trash.

Alternatively, you can drag the file or folder to the Trash object on the desktop.

When you move a file or folder from a removable media to Trash, the file or folder is stored in a Trash location on the removable media. To remove the file or folder permanently from the removable media, you must empty Trash.

### Deleting a File or Folder

When you delete a file or folder, the file or folder is not moved to Trash, but is deleted from your file system immediately. The Delete menu item is only available if you select the Include a Delete command that bypasses Trash option in the File Management Preferences dialog.

To delete a file or folder perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to delete.

2. Choose Edit Delete. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder, then choose Delete.

Alternatively, select the file or folder you want to delete, and press ShiftDel.

This shortcut is independent from the Include a Delete command that bypasses Trash option.

### Creating a Symbolic Link to a File or Folder

A symbolic link is a special type of file that points to another file or folder. When you perform an action on a symbolic link, the action is performed on the file or folder to which the symbolic link points. However, when you delete a symbolic link, you delete the link file, not the file to which the symbolic link points.

To create a symbolic link to a file or folder, select the file or folder to which you want to create a link. Choose Edit Make Link. A link to the file or folder is added to the current folder.

Alternatively, grab the item to which you want to create a link, then press-and-hold CtrlShift. Drag the item to the location where you want to place the link.

By default, the file manager adds an emblem to symbolic links.

The permissions of a symbolic link are determined by the file or folder to which a symbolic link points.

For more on dragging items, see .

### Viewing the Properties of a File or Folder

To view the properties of a file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder whose properties you want to view.

2. Choose File Properties. A properties dialog is displayed.

3. Use the properties dialog to view the properties of the file or folder.

4. Click Close to close the properties dialog.

The following table lists the properties that you can view or set for files and folders, the exact information shown depends on the object type:

Property | Description
--- | ---
Name | The name of the file or folder. You can change the name here and the file or folder will be renamed when you click on Close.
Type | The type of object, file or folder for example.
Location | The system path for the object. This represents where the object is situated on your computer, relative to the system root.
Volume | The volume on which a folder resides. This is the physical location of the folder, on which media it resides, for example which hard disk or CDROM drive.
Free space | The amount of free space on the media upon which a folder resides. This represents the maximum amount of data you can copy to this folder.
MIME Type | The official naming of the type of file.
Modified | The date and time at which the object was last changed.
Accessed | The date and time at which the object was last viewed.

### File Permissions

Permissions are settings assigned to each file and folder that determine what type of access users can have to the file or folder. For example, you can determine whether other users can read and edit a file that belongs to you, or only have access to read it but not make changes to it.

Each file belongs to a particular user, and is associated with a group that the owner belongs to. The super user "root" has the ability to access any file on the system.

You can set permissions for three categories of users:

Owner

  The user that created the file or folder.

Group

  A group of users to which the owner belongs.

Others

  All other users not already included.

For each category of user, different permissions can be set. These behave differently for files and folders, as follows:

read

  Files can be opened

  Directory contents can be displayed

write

  Files can be edited or deleted

  Directory contents can be modified

execute

  Executable files can be run as a program

  Directories can be entered

For more on changing the permissions for a file or folder, see .

### Changing Permissions

#### Changing Permissions for a File

To change the permissions of a file, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file that you want to change.

2. Choose File Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. Click on the Permissions tab.

4. To change the file's group, choose from the groups the user belongs to in the drop-down selector.

5. For each of the owner, the group, and all other users, choose from these permissions for the file:

   None

     No access to the file is possible. (You can't set this for the owner.)

   Read-only

     The users can open a file to see its contents, but not make any changes.

   Read and write

     Normal access to a file is possible: it can be opened and saved.

6. To allow a file to be run as a program, select Execute

#### Changing Permissions for a Folder

To change the permissions of a folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the folder that you want to change.

2. Choose File Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. Click on the Permissions tab.

4. To change the folder's group, choose from the groups the user belongs to in the drop-down selector.

5. For each of the owner, the group, and all other users, choose from these folder access permissions:

   None

     No access to the folder is possible. (You can't set this for the owner.)

   List files only

     The users can see the items in the folder, but not open any of them.

   Access files

     Items in the folder can be opened and modified, provided their own permissions allow it.

   Create and delete files

     The user can create new files and delete files in the folder, in addition to being able to access existing files.

To set permissions for all the items contained in a folder, set the File Access and Execute properties and click on Apply permissions to enclosed files.

### Adding Notes to Files and Folders

You can add notes to files or folders. You can add notes to files or folders in the following ways:

- From the properties dialog

- From Notes in the side pane

#### To Add a Note Using the Properties Dialog

To add a note to a file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder to which you want to add a note.

2. Choose File Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. Click on the Notes tab. In the Notes tabbed section, type the note.

4. Click Close to close the properties dialog. A note emblem is added to the file or folder.

To delete a note, delete the note text from the Notes tabbed section.

#### To Add a Note Using Notes in the Side Pane

To add a note to a file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Open the file or folder to which you want to add a note in the view pane.

2. Choose Notes from the drop-down list at the top of the side pane. To display the side pane, choose View Side Pane.

3. Type the note in the side pane. A note emblem is added to the file or folder in the view pane, and a note icon is added to the side pane. You can click on this icon to display the note.

To delete a note, delete the note text from Notes in the side pane.

### Using Bookmarks For Your Favorite Locations

You can keep a list of bookmarks in Nautilus: folders and other locations that you frequently need to open.

Your bookmarks are listed in the following places:

- The Places menu on the top panel.

- The Places menu in a folder window.

- The Bookmarks menu in a Nautilus browser window.

- The side pane in the Open File dialog. This allows you to quickly open a file that is in one of your bookmarked locations.

- The list of commonly used locations in the Save File dialog. This allows you to quickly save a file to a location you have in your bookmarks.

To open an item that is in your bookmarks, choose the item from a menu.

#### Adding a Bookmark

To add a bookmark, open the folder or location that you want to bookmark, then choose Places Add Bookmark.

If you are using a Nautilus browser window, choose Bookmarks Add Bookmark.

#### To Edit a Bookmark

To edit your bookmarks perform the following steps:

1. Choose Places Edit Bookmarks, or in a browser window, Bookmarks Edit Bookmarks. An Edit Bookmarks dialog is displayed.

2. Select the bookmark on the left side of the Edit Bookmarks dialog. Edit the details for the bookmark on the right side of the Edit Bookmarks dialog, as follows:

   Dialog Element | Description
   --- | ---
   Name | Use this text box to specify the name that identifies the bookmark in the menus.
   Location | Use this field to specify the location of the bookmark. Folders on your system use the `file:///` URI.

3. To delete a bookmark, select the bookmark on the left side of the dialog. Click Delete.

### Using Trash

Trash icon, empty.

Trash is a special folder that holds files that you no longer want to keep. Files in the Trash are not deleted permanently until you empty the trash. This two-stage process is in case you change your mind, or accidentally remove the wrong file.

You can move the following items to Trash:

- Files

- Folders

- Desktop objects

If you need to retrieve a file from Trash, you can display Trash and move the file out of Trash. When you empty Trash, you delete the contents of Trash permanently.

#### To Display Trash

You can display the contents of Trash in the following ways:

- From a file browser window

  Choose Go Trash. The contents of Trash are displayed in the window.

- From a spatial window

  Choose Places Trash. The contents of Trash are displayed in the window.

- From the desktop

  Double-click on the Trash object on the desktop.

#### To Empty Trash

You can empty the contents of Trash in the following ways:

- From a file browser window

  Choose File Empty Trash.

- From the desktop

  Right-click on the Trash object, then choose Empty Trash.

When you empty trash, you destroy all files in the trash. Be sure that the trash only contains files you no longer need.

### Hidden Files

By default, Nautilus does not display certain system and backup files in folders. This prevents accidental modification or deletion of them, which can impair the operation of your computer, and also reduces clutter in locations such as your Home Folder. Nautilus does not display:

- Hidden files, whose filename begins with a period (.),

- Backup files, whose filename ends with a tilde (~)

- Files that are listed in a particular folder's `.hidden` file.

You may hide or show hidden files in a particular folder by selecting View Show Hidden Files.

To set Nautilus to always show hidden files, see .

#### Hiding a File or Folder

To hide a file or folder in Nautilus, either rename the file so its name begins with the period (.) character, or create a text file named `.hidden` in the same folder, and add its name to it, as in the example below:

    filename
    foldername

You may need to refresh the relevant Nautilus window to see the change: press CtrlR.

## Item Properties

The Item Properties window shows more information about any file, folder, or other item in the file manager. With this window, you can also do the following:

- Change the icon for an item: see .

- Add or remove emblems for an item: see .

- Change the UNIX file permissions for an item: see .

- Choose which application is used to open an item, and others of the same type.

- Add notes to an item: see .

To open the item properties window, perform the following steps:

1. Select the item whose properties you want to examine or change. If you select more than one item, the properties window will show the properties that are in common to all items.

2. Do one of the following:

   - Choose File Properties.

   - Right-click on the selected item and choose Properties.

   - Press AltReturn.

## Modifying the Appearance of Files and Folders

The Nautilus file manager enables you to modify the appearance of your files and folders in several ways. You may customize the way files or folders look by attaching emblems or backgrounds to them. You can also change format in which Nautilus displays these items to you. The following sections describe how to do so.

### Icons and Emblems

The file manager displays your files and folders as icons. Depending on the type of the file the icon may be a image representative of the file type, a small thumbnail or preview showing the files contents. You can also add emblems to your file and folder icons. Such emblems appear in addition to the file icon and provide another means to manage your files. For example you can mark a file as important by adding an Important emblem to it, creating the following visual effect:

File icon with Important emblem.

Notice how the file on the left is distinguished from the file on the right by the addition of the Important (!) emblem to its icon. See for more on adding emblems.

The file manager automatically applies emblems for the following types of files:

- Symbolic links

- Items for which you have the following permissions:

  - No read permission

  - No write permission

The following table shows the default emblems:

Default Emblem | Description
--- | ---
Symbolic link emblem. | Symbolic link
No write permission emblem. | No write permission
No read permission emblem. | No read permission

### Changing the Icon for a File or Folder

To change the icon that represents an individual file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to change.

2. Choose File Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. On the Basic tabbed section, click on the current Icon. A Select custom icon dialog is displayed.

4. Use the Select custom icon dialog to choose the icon to represent the file or folder.

5. Click Close to close the properties dialog.

To restore an icon from a custom icon to the default icon, Select the file or folder that you want to change, choose File Properties. click on the Icon button, in the Select custom icon dialog click Revert.

### Adding an Emblem to a File or Folder

To add an emblem to an item perform the following steps:

1. Select the item to which you want to add an emblem.

2. Right-click on the item, then choose Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. Click on the Emblems tab to display the Emblems tabbed section.

4. Select the emblem to add to the item.

5. Click Close to close the properties dialog.

In browser windows you may also add emblems to items by dragging them from the emblem side pane.

### Creating a New Emblem

To Create a new emblem, perform the following steps:

1. Choose Edit Backgrounds and Emblems.

2. Click on the Emblem button, then click on the Add a New Emblem button. A Create a New Emblem dialog is displayed.

3. Type a name for the emblem in the Keyword text box.

4. Click on the Image button. A dialog is displayed, click Browse. When you choose an emblem, click OK.

5. Click OK on the Create a New Emblem dialog.

### Changing Backgrounds

The file manager includes background patterns and emblems that you can use to change the appearance of your folders. Background patterns and emblems can also be used on the desktop, on folders and certain side panes in the file browser, and on panels.

To change the background of a window, pane, or panel, perform the following steps:

1. Choose Edit Backgrounds and Emblems in any file manager window. The Backgrounds and Emblems dialog is displayed.

2. Click the Patterns button or the Colors button to see a list of background patterns or background colors you can use.

3. To change the background, drag a pattern or color to the desired window, pane, or panel. To reset the background, drag the Reset entry to the desired window, pane, or panel.

You can set the background of all folders in the file manager by dragging a pattern or color with your right or middle mouse button. When you release the drag, you will see a popup menu with the option to set the pattern or color as the background for all folders.

You can add a new pattern to the list by clicking the Add a New Pattern button when the patterns are selected. Locate an image file in the file chooser dialog and click Open. The image file will appear in the list of patterns you can use.

You can add a new color to the list by clicking the Add a New Color button when the colors are selected. Select a color in the color chooser dialog and click OK. The color will appear in the list of colors you can use.

## Using Removable Media

The file manager can initiate various actions when removable media appear, such as mounting it, opening a file manager window showing its contents, or running a suitable application that can handle it (for example a music player for an audio CD). See for how to configure these actions for different media formats.

### To Mount Media

To mount media is to make the file system of the media available for access. When you mount media, the file system of the media is attached as a subdirectory to your file system.

To mount media, insert the media in the appropriate device. An icon that represents the media is added to the desktop. The icon is added only if your system is configured to mount the device automatically when media is detected.

If your system is not configured to mount the device automatically, you must mount the device manually. Double-click on the Computer icon from the desktop. A Computer dialog is displayed. Double-click on the icon that represents the media. For example, to mount a floppy diskette, double-click on the Floppy icon. An icon that represents the media is added to the desktop.

You cannot change the name of a removable media icon.

### To Display Media Contents

You can display media contents in any of the following ways:

- Double-click on the icon that represents the media on the desktop.

- Right-click on the icon that represents the media on the desktop, then choose Open.

A file manager window displays the contents of the media. To reload the display, click on the Reload button.

### To Display Media Properties

To display the properties of removable media, right-click on the icon that represents the media on the desktop, then choose Properties. A dialog displays the properties of the media.

To close the properties dialog, click Close.

### To Eject Media

To eject media, right-click on the media icon on the desktop, then choose Eject. If the drive for the media is a motorized drive, the media is ejected from the drive. If the drive for the media is not motorized, wait until the desktop icon for the media disappears, then eject the media manually.

You cannot eject media from a motorized drive when the media is mounted. To eject media, first unmount the media. For example, to remove a USB flash drive, perform the following steps:

1. Close all file manager windows, Terminal windows, and any other windows that access the USB drive.

2. Right-click on the icon that represents the drive on the desktop, then choose Eject. The desktop icon for the drive disappears.

3. Remove the USB flash drive.

You must unmount removable media before ejecting. Do not remove a USB flash drive before you unmount the flash drive. If you do not unmount the media first you might lose data.

## Writing CDs or DVDs

Writing to a CD or DVD may be useful for backing up your important documents. To do this, your computer must have a CD or DVD writer.

A simple way to check what sort of CD or DVD drive your computer has is to choose Places Computer from the top panel menubar. If the icon for your CD drive has terms like "CD-RW" or "DVD(+-)R" in its label, then your computer is able to write discs.

You can start choosing files to burn to a disc at any time. The file manager provides a special folder for files and folders that you wish to write to a CD or DVD. From there you can easily write all of the content (which you place in this special folder) to a CD or DVD.

### Creating Data Discs

To write a CD or DVD, perform the following steps:

1. Open ApplicationsSystem Tools CD/DVD Creator. The file manager opens the CD/DVD Creator folder.

   In a File Browser window, the CD/DVD Creator item is available in the Go menu.

2. Drag the files and folders that you want to write to CD or DVD to the CD/DVD Creator folder.

3. Insert a writable CD or DVD into the CD/DVD writer device on your system.

4. Press the Write to Disc button, or choose File Write to CD/DVD. A Write to Disc dialog is displayed.

5. Use the Write to Disc dialog to specify how you want to write the CD, as follows:

   Dialog Element | Description
   --- | ---
   Write disc to | Select the device to which you want to write the CD from the drop-down list. To create an CD image file, select the File image option. A CD image file is a normal file that contains all of the data in the same format as a CD, that you can write to a CD later.
   Disc name | Type a name for the CD in the text box.
   Data size | Shows the size of the data to be written to disc. The blank disk must be at least this size.
   Write speed | Select the speed at which you want to write the CD from the drop-down list.

6. Click on the Write button.

   If you selected the File image option from the Target to write to drop-down list, a Choose a filename for the disc image dialog is displayed. Use the dialog to specify the location where you want to save the disc image file. By default, disc image files have a `.iso` file extension.

   A Writing disc dialog is displayed. This process takes some time. When the disc is written or when the disc image file is created, a message to indicate that the process is complete is displayed in the dialog.

You can set the CD/DVD Creator folder to open automatically when you instert a blank disc. See .

The filesystem written to the CD will be readable with long filenames on all recent operating systems. Both the Joliet and the Rock Ridge CD-ROM filesystem extensions are used.

### Copying CDs or DVDs

You can create a copy of a CD or DVD, either to another disc or to an image file stored on your computer. To create a copy, perform the following steps:

1. Insert the disc you want to copy.

2. Choose Places Computer from the top panel menubar.

3. Right-click on the CD icon, and choose Copy Disc.

4. The Write to Disc dialog is displayed.

If you have only one drive with write capabilities, the process will first create a disc image file on your computer. It will then eject the original disk, and ask you to change it for a blank disk on which to write the copy.

If you want to create more than one copy, choose the Image File option on the Write to Disc and then write the disc image: see .

### Creating a Disc from an Image File

You can write a disc image to a CD or DVD. For example, you may have downloaded a disc image from the internet, or previously created one yourself. Disc images usually have a `.iso` file extension and are sometimes called iso files.

To write a disc image, right-click on the disc image file, then choose Write to Disc from the popup menu.

## Navigating Remote Servers

The Nautilus file manager provides an integrated access point to your files, applications, FTP sites, Windows shares, WebDav servers and SSH servers.

### To Access a remote server

You can use the file manager to access a remote server, be it an FTP site, a Windows share, a WebDav server or an SSH server.

To access a remote server, choose File Connect to Server. You may also access this dialog from the menubar by choosing Places Connect to Server.

To connect to a remote server, start by choosing the service type, then enter the server address.

If required by your server, you may provide the following optional information :

Dialog Element | Description
--- | ---
Port | Port to connect to on the server. This should only be used if it is necessary to change the default port, you would normally leave this blank.
Folder | Folder to open upon connecting to server.
User Name | The user name of the account used to connect to the server. This should be supplied with the connection information if needed. The user name information is not appropriate for a public FTP connection.
Name to use for connection | The designation of the connection as it will appear in the file manager.
Share | Name of desired windows share. This is only applicable to Windows shares.
Domain name | Windows domain. This is only applicable to Windows shares.

If the server information is provided in the form of a URI, or you require a specialized connection, choose Custom Location as the service type.

Once you have filled in the information, click on the Connect button. When the connection succeeds, the contents of the site are displayed and you may drag and drop files to and from the remote server.

### To Access Network Places

If your system is configured to access places on a network, you can use the file manager to access the network places.

To access network places, open the file manager and choose Places Network Servers. A window opens that displays the network places that you can access. Double-click on the network that you want to access.

To access UNIX shares, double-click on the Unix Network (NFS) object. A list of the UNIX shares available to you is displayed in the file manager window.

To access Windows shares, double-click on the Windows Network (SMB) object. A list of the Windows shares available to you is displayed in the file manager window.

### Accessing Special URI Locations

Nautilus has certain special URI locations that enable you to access particular functions from the file manager.

These are intended for advanced users: in most cases, an easier method of accessing the function or location exists.

lists the special URI locations that you can use with the file manager.

#### Special URI Locations

URI Location | Description
--- | ---
`burn:///` | This is a special location where you can copy files and folders that you want to write to a CD. From here you can write the contents of the location to a CD easily. See also .
`network:///` | Displays network locations to which you can connect, if your system is configured to access locations on a network. To access a network location, double-click on the network location. You can also use this URI to add network locations to your system. See also .

## Nautilus Preferences

Use the File Management Preferences dialog to customize the file manager to suit your requirements and preferences.

To display the File Management Preferences dialog, choose Edit Preferences. You can also access this dialog directly from the top panel Menubar by choosing System Preferences File Management.

You can set preferences in the following categories:

- The default settings for views.

- The behavior of files and folders, executable text files, and Trash.

- The information that is displayed in icon captions and the date format.

- The columns that appear in the list view and their order.

- Preview options to improve the performance of the file manager.

- How removable media and connected devices are handled.

### Views Preferences

You can specify a default view, and select sort options and display options. You can also specify default settings for icon views and list views.

To specify your default view settings, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Views tab to display the Views tabbed section.

lists the views preferences that you can modify.

#### Views Preferences

Dialog Element | Description
--- | ---
View new folders using | Select the default view for folders. When you open a folder, the folder is displayed in the view that you select. This can be the icon view, the list view, or the compact view, which is a variant of the icon view that is organized in columns rather than rows..
Arrange items | Select the characteristic by which you want to sort the items in folders that are displayed in this view.
Sort folders before files | Select this option to list folders before files when you sort a folder.
Show hidden and backup files | Select this option to display files that are normally not shown in folders. For more on hidden files, see .
Default zoom level in the Icon View, Compact View, or List View sections | Select the default zoom level for folders that are displayed in this view. The zoom level specifies the size of items in a view.
Use compact layout | Select this option to arrange the items in icon view so that the items in the folder are closer to each other.
Text beside icons | Select this option to place the icon captions for items beside the icon rather than under the icon.
All columns have the same width | Select this option to make all columns in a compact view have the same width.
Show only folders | Select this option to display only folders in the Tree in the side pane.

### Behavior Preferences

To set your preferences for files and folders, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Behavior tab to display the Behavior tabbed section. You can set the following preferences:

Single click to open items

  Select this option to perform the default action for an item when you click on the item. When this option is selected, and you point to an item, the title of the item is underlined.

Double click to open items

  Select this option to perform the default action for an item when you double-click on the item.

Always open in browser windows

  Select this option to use Nautilus in browser mode rather than spatial mode. Selecting this lets you browse your files and folders in the same window, otherwise you will navigate your files and folders as objects.

Run executable text files when they are opened

  Select this option to run an text executable file when you choose the file. An executable text file is a text file that can execute, that is, a shell script.

View executable text files when they are opened

  Select this option to display the contents of an executable text file when you choose the executable text file.

Ask each time

  Select this option to display a dialog when you choose an executable text file. The dialog asks whether you want to execute the file or display the file.

Ask before emptying the Trash or deleting files

  Select this option to display a confirmation message before Trash is emptied, or files are deleted. Leave this selected unless you have good reason not to.

Include a Delete command that bypasses Trash

  Select this option to add a Delete menu item to the following menus:

  - The Edit menu.

  - The popup menu that is displayed when you right-click on a file, folder, or desktop object.

  When you select an item then choose the Delete menu item, the item is deleted from your file system immediately. There is no way to recover a deleted file. Do not select this unless you have good reason to.

### Display Preferences

An icon caption displays the name of a file or folder in an icon view. The icon caption also includes three additional items of information on the file or folder. The additional information is displayed after the file name. Normally only one item of information is visible, but when you zoom in on an icon, more of the information is displayed. You can modify what additional information is displayed in icon captions.

To set your preferences for icon captions, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Display tab to display the Display tabbed section.

Select the items of information that you want to display in the icon caption from the three drop-down lists. Select the first item from the first drop-down list, select the second item from the second drop-down list, and so on. The following table describes the items of information that you can select:

Information | Description
--- | ---
Size | Choose this option to display the size of the item.
Type | Choose this option to display the description of the MIME type of the item.
Date Modified | Choose this option to display the last modification date of the item.
Date Accessed | Choose this option to display the date that the item was last accessed.
Owner | Choose this option to display the owner of the item.
Group | Choose this option to display the group to which the item belongs.
Permissions | Choose this option to display the permissions of the item as three sets of three characters, for example `-rwxrw-r--`.
Octal Permissions | Choose this option to display the permissions of the item in octal notation, for example `764`.
MIME Type | Choose this option to display the MIME type of the item.
None | Choose this option to display no information for the item.

The date Format option lets you choose how the date is displayed throughout Nautilus.

### List Columns Preferences

You can specify what information is displayed in list view in file manager windows. You can specify which columns are displayed in list view, and the order in which the columns are displayed.

To set your preferences for list columns, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the List Columns tab to display the List Columns tabbed section.

To specify a column to display in list view, select the option that corresponds to the column, then click on the Show button. To remove a column from the list view, select the option that corresponds to the column, then click on the Hide button.

Use the Move Up and Move Down buttons to specify the position of columns in list view.

To use the default columns and column positions, click on the Use Default button.

The following table describes the columns that you can display:

Information | Description
--- | ---
Name | Choose this option to display the name of the item.
Size | Choose this option to display the size of the item.
Type | Choose this option to display the description of the MIME type of the item from the File Types and Programs preference tool.
Date Modified | Choose this option to display the last modification date of the item.
Date Accessed | Choose this option to display the date that the item was last accessed.
Group | Choose this option to display the group to which the item belongs.
نوع MIME | Choose this option to display the MIME type of the item.
Octal Permissions | Choose this option to display the permissions of the item in octal notation, for example `764`.
Owner | Choose this option to display the owner of the item.
Permissions | Choose this option to display the permissions of the item as three sets of three characters, for example `-rwxrw-r--`.

### Preview Preferences

The file manager include some file preview features. The preview features can affect the speed with which the file manager responds to your requests. You can modify the behavior of some of these features to improve the speed of the file manager. For each preview preference, you can select one of the options described in the following table:

الخيار | Description
--- | ---
Always | Performs the action for both local files, and files on other file systems.
Local Files Only | Performs the action for local files only.
Never | Never performs the action.

To set your preview preferences, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Preview tab dialog to display the Preview tabbed section.

lists the preview preferences that you can modify.

#### Preview Preferences

Dialog Element | Description
--- | ---
Show text in icons | Select an option to specify when to preview the content of text files in the icon that represents the file.
Show thumbnails | Select an option to specify when to show thumbnails of image files. The file manager stores the thumbnail files for each folder in a `.thumbnails` directory in the user's Home Folder.
Only for files smaller than | Specify the maximum file size for files for which the file manager creates a thumbnail.
Preview sound files | Select an option to specify when to preview sound files.
Count number of items | Select an option to specify when to show the number of items in folders. When in icon view, you might need to increase your zoom level to see the number of items in each folder.

### Media Preferences

You can configure how Nautilus handles removable media and devices that are connected to the computer, such as music players or cameras. For each media format or device type, Nautilus offers to run one of the applications that are known to support this format, as well as the following options:

الخيار | Description
--- | ---
Ask what to do | Make Nautilus ask for the desired action when the media or device appears.
Do Nothing | Do nothing.
Open Folder | Treat the media or device like an ordinary folder and open it in a Nautilus window.
Open with other Application | Select an application to run with the Nautilus application chooser dialog. Note that applications known to handle the media or device can be chosen directly from the drop-down list.

The most common media formats can be configured in the Media Handling section: audio CDs, video DVDs, music players, cameras, and software cds.

To configure the handling for other media formats, first select the format in the Type drop-down list, then select the desired handling for this format in the Action drop-down list.

lists other media handling preferences that you can modify.

#### Preview Preferences

Dialog Element | Description
--- | ---
Never prompt or start programs on media insertion | Select this option to prevent Nautilus from showing dialogs or running programs when media or devices appear. When this option is selected, the preferences for the handling of specific media formats are ignored.
Browse media when inserted | When this option is selected, Nautilus will automatically open a folder when media is inserted. This only applies for media formats for which the handling has not been explicitly configured.

## Extending Nautilus

Nautilus can be extended in two main ways. Through Nautilus extensions, and through scripts. This section explains the difference between the two and how to install.

### Nautilus Scripts

Nautilus can run scripts. Scripts are typically simpler in operation than full Nautilus extensions and can be written in any scripted language capable of being executed on your computer. To run a script choose File Scripts, then choose the script that you want to run from the submenu.

To run a script on a particular file, select the file in the view pane. Choose File Scripts, then choose the script that you want to run on the file from the submenu. You can also select multiple files to run your scripts on.

You may also access scripts from the context menu.

If you do not have any scripts installed, the script menu will not appear.

#### Installing File Manager Scripts

The file manager includes a special folder where you can store your scripts. All executable files in this folder will appear in the Scripts menu. The script folder is located at $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts.

To install a script, simply copy the script to the script folder and give it the user executable permission.

To view the contents of your scripts folder, if you already have scripts installed, choose File Scripts Open Scripts Folder. You will have to navigate to the scripts folder with the file manager if you do not yet have any scripts. You may need to show hidden files for this, use View Show Hidden Files

A good source to download Nautilus scripts is from the G-Scripts website.

#### Writing File Manager Scripts

When executed from a local folder, scripts will be passed the selected file names. When executed from a remote folder (e.g. a folder showing web or ftp content), scripts will be passed no parameters.

The following table shows variables passed to the script :

Environment variable | Description
--- | ---
NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_FILE_PATHS | newline-delimited paths for selected files (only if local)
NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS | newline-delimited URIs for selected files
NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_CURRENT_URI | URI for current location
NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_WINDOW_GEOMETRY | position and size of current window

### Nautilus Extensions

Nautilus extensions are far more powerful than Nautilus scripts, allowing more freedom where and how they extend Nautilus. Nautilus extensions are typically installed by your system administrator.

Some popular Nautilus extensions include:

1. nautilus-actions

   This extension allows you to easily assign actions based on file type

2. nautilus-send-to

   This extension provides a simple way to send a file or folder to another using email, instant messaging, or Bluetooth.

3. nautilus-open-terminal.

   This extension provides an easy way to open a terminal at the selected starting location.

If you are looking for the Open Terminal command which used to exist in the Nautilus right click menu by default then you should install the nautilus-open-terminal extension.