3.9. Unsharp Mask
| 3. Enhance Filters |

### 3.9. Unsharp Mask

#### 3.9.1. Overview

Figuur 16.30. Applying example for the Unsharp Mask filter

Original image

Filter “Unsharp mask” applied

Out-of-focus photographs and most digitized images often need a sharpness correction. This is due to the digitizing process that must chop a color continuum up in points with slightly different colors: elements thinner than sampling frequency will be averaged into an uniform color. So sharp borders are rendered a little blurred. The same phenomenon appears when printing color dots on paper.

The Unsharp Mask filter (what an odd name!) sharpens edges of the elements without increasing noise or blemish. It is the king of the sharpen filters.

| Tip
Some imaging devices like digital cameras or scanners offer to sharpen the created images for you. We strongly recommend you disable the sharpening in this devices and use the GIMP filters instead. This way you regain the full control over the sharpening of your images.

To prevent color distortion while sharpening, Decompose your image to HSV and work only on Value. Then Compose the image to HSV. Go to Colors → Components → Decompose.... Make sure the Decompose to Layers box is checked. Choose HSV and click OK. You will get a new grey-level image with three layers, one for Hue, one for Saturation, and one for Value. (Close the original image so you won't get confused). Select the Value layer and apply your sharpening to it. When you are done, with that same layer selected, reverse the process. Go to Colors → Components → Compose.... Again choose HSV and click OK. You will get back your original image except that it will have been sharpened in the Value component.

#### 3.9.2. Activating the filter

You can find this filter through Filters → Enhance → Unsharp Mask.

#### 3.9.3. Options

Figuur 16.31. “Unsharp Mask” filter options

Preview

  If checked, parameter setting results are interactively displayed in preview. Scroll bars allow you to move around the image.

Radius

  The slider and input boxes (0.1-120) allow you to set how many pixels on either side of an edge will be affected by sharpening. High resolution images allow higher radius. It is better to always sharpen an image at its final resolution.

Amount

  This slider and input boxes (0.00-5.00) allow you to set strength of sharpening.

Threshold

  This slider and input boxes (0-255) allow you to set the minimum difference in pixel values that indicates an edge where sharpen must be applied. So you can protect areas of smooth tonal transition from sharpening, and avoid creation of blemishes in face, sky or water surface.

#### 3.9.4. How does an unsharp mask work?

Using an unsharp mask to sharpen an image can seem rather weird. Here is the explanation:

Think of an image with a contrast in some place. The intensity curve of the pixels on a line going through this contrast will show an abrupt increase of intensity: like a stair if contrast is perfectly sharp, like an S if there is some blur.

Now, we have an image with some blur we want to sharpen (black curve). We apply some more blur: the intensity variation will be more gradual (green curve).

Let us subtract the blurredness intensity from the intensity of the image. We get the red curve, which is more abrupt : contrast and sharpness are increased. QED.

Unsharp mask has first been used in silver photography. The photograph first creates a copy of the original negative by contact, on a film, placing a thin glass plate between both; that will produce a blurred copy because of light diffusion. Then he places both films, exactly corresponding, in a photo enlarger, to reproduce them on paper. The dark areas of the positive blurred film, opposed to the clear areas of the original negative will prevent light to go through and so will be subtracted from the light going through the original film.

In digital photography, with GIMP, you will go through the following steps:

1. Open your image and duplicate it Image → Duplicate

2. In the copy, duplicate the layer Layer → Duplicate layer, then drop the Filters menu down and apply Blur → Gaussian Blur to the duplicated layer with the default IIR option and radius 5.

3. In the layer dialog of the duplicated image, change Mode to “Subtract”, and in the right-clic menu, select “Merge down”.

4. Click and drag the only layer you got into the original image, where it appears as a new layer.

5. Change the Mode in this layer dialog to “Addition”.

Voilà. The “Unsharp Mask” plug-in does the same for you.

At the beginning of the curve, you can see a dip. If blurring is important, this dip is very deep; the result of the subtraction can be negative, and a complementary color stripe will appear along the contrast, or a black halo around a star on the light background of a nebula (black eye effect).

Figuur 16.32. Black eye effect

3.8. Sharpen |  | 4. Distort Filters